CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES

DISADVANTAGES
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
Regulations on Sulfur Dioxide:
Two standards of differing tolerance
 Primary – stricter to protect elderly and
children
o Level averaged over 3 years must
not exceed 75 ppb.
 Secondary – to protect public welfare
(plants, animals)
o Must not exceed 0.5 ppm more
than once per year
Wet Scrubber Process
 Designed to collect gaseous pollutants
 Spray tower optimizes gas-to-liquid
contact
 Scrubber Liquid
o Limestone Slurry:
CaCO3 (s) +SO2 (g) -> CaCO3 (s) +CO2 (g)
 Wet waste production (contaminated
scrubber liquid)
 Formation of highly corrosive acids
 High power requirements
SNOX
Environmentally friendly
 Produces steam instead of waste water
 NOx (NO and NO2) also reduced to N2
 NOx are a dangerous pollutant
Fluidized Bed
Types of Fluidized Bed:
 Atmospheric Systems (Fluidized Bed
Combustion)
 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion
 Stationary or Bubbling Fluidized Bed
 Circulating Fluidized Bed
Circulating Fluidized Bed

o Lime Slurry: ADVANTAGES

Ca(OH)2 (s) +SO2 (g) -> CaSO3 (s) +H2O (l)
 Uniform particle mixing
 Uniform temperature gradients
 Mist eliminator entrains excess slurry
 Ability to operate reactor in continuous
liquid
state.
 85% of all scrubbers are wet scrubbers in
the United States
DISADVANTAGES
 Increased reactor vessel size
ADVANTAGES
 Pumping requirement and pressure drop
 Relatively high removal efficiency (90-
 Particle entrainment
95%)
 Lack of current understanding
 Low cost of operation
 Erosion of internal components
 Minimal safety hazardous (explosions,
 Pressure loss scenarios
fires)
 Collects both gas and particulate matter
 Coal Liquefaction

 The first approach in coal liquefaction is

carbonization and the second is
liquefaction.
 The major objective of coal liquefaction is
to produce synthetic oil to supplement
the natural sources of petroleum.

Coal Liquefaction is an attractive technology

because:
1. It is well developed and thus could be
implemented fairly rapidly.
2. There are relatively large quantities of
coal reserves.
3. Stable supplies of coal, however, are
readily available worldwide, and the
known resources of minable coal are four
times that of oil.

Types of Coal Liquefaction Processes (from gas

to liquid):
1. Fischer-Tropsch Process
2. Bergius Process
3. Low Temperature Carbonization (LTC)

COAL GASIFICATION

Coal Gasification Process

 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC) Systems
 Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)