Pile design:

The 900 dia reinforced concrete piles are bored cast-in-place.

Each pile has been modeled as an equivalent cantilever in LUSAS.

Upper bound stiffness values have been considered conservatively for the design.

As per BS EN 1992-1-1/Clause 2.3.4.2(2), diameter value 'd' has been used as 0.95 times dnom,
i.e, 855mm dia in al the design capacity calculations.

SLS stress checks, crackwidth checks have been performed using Eurocodes
ULS section capacity checks have been performed using Eurocodes
 Project Job ref
Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
West Piles - SLS checks / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check byDate
SM 26/03/14 DDR 26/03/14

Ref Calculations Output

Pile design - Serviceability checks

Section Details
Diameter of the Pile = 600 mm
Nominal Cover to the reinforcement = 75 mm
Concrete grade = C32/40
Steel reinforcement grade = B500
2-1-1/7.2(1) Permissible compressive stress in concrete, k1fck = 24 MPa
2-1-1/7.2(5) Permissible tensile stress in steel rebars, k3fyk = 400 MPa
2-1-1/Table 7.1N Limiting crackwidth in concrete, wmax = 0.3 mm

Pile Max. compressive stress Maximum crackwidth in

South in concrete (MPa) concrete (mm)
SP1 17.43 The values of
SP2 15.71 stress & crackwidth
SP3 15.34 have been obtained
SP4 17.10 using SAM software
SP5 18.30 Maximum crackwidth
amongst all south piles is
SP6 19.30
equal to 0.164mm
SP7 19.80
SP8 19.40
SP9 18.65
SP10 19.80

North
NP1 22.2
NP2 19.4
NP3 19.5 The values of
NP4 21.2 Maximum crackwidth stress & crackwidth
NP5 22.1 amongst all north piles is have been obtained
NP6 23.3 equal to 0.21mm using SAM software
NP7 22.3
NP8 22.64
NP9 24.55

Note: Max. compressive stress in concrete has been found from

SLS characteristic combination. Maximum crackwidth has been
found from SLS Quasi-permanent combination as per EC1990 & its UK NA

2.2% extra stress in NP9 is because of conservatively assuming the

whole of west deck to be loaded with traffic. In actual scenario, the stress
level of NP9 will be the same as NP10 tabulated under the east bridge.
 Project Job ref
Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
West Piles - SLS checks / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check byDate
SM 26/03/14 DDR 26/03/14

Ref Calculations Output

 Date: 08/28/2018 Time: 16:27:35

Project Job ref

Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Design of Reinforced concrete Pier ( BS EN 1992-1-1:2004)

Input Data
Diameter of the pile = 600 mm
Longer dimension of Pier = 600 mm
Height of Equivalent cantilever member = 10000 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement = 500 MPa
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement = 500 MPa
Characteristic strength of concrete = 32 MPa Cylinder Strength
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel = 2E+5 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 33.3 MPa
Cl.3.1.6.(1)P Factors αcc = 0.85
Partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5
Partial safety factor for steel = 1.15
Effective Creep Ratio (For Short term) φef = 2.2 (φef = 2.2 for Long term loading)
Cl:5.8.3.2 Effective length of the Pier lo = 20000 mm
(Can be considered same in both Direction)
Analysis Results
Axial force NEd = 474 kN
Design Bending moment at top M01z = 398 kN-m
at bottom M02z = 398 kN-m
Design Bending moment at top M01y = -3 kN-m
at bottom M02y = -3 kN-m
Check for cuvature Z-Axis = Double Curvature 1 Single / Double
Y-Axis = Double Curvature 1.0 Curvature

Reinforcement details
Assumed Size of bar = 32 mm
Nominal Cover to the main reinforcement = 75 mm

Calculation

Cl:3.1.6 Design compressive strenght of concrete fcd = 18.13 MPa

Design strength of reinforcement fyd =
434.78 MPa
Considering the rectangular-Parabolic stress-distribution

cl:6.1
Figure. 6.1

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Strain Distributions in the Ultimate Limit State

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Maximum Compressive strain at extreme fibre

At pure bending εcu2 = 0.0035
At pure compression εc2 = 0.0018
Tensile strength of concrete f ctm = 3.02 (For Grade ≤ C50/60)
εyd = 2E-3

(i) Calculation of Limiting Slenderness Ratio (Cl :5.8.3.1)

First order end moment

Cl:5.2 (7) e1 = 50 mm ei = l0/400
EC2-1-1 M01z = 421 kN-m lo - effective length
M02z = 422 kN-m
M01y = 27 kN-m
M02y = 27 kN-m

λlim 20 ABC
Equn. 5.13N Limiting Slenderness ratio =
√n

A = 0.7
B = 1.023
rmx = 0.99938
rmy = 0.98524
Cz = 2.69938
Cy = 2.68524
Gross sectional area Ac = 3E+5 mm2
Relative normal Ratio n = 0.09
Limiting Slenderness ratio, λlimz = 127.13
Limiting Slenderness ratio, λlimy = 126.47

(ii) Calculation of Actual Slenderness Ratio (Cl :5.8.3.2)

Effective length of the member = 20000 mm Effective length shall

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked section = 6E+9 mm4 be calculated as per
Moment of Inertia of the uncracked section = 6E+9 mm4 Cl:5.8.3.2
Gross sectional area = 3E+5 mm2
Radius of gyration of the uncracked section, rz = 150.0 mm
Radius of gyration of the uncracked section, ry = 150.0 mm
Eqn.5.14 Slenderness ratio of the column member, λz = 133.33 > 127.13 Slender
Slenderness ratio of the column member, λy = 133.33 > 126.47 Slender

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

(iii Calculation of Design Bending Moment (Cl :5.8.8.2)

First order moment

M0ez1 = 84 kN-m
|M 02|≥|M 01| M0ez2 = 169 kN-m
M0ez = 169 kN-m
M0ey1 = 6 kN-m
M0ey2 = 11 kN-m
M0ey = 11 kN-m

Second order moment

Factor for cuvature distribution C = 10
(For constant cross section)

Cl: 5.8.8.3(4) The effect of creep

βz = -0.38
βy = -0.38
Kφz = 1.00
Kφy = 1.00

The effect of Reinforcement

n = 0.09
Cl:5.8.3.1(1) ω = 0.02
nu = 1.02
nbal = 0.40
Kr = 1.00
Cl:5.8.8.3(2) Effective Depth d = 308
b = 300
1/r0z = 0.00002
1/r0y 0.00002
Curvature 1/rz = 0.00002
Curvature 1/ry = 0.00002
Deflection e2 = e2z = 635.1 mm
e2y = 652.6 mm
Second order moment M2z = 301.1 kN-m
M2y = 309.4 kN-m

Cl: 6.1 (4) Minimum Ecentricity for axial member eminz = 20.0 mm
Minimum Ecentricity for axial member eminy = 20.0 mm
Moment due to minimum ecentricity Meminz = 9.5 kN-m

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Moment due to minimum ecentricity Meminy = 9.5 kN-m

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Moment Z-Dir (kN-m) Y-Dir (kN-m)

M02 398.0 3.0
M0e+M2 469.8 320.3
0.5M2 150.6 154.7
Ned eo 9.5 9.5

The Design Bending Moment about Z MEdz = 470 kN-m

The Design Bending Moment about Y = MEdy 320 kN-m
The Design Axial Force = 474 kN
(iv Mininum and Maximum Area of Reinforcement

(a) Longitudinal Reinforcement

NA: 9.5.2 (1)The minimum diameter of Longitudinal bar = 12 mm

Cl: 9.5.2(2) The minimum area of Longitudinal Reinforcement =

Asmin = 565 mm2

Cl: 9.5.2(3) The maximum area of Longitudinal Reinforcement Asmax = 0.04Ac
(Outside Lap Location) Asmax = 11310 mm2
(At Lap Location) Asmax = 22619 mm2

(b) Transverse Reinforcement

Cl: 9.5.3 (1) The minimum diameter for transeverse links = 8 mm
The maximum spacing of transverse links
(a) 20 times minimum dia of longitudinal bars = 640 mm
(b) the lesser dimension of the column = 600 mm
(c) 400 mm = 400 mm
Scl,tmax = 400 mm
Cl: 9.5.3(4) The maximum required spacing of links = 240 mm
(Above or Below Slab & Near Lapped joints at a distance equal to the larger dimension of column)

(vi Section Analyser Using SAM Leap

The above design moments are used to find out the required area of Reinforcement
using SAM leap

(a) Include Area of Reinforcement

(b) Interaction Curve
(c) Utilisation Factor

The area of reinforcement and the neutral axis depth obtained from the
SAM Leap can be used to validate the SAM results

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Path: file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/395662950.xls
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Pier Design / /
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SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

(v) Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement
Thomas
Axial Resistance N=f av bx + f ' A ' −f s A s
s s
Telford
Guide to Moment of Resistance M =f av bx (h /2−βx )+f s ' A s '(h /2−d ' )+f s A s (d−h /2)
EC2
Area of Tension Reinforcement
Layers Nos Dia(mm) As (mm2) Spacer(mm) d(mm) d'(mm)
1 5 32 4021 0 509 91
2 0 0 0 0 493 107
3 0 0 0 0 461 107
4021 509 91

Try a Neutral Axis Depth (Trial & Error)

Assuming Initial Neutral Axis Depth of H/4 x = 187.845 mm
d' = 91 mm
d = 509 mm
Strain in compression reinforcement εs' = 0.002
Stress in compression reinforcement fs' = 361 MPa
Strain in Tension reinforcement εs = 0.002
Stress in Tension reinforcement fs = 435 MPa

Provide same number of bars and Layers in compression side also

Provided area of compression reinforcement = 4021 mm2
Total area of longitudinal reinforcement = 8042 mm2
Moment of Resistance MRdz = 1036 kN-m
Axial Resistance NRd = 1358 kN
Actual Depth of Neutral Axis Xact (If As= As') = 87.52 mm
Utilisation Factor = 0.45

Considering Bi-Axial Bending Case

Axial Resistance NRd = Ac fcd + As fyd = 10025 kN
Moment of Resistance MRdy = 560 kN-m (SAM Leap)
Moment of Resistance MRdz = 568 kN-m (SAM Leap)

Cl:5.8.9 For Bi-axial bending

NEd
= 0.0
NRd
a = 1
1 1
470 320
+ = 1.0 < 1
1036 560

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
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Pier Design / /
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Ref Calculations Output

Hence UNSAFE

(vi Design of Transverse Reinforcement

Cl:9.2.2 (5) Minimum area of shear reinforcement required = 0.9051 mm2 / mm
Spacing Spacing
Bar Dia No. of legs
Required provided
8 4 222.14 222.0
10 4 347.10 347.0
12 4 499.82 499.0
16 4 888.58 888.0
20 4 1388.40 1388.0

Hence provide 16 dia 0 at 100 mm C/C

Note:
Leaf piers may fall into the Wall category and it should also meet the requirements
of Walls (Horizontal, vertical and transverse reinforcement as per Clause: 9.6.3)

Cl:9.6.2 Design of Vertical Reinforcement

Minimum area of vertical reinforcement per face = 360 mm2 / m
(0.2 % of Gross sectional Area)
Maximum area of vertical reinforcement per fac = 7200 mm2 / m
(4% of Gross sectional Area)
Provided area of vertical reinforcement per face = 4021 mm2 / m

Cl:9.6.3 Design of Horizontal Reinforcement

Required area of horizontal reinforcement per face
(25% of Total vertical reinforcement) / face = 1005 mm2 / m
Provided horizontal reinforcement on each face = 20106 mm2 / m

Cl:9.6.4 Design of Transverse Reinforcement

Maximum Spacing of Transverse reinforcement = 400 mm

If total area of vertical reinforcement in the two faces exceeds0.02 Ac

transverse reinfrocement in the form of links should be provided as per
Clause 9.6.4(1)
Total area of vertical reiforcement in two faces = 8042 mm2 / m
Maximum limit on vertical reinforcement = 7200 mm2 / m
Requirment of transverse reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement in the form of links should
be provided as per Clause 9.6.4(1)

Provided spacing of transverse reinforcement = 0 mm

Conclusion
Longitudinal Reinforcement Dia 32 mm Spacing 150 mm
(Vertical Reinforcement)
Horizontal reinforcement Dia 16 mm Spacing 100 mm

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Transverse reinforcement Dia 0 mm Spacing 0 mm

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Design of Reinforced concrete Pier ( BS EN 1992-1-1:2004)

Input Data
Diameter of the pile = 900 mm
Longer dimension of Pier = 900 mm
Height of Equivalent cantilever member = 3575 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement = 500 MPa
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement = 500 MPa
Characteristic strength of concrete = 30 MPa Cylinder Strength
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel = 2E+5 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 32.8 MPa
Cl.3.1.6.(1)P Factors αcc = 0.85
Partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5
Partial safety factor for steel = 1.15
Effective Creep Ratio (For Short term) φef = 2.2 (φef = 2.2 for Long term loading)
Cl:5.8.3.2 Effective length of the Pier lo = 7150 mm
(Can be considered same in both Direction)
Analysis Results
Axial force NEd = 2459 kN
Design Bending moment at top M01z = -2352 kN-m
at bottom M02z = 1189 kN-m
Design Bending moment at top M01y = -394 kN-m
at bottom M02y = 177 kN-m
Check for cuvature Z-Axis = Single Curvature -1 Single / Double
Y-Axis = Single Curvature -1 Curvature

Reinforcement details
Assumed Size of bar = 40 mm
Nominal Cover to the main reinforcement = 75 mm

Calculation

Cl:3.1.6 Design compressive strenght of concrete fcd = 17.00 MPa

Design strength of reinforcement fyd =
434.78 MPa
Considering the rectangular-Parabolic stress-distribution

cl:6.1
Figure. 6.1

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Strain Distributions in the Ultimate Limit State

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Pier Design / /
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SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Maximum Compressive strain at extreme fibre

At pure bending εcu2 = 0.0035
At pure compression εc2 = 0.0018
Tensile strength of concrete f ctm = 2.90 (For Grade ≤ C50/60)
εyd = 2E-3

(i) Calculation of Limiting Slenderness Ratio (Cl :5.8.3.1)

First order end moment

Cl:5.2 (7) e1 = 18 mm ei = l0/400
EC2-1-1 M01z = 1233 kN-m lo - effective length
M02z = 2396 kN-m
M01y = 221 kN-m
M02y = 438 kN-m

λlim 20 ABC
Equn. 5.13N Limiting Slenderness ratio =
√n

A = 0.7
B = 1.023
rmx = 0.5146
rmy = 0.50451
Cz = 1.1854
Cy = 1.19549
Gross sectional area Ac = 6E+5 mm2
Relative normal Ratio n = 0.23
Limiting Slenderness ratio, λlimz = 35.60
Limiting Slenderness ratio, λlimy = 35.91

(ii) Calculation of Actual Slenderness Ratio (Cl :5.8.3.2)

Effective length of the member = 7150 mm Effective length shall

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked section = 3E+10 mm4 be calculated as per
Moment of Inertia of the uncracked section = 3E+10 mm4 Cl:5.8.3.2
Gross sectional area = 6E+5 mm2
Radius of gyration of the uncracked section, rz = 225.0 mm
Radius of gyration of the uncracked section, ry = 225.0 mm
Eqn.5.14 Slenderness ratio of the column member, λz = 31.78 > 35.60 Non-Slender
Slenderness ratio of the column member, λy = 31.78 > 35.91 Non-Slender

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
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SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

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Pier Design / /
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SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

(iii Calculation of Design Bending Moment (Cl :5.8.8.2)

First order moment

M0ez1 = 1931 kN-m
|M 02|≥|M 01| M0ez2 = 958 kN-m
M0ez = 1931 kN-m
M0ey1 = 351 kN-m
M0ey2 = 175 kN-m
M0ey = 351 kN-m

Second order moment

Factor for cuvature distribution C = 10
(For constant cross section)

Cl: 5.8.8.3(4) The effect of creep

βz = 0.29
βy = 0.29
Kφz = 1.63
Kφy = 1.63

The effect of Reinforcement

n = 0.23
Cl:5.8.3.1(1) ω = 0.02
nu = 1.02
nbal = 0.40
Kr = 1.00
Cl:5.8.8.3(2) Effective Depth d = 460
b = 450
1/r0z = 0.00001
1/r0y 0.00001
Curvature 1/rz = 0.00002
Curvature 1/ry = 0.00002
Deflection e2 = e2z = 88.9 mm
e2y = 90.9 mm
Second order moment M2z = 0.0 kN-m
M2y = 0.0 kN-m

Cl: 6.1 (4) Minimum Ecentricity for axial member eminz = 30.0 mm
Minimum Ecentricity for axial member eminy = 30.0 mm
Moment due to minimum ecentricity Meminz = 73.8 kN-m

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Friargate Bridge 5123654
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Pier Design / /
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Ref Calculations Output

Moment due to minimum ecentricity Meminy = 73.8 kN-m

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Pier Design / /
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Ref Calculations Output

Moment Z-Dir (kN-m) Y-Dir (kN-m)

M02 1189.0 177.0
M0e+M2 1930.8 351.2
0.5M2 0.0 0.0
Ned eo 73.8 73.8

The Design Bending Moment about Z MEdz = 1931 kN-m

The Design Bending Moment about Y = MEdy 351 kN-m
The Design Axial Force = 2459 kN
(iv Mininum and Maximum Area of Reinforcement

(a) Longitudinal Reinforcement

NA: 9.5.2 (1)The minimum diameter of Longitudinal bar = 12 mm

Cl: 9.5.2(2) The minimum area of Longitudinal Reinforcement =

Asmin = 1272 mm2

Cl: 9.5.2(3) The maximum area of Longitudinal Reinforcement Asmax = 0.04Ac
(Outside Lap Location) Asmax = 25447 mm2
(At Lap Location) Asmax = 50894 mm2

(b) Transverse Reinforcement

Cl: 9.5.3 (1) The minimum diameter for transeverse links = 10 mm
The maximum spacing of transverse links
(a) 20 times minimum dia of longitudinal bars = 800 mm
(b) the lesser dimension of the column = 900 mm
(c) 400 mm = 400 mm
Scl,tmax = 400 mm
Cl: 9.5.3(4) The maximum required spacing of links = 240 mm
(Above or Below Slab & Near Lapped joints at a distance equal to the larger dimension of column)

(vi Section Analyser Using SAM Leap

The above design moments are used to find out the required area of Reinforcement
using SAM leap

(a) Include Area of Reinforcement

(b) Interaction Curve
(c) Utilisation Factor

The area of reinforcement and the neutral axis depth obtained from the
SAM Leap can be used to validate the SAM results

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Pier Design / /
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Ref Calculations Output

(v) Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Thomas
Axial Resistance N=f av bx + f ' A ' −f s A s
s s
Telford
Guide to Moment of Resistance M =f av bx (h /2−βx )+f s ' A s '(h /2−d ' )+f s A s (d−h /2)
EC2
Area of Tension Reinforcement
Layers Nos Dia(mm) As (mm2) Spacer(mm) d(mm) d'(mm)
1 7 40 8796 0 805 95
2 0 0 0 0 785 115
3 0 0 0 0 753 115
8796 805 95

Try a Neutral Axis Depth (Trial & Error)

Assuming Initial Neutral Axis Depth of H/4 x = 187.845 mm
d' = 95 mm
d = 805 mm
Strain in compression reinforcement εs' = 0.002
Stress in compression reinforcement fs' = 346 MPa
Strain in Tension reinforcement εs = 0.002
Stress in Tension reinforcement fs = 435 MPa

Provide same number of bars and Layers in compression side also

Provided area of compression reinforcement = 8796 mm2
Total area of longitudinal reinforcement = 17593 mm2
Moment of Resistance MRdz = 3304 kN-m
Axial Resistance NRd = 1547 kN
Actual Depth of Neutral Axis Xact (If As= As') = 261.45 mm
Utilisation Factor = 0.58

Considering Bi-Axial Bending Case

Axial Resistance NRd = Ac fcd + As fyd = 21419 kN
Moment of Resistance MRdy = 77524 kN-m (SAM Leap)
Moment of Resistance MRdz = 11831 kN-m (SAM Leap)

Cl:5.8.9 For Bi-axial bending

NEd
= 0.1
NRd
a = 1.037
1 1

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Pier Design / /
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Ref Calculations Output

1931 351
+ = 0.6 < 1
3304 77524

Hence SAFE

(vi Design of Transverse Reinforcement

Cl:9.2.2 (5) Minimum area of shear reinforcement required = 0.8764 mm2 / mm
Spacing Spacing
Bar Dia No. of legs
Required provided
8 4 229.43 229.0
10 4 358.48 358.0
12 4 516.22 516.0
16 4 917.72 917.0
20 4 1433.93 1433.0

Hence provide 16 dia 0 at 100 mm C/C

Note:
Leaf piers may fall into the Wall category and it should also meet the requirements
of Walls (Horizontal, vertical and transverse reinforcement as per Clause: 9.6.3)

Cl:9.6.2 Design of Vertical Reinforcement

Minimum area of vertical reinforcement per face = 810 mm2 / m
(0.2 % of Gross sectional Area)
Maximum area of vertical reinforcement per fac = 16200 mm2 / m
(4% of Gross sectional Area)
Provided area of vertical reinforcement per face = 8796 mm2 / m

Cl:9.6.3 Design of Horizontal Reinforcement

Required area of horizontal reinforcement per face
(25% of Total vertical reinforcement) / face = 2199 mm2 / m
Provided horizontal reinforcement on each face = 7188 mm2 / m

Cl:9.6.4 Design of Transverse Reinforcement

Maximum Spacing of Transverse reinforcement = 400 mm

If total area of vertical reinforcement in the two faces exceeds0.02 Ac

transverse reinfrocement in the form of links should be provided as per
Clause 9.6.4(1)
Total area of vertical reiforcement in two faces = 17593 mm2 / m
Maximum limit on vertical reinforcement = 16200 mm2 / m
Requirment of transverse reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement in the form of links should
be provided as per Clause 9.6.4(1)

Provided spacing of transverse reinforcement = 0 mm

Conclusion

Path: file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/395662950.xls
Page 23 of 35
 Date: 08/28/2018 Time: 16:27:36

Project Job ref

Friargate Bridge 5123654
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pier Design / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
SM 05/02/14 DS

Ref Calculations Output

Longitudinal Reinforcement Dia 40 mm Spacing 150 mm
(Vertical Reinforcement)
Horizontal reinforcement Dia 16 mm Spacing 100 mm

Transverse reinforcement Dia 0 mm Spacing 0 mm

Path: file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/395662950.xls
Page 24 of 35
 Job ref
Project: #REF!
#REF!

Part of Structure #REF!

rev 0
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
#REF! #REF!
Ref Calculations Remark
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Characteristics cylinder strength of conc. fck = 32 N/mm2
Characteristics strength of steel fyk = 500 N/mm2
Crack width calculation:
BS EN 1992-
1-1: 2004,Cl. The crack width can be calculated using the expression 7.8 in BS EN 1992-1-1:2004.
7.3.4 (1) Wk = Sr,max (e sm - e cm)
Sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4f / r p,eff
k1 = 0.80 High bond strength, from Cl. 7.3.4. 3) of BS EN 1992-1-1:2004
k2 = 0.50 Bending, from Cl. 7.3.2.3) of BS EN 1992-1-1:2004
k3 = 3.40 From NA of BS EN 1992-1-1:2004
k4 = 0.425 From NA of BS EN 1992-1-1:2004
f = dia of reinforcement provided
C = Cover to reinforcement

Cl: 7.3.4 (2) esm - ecm =

ss = Stress in steel = MED / Zs

Zs = I / (d - dc) B is the effective Tension Area
Cracked moment of Inertia, I = A s
(d-d c
)² + (1/3) (Eceff/Es) bdc³
Thomas Effective modulus for concrete Eceff = (Mqp + Mst)Ecm / (Mst+(1+f)Mqp)
Telford Guide
Eqn.D7.1 Moment due to short term action = Mst
Total moment acting on the structure = MED
Moment due to quasi permanent effects, Mqp = MED - Mst
Ecm = 22 fck + 8 0.3 = 33346 N/mm 2

10
Creep factor f = 0 ( No Loading) 2.2 (All loading)
Thomas Depth of neutral axis, dc = -As·Es + √(As·Es)2 + 2·b·As·Es·Ec,eff·d
Telford Guide
Eqn.D7.4 b·Ec,eff
Es = 200000 N/mm 2

Area of reinforcement = As
Cl:7.3.4(2) kt = factor dependent on loading = 0.40 (For Long Term Loading) Interpolated values for
Inbetween the short &
kt = factor dependent on loading = 0.60 (For Short Term Loading) long term
BS EN 1992- (Considering long term loading as per BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004 & Cl. 7.3.4. 2))
1- fcteff
1:2004,Table = 3.02 N/mm2
3.1 (The above is based on the assumption that the cracking might occur just after 28 days
and based on cl.7.3.2)
r peff =
Aceff = b · hc,ef
Cl. 7.3.2.3) & hc,ef = MIN(2.5*(D-d),(D-dc)/3,D/2)
Fig 7.1 of BS Eq 7.5 of BS EN
EN 1992-1- ξ1 = √(ξ f 1/f p) = 0.00 Since no prestressing steel 1992-1-1:2004
1:2004

Modular ratio betw steel and concrete ae = Es / Ec

 Job ref
Project: #REF!
#REF!

Part of Structure #REF!

rev 0
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
0 #REF! 0 #REF!
Ref Calculations Remark
(i) Check - I : Short Term Loading
Crack width calculation:

Depth of compresion, dc = 210.8 mm

25 25 no dist, Z Area *Z Total, A

1 314 491 0 787.22 0 0
2 314 491 2 589.7 949458 1610
3 314 491 2 318.9 513451 1610
4 314 491 2 133.5 214944 1610
1677854 4830
Distance w.r.t Bottom 347 mm

Cracked Section transformed to Steel units

Equivalent width of rectangular by keeping dc as constant

B = 396.4
Area = 41780.6
Equivalent width = 198.2 mm

Number of bars in tension zone = 6

Dia of pile d Mst MED Mqp Ecm f Eceff s s,limit s c,limit

mm mm kNm kNm kNm N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
900 553 0.00 341.50 341.50 33346 0.00 33345.76 400 19.2

As Ap' dc I Zs ss heff ξ1 r peff Zc sc

mm 2
mm 2
mm mm4 mm 3
N/mm 2
mm mm 3
N/mm2
5887.5 0.00 210.80 8.9E+08 3E+06 130.53 229.73 0.00 0.0280 4E+06 13.42
esm - ecm = 0.0004 > 0.00039
kt fcb ae e sm - e cm Section Check ULS Input Data
Steel stres Conc. stress
N/mm 2
Check Check
Cracked Section
0.40 4.77 6.00 4.0E-04 SAFE SAFE

k1 k2 k3 k4 cover Sr,max Wk Wk, max Ref

mm mm mm Table 7.1N
0.80 0.50 3.40 0.43 65 221 0.090 0.300 XC / XD
 (i) Check - II : Long Term Loading

Crack width calculation:

Dia of pile d Mst MED Mqp Ecm f Eceff s s,limit s c,limit
mm mm kNm kNm kNm N/mm 2
N/mm 2
N/mm 2
N/mm2
900 552.633 123.00 464.50 341.50 33346 2.20 12739.85 400 19.2

As Ap' dc I Zs ss heff ξ1 r peff Zc sc

mm 2
mm 2
mm mm4 mm 3
N/mm 2
mm mm 3
N/mm2
5887.5 0.00 210.80 7.7E+08 2E+06 207.07 229.73 0.00 0.0280 4E+06 8.13
esm - ecm = 0.00072 > 0.00062
kt fcb ae e sm - e cm Section Check ULS Input Data
Steel stres Conc. stress
N/mm 2
Check Check
Cracked Section
0.40 6.49 15.70 7.2E-04 SAFE SAFE

k1 k2 k3 k4 cover Sr,max Wk Wk, max Ref

mm mm mm Table 7.1N
0.80 0.50 3.40 0.43 65 234.357 0.170 0.300 XC / XD

BS EN
1992-2: Check for minimum reinforcement
2005 Asmin = kc k fct,eff Act / ss
Cl:7.3.2(2) kc = 0.4 No axial force , k = 0.65 (For H≥800mm)
Act = 307650 mm2
ss = 434.783 N/mm2
Asmin = 878 mm2

Cl: 7.3.3 Check for Bar Spacing and Diameter for Crack Control
Depth of Neutral Axis (From ULS calculation) = 210.8 mm
Steel
Stress Maximum Bar Spacing (mm) Maximum Bar Dia(mm) Modified
(N/mm2) Wk=0.4 Wk=0.3 Wk=0.2 Wk=0.4 Wk=0.3 Wk=0.2 Dia (7.6N)
160 300 300 200 40 32 25 2
200 300 250 150 32 25 16 1
240 250 200 100 20 16 12 1
280 200 150 50 16 12 8 1
320 150 100 12 10 6 1
360 100 50 10 8 5 0
400 8 6 4 0
450 6 5 - 0

Modified diameter for Bending (Equation 7.6N)

Depth of Tensile zone hcr = D-Xu
 Job ref
#REF!

0
Date
#REF!
Remark

polated values for

tween the short &
long term

5 of BS EN
-1-1:2004
 Job ref
#REF!

0
Date
#REF!
Remark

s c,limit
N/mm2
19.2

sc
N/mm2
13.42

S Input Data
 s c,limit
N/mm2
19.2

sc
N/mm2
8.13

S Input Data
 Project Job ref

Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev

Torsion design in Pile Cap / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check by Date
26/Mar/14 DS 27/Mar/14
Ref Calculations Output
EN 1992-1-1
CL6.3 Torsion design ( BS EN 1992-1-1:2004)

TYPE A Pile
1.0 Input Data

B = 900
D = 1175 mm
Nominal Cover to the main reinforcement, c = 60 mm
Diameter of the link, d2 = 16 mm
Diameter of the longitudinal bar, d1 = 20 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fyk = 500 MPa
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 32 MPa
Coefficient taking account of long term effects on the
compressive strength and of unfavourable effects
resulting from the way the load is applied
acc = 1

Partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5

Partial safety factor for steel = 1.15
Design strength of shear reinforcement, fywd = 400 MPa
f
Design strength of concrete cd = 21.333 MPa
Design torsional moment, TED = 146 kNm

2.0 Reinforcement requirement:

EN 1992-1-1 A/u, tefi1 = 254.82 mm

CL6.3.2 (1) Twice the cover to center of longitudinal steel, tefi2 = 86 mm
Effective thickness, tefi = 254.82 mm
Area enclosed by the centre line, Ak = 593683 mm²
Perimeter of the area Ak Uk = 3131 mm
Side length of wall defined by the distance between thezvertical = 920 mm
intersection points with the adjacent walls
zhorizontal = 645 mm

Shear stress of wall subject to pure torsional moment

EN 1992-1-1 146000000
= = 123.0 MPa
/(6.26) 2 x 593683

Shear force Ved,i in a wall I due to torsion

= 123.0 MPa x 920 mm = 113,147 N For vertical

123.0 MPa x 645 mm = 79,332 N For horizontal

Additional shear force in each direction

145,800 N For vertical

12,000 N For horizontal

Total shear force in each direction

186,047 N For vertical

91,332 N For horizontal
 Torsional resistance

Design torsional resistance moment according, TRd, max

EN 1992-2
Eq. 6.30

where,

EN 1992-1-1
6.2.2(6.6N) v = 0.5232 N/mm²
EN 1992-2
Eq. 6.9 Coeficient accounting stress in comp. chord a cw = 1 Non prestressed member

Angle θ = 21.8

Design torsional resistance moment , TRd, max = 1,164,455,264 Nmm ok

Combined shear and torsion

EN 1992-2
Eq. 6.29

ν1 = 0.54
VRd, max = 3,587,500 N
T ED = 146,000,000 Nmm
TRd, max = 1,164,455,264 Nmm

= 0.166 < 1 ok

Caclulation for vertical links

A_sw/s=V_(Rd,s)/(z∙f_ywd∙cot⁡(θ)) 186,047 N
=
0.9 x 1115 x 400 x cot( 21.8 )

= 0.185 mm

Adopt 1 legs of 16 dia i.e. Asw = 201 mm²

s = 1,080 mm

EN 1992-2 The longitudinal reinforcement generally distributed uniformly along the

Eq. 6.28 depth, so alternatively statement of 2-2/(6.28) can be

The limit of strut angle, q, same as shear design of 21.8 deg.

3131
∑▒ 〖 A_sl=T_Ed/(2∙A_k⁡)∙cot⁡(θ)∙u_k/f_ywd⁡
= 123 MPa 〗 x 2.50 x =
400

= 2,406 mm²
8 number of 20 mm diameter bars required corner bars
 Maximum spacing of links

sl,max = 0.75 x 1115 = 836 mm Not ok

sl,max = u / 8 = 4150 / 8= 519 mm Not ok

Minimum shear reinforcement ratio

ρw = Asv / (sbwsinα) = 2x ### / ( ### x 900 ) =

= 0.00041

ρw,min = 0.08*fck^0.5/fyk = 0.08 x 5.66 / 500 = 0.00091 Not ok

Additional chk 5.0 Combined bending and torsion

not provided
in EC (TEd/TRd,max )^2 + (MEd/MRd,max )^2 < 1.0

M ED = 420 kN
MRd, max = 910 kN
T ED = ### kNm
TRd, max = 1E+09 kNm

< 0.2287 ok
 Project Job ref
#REF! #REF!
Part of Structure Calc sheet no. rev
Pile Detailing Requirement / /
Drawing Ref Calc By Date Check byDate
#REF! #REF!

Ref Calculations Output

Pile Foundation Detailing Criterion (BS EN 1536:2010)

(i) Minimum Cover Cl: 7.7

Minimum cover for piles of diameter > 0.6m 60 mm

(ii) Minimum / Maximum Bar Diameter of Longitudinal / Link Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Cl: 7.5.2

Minimum Number of Longitudinal Reinforcement 4 Nos.
Minimum Dia of Longitudinal Reinforcement 12 mm

Transverse Reinforcement Cl: 7.5.3 Table 6

Minimum diameter of the link reinforcement should be ≥ 6 mm
≥ 1/4*φmaxl mm
φmaxl Maximum dia of longitudinal reinforcement

(iii) Minimum / Maximum Spacing of Longitudinal / Link Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Cl: 7.5.2

Maximum spacing of longitudinal bars 400 mm
Minimum horizontal clear distance between 100 mm
longitudinal bars
(i) If the size of the aggregate is not more than 20 mm, the clear distance
between the bars can be reduced to 80 mm for the lap length
(ii) The minimum clear distance between the bars of layers placed
radially behind each other shall be equal to greater of two times the bar
diameter or 1.5 times the size of coarse aggregate

Transverse Reinforcement Cl: 7.5.3

The minimum clear distance of transverse bars shall not less than the clear
distance set out for longitudianl reinforcement as above

(iv) Minimum / Maximum Area of of Longitudinal / Link Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement Table 5

Area of
Nominal bored pile
Longitudinal
cross section, Ac
Reinforcement, As
(m2)
(m2)

Ac ≤ 0.5 As ≥ 0.5% Ac
0.5 < Ac ≤ 1 As ≥ 0.0025
Ac > 1 As ≥ 0.25% Ac