Building Specifications of Turkmenistan

Instructions
to Design of building base and constructions built on quicksand and liquescent soils in
seismic regions
of Turkmenistan
(to SNT 02/02/2001 -98)

Ministry of Construction and Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Ashgabat-2006
Instructions to Design of building base and constructions built on quicksand and liquescent
soils in seismic regions of Turkmenistan (to SNT 02/02/2001 -98)

Developed: by Research Institute of Seismology of the Ministry of Construction and

Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan.
Head of the theme: Il'yasov IB Ph.D.
Responsible executives: engineers Lopashov V.A., Saprina S.P;
Engineers geologists Feinberg FF, Danilov D. A.
In drawing up the "Instructions" reports on experimental and theoretical research papers and
materials Maslova NN, _Ivanova PL, Rasulova X. 3. By hydraulic structures on the territory
of Turkmenistan [Ilyasova BI] have been used.

Prepared for approval by the Office of Architecture, Urban and Science of Ministry of
Construction and Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan
Regulations are designed to complement the CNT 2.02.01-98 "Foundations of buildings and
constructions" and is intended as a guide for engineers, designers, engineers and technical
workers of construction companies, teachers and students of higher educational institutions.

Ministry of Construction and Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Ashgabat-2006
 Ministry of Construction and
Construction Materials Industry
of Turkmenistan
Building Specifications For the
Instructions first time
to Design of building base and constructions built on
quicksand and liquescent soils in seismic regions
of Turkmenistan
(to CNT 02/02/2001 -98)

1. MAIN STATEMENTS
One of the most dangerous quality of soils in the world is dilution and land sliding
process, that considerably can enlarge seismic effect made by earthquakes, that were
confirmed by macroseismic observations of consequences after seismic incidents on
that kinds of soil.
1.1 Current instruction was written to development CNT 02. /02/2001 -98 “building base
and constructions” and must be followed during design of building base and
constructions built on quicksand and liquescent soils.
1.2 Running sand soils are water-deposited cohesive soils (usually pulverescent sands and
sandy loam, that consisted of colloidal and clayey fractions), which become diluted
during break it through foundation pits and other kind of work such as trenches, well,
exploring / prospecting shaft. These kinds of soils will slide as heavy viscous liquid.
Running sands have thixotropy that means loss of firmness by disorder of the structure
damaged by mechanical and dynamic impacts and ability to restore structure of soil.
1.3 Coherent clay soils, steady among the walls of course in case of absence of dynamic
impacts are considered to be running sand soils due their ability to acquire fluid
condition by seismic vibrations. Dilution could be the reason of formation of mud
volcanoes on flat country and dulling on different bents and slopes of soil canals and
dams. These processes by appropriate circumstance could be repeated. So that kind of
soil could transform into condition of shifting sand.
1.4 Effect of dilution could be appeared in large fragmented soil under the influence of
dynamic pressure, that developed in water-bearing soil layer by seismic impact during
long time.
1.5 In all cases of appearance of running sand and dilution under the influence of seismic
impacts, soils could lose bearing capacity partially or at all. That fact could be the
reason of losing building’s durability with further its damage and dipping into diluted
soil of the base.

APPROVED Effective from March

By Ministry of Construction and Construction Materials 1, 2007
Industry of Turkmenistan
From February 26, 2007 №MB-27
 The analysis of registered damages of constructions, buildings of different number of
storey, demonstrates that effect of settling and slump of constructions are very often on
the soils, where effect of thixotropy is identified and also caused by “sandwich”
structure of geologic section. The effect of dilution could be appeared with the lapse of
time on that kind of soil without strong seismic impacts. Increasing possibility of

Page 42
seismic risk for city territories located in zones of fractured tectonics could be
predicted.
1.6 Project design of buildings and constructions on the soils inclinable to dilution and
thixotropy must be done on the base of:
a) The results of engineering-geological and hydrogeological surveys for constructions;
b) Data-base about seismological research of seism active territories which are liable to
earthquake;
c) data with characteristics of the purpose, design and technological features of
constructions, the loads which are acting to the bases and foundations and conditions
of their operation;
d) ) feasibility of accepted designed solutions, providing reliable operation of facilities.
1.7 During designing buildings and structures, three basic features which are specified for
the group of weak saturated soils, must be taken into consideration [15].
The first feature is the high compressibility of the soil, leading to a very large settling
of structures located on them, and as a result could be the reason of the deformation
and failure of structures.
The second feature is their low strength (low values of shear resistance).
It is therefore very difficult to ensure stability of foundations and entire buildings on
the weak soils.
For the most mentioned weak soils value of the angle of the internal friction varies
from 0 to 14 °, coupling coefficient from 0,01 up to 0,02 MPa, and meaning of
modulus of deformation values less than or equal to 5,0 MPa by changed pressure on
the samples till 0,3 MPa.
The third feature is long duration of structures’ subsidence, especially on clay soil,
sometimes lasting several decades. That’s why, during this period repair work must be
undertaken and construction should be adapted for normal operation.
1.8 According to Section 1.9. SNT 2.01.08-99 [2] and section.3.127, SNT 1.02.07-
2000 [14] on buildings and constructions with new space-planning and design
solutions (high-rise buildings that built on the sites of weak soils, settings of
engineering seismometric service stations should be provided and local engineering
geologic observations to be conducted for:
- settling of all constructed buildings and facilities;
-changes of the deformation, strength and filtration properties of weak soils in the
the process of compacting embankments during construction and operation of
facilities;
-for displayed strains in areas laying horizontal and vertical drains.
1.9 The sites, which seismicity exceeds of 9 points and represented by soils,
susceptible to liquefaction, the construction of very important and high-rise (over
60m) buildings and structures are not allowed. Construction of other buildings and
structures on these sites permitted by agreement with the Ministry of Construction and
Construction Materials Industry
of Turkmenistan in the prescribed manner, under the request to follow to the complex
of actions that mentioned in Chapter 5 of this Instruction.

2. GENERAL DIRECTIONS

2.1 Grounds, composed of weak saturated soils (quicksand or mentioned soils that have
thixotropy) should be designed in accordance with their large compressibility, slow
development of settling and opportunities in this regard, the emergence of
unstabilized condition, substantial variability and anisotropy of the strength,
deformation and filtrating characteristics and their changes in the process of
consolidating of the base.
2.2 Calculation of the bases, composed of soils, susceptible to liquefaction has to be
made in accordance with the general requirements with regard to the speed of load
transfer to the base, hydrodynamic
forces arising in the soil in the process of load application, amendments of effective
tension in the soil during the process of consolidating the base, the anisotropy
properties of soils. It is permitted to use methods of linear theory of consolidation of
soils.
2.3 As part of activities that reduce the deformation of the base or increase ability of
the base , must be provided:
- Full or partial cutting of deep soil layers of quicksand by deep foundation;
- Full or partial replacement of that kind of soil by gravel, rubble and so on;
- Soil compaction with a decreasing of groundwater level by temporarily or
permanently the additional loading the base structure or the whole area by the granular
material of construction firm breed (with a filter layer or drains if necessary to speed up
the process of base consolidation);
- strengthening by artificial means (cementation, silication, etc.)
2.4 If the proposed development on the site, which was built with water-saturated clay
soils under different combination of thicker layers, depth, location and placement in the
plan, it is applicable to set measures for the preliminary preparation of the base
(temporary or constant load, drainage, etc.), the characteristics of these soils should be
established additionally on the results of their tests after compaction,
2.5 Design of basis with taking into account seismic effects should be performed on the
basis of calculating the bearing capacity on the ground and the special combination of loads,
determined in accordance with: SNT 2.01.07-05 "Loads and effects”; SNT 2.02.01-98
" Foundations of buildings and constructions;” SNT 2.01.08-99, SNT 2.01,08-01, SNT
2.01.08-05 "Construction in seismic areas" (Chapters 1-4).

3. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GEPTECHNICAL RESEARCH IN

AREAS WITH QUICKSAND AND DILUTE GROUNDS

In order to avoid destruction and serious damage OF buildings and structures, in prospecting
for sites with dealluvial-proluvial sandy and loamy sediments foul and fluid consistency,
wet and water-saturated, small-grained sands, it is necessary to perform detailed definitions
of physical, mechanical and strength properties, conduct complex engineering - geological
researches to determine the possible dilution of soils, that could significantly increase the
seismic effect during strong earthquakes.
3.1 Additional requirements for engineering and geological surveys in the areas with
prevalence of specific soils displayed in SNT 1.02.07-2000 [13]. This "Instruction"
presents more detailed explanation.
3.2 Location of wells in the plan should be determined from the condition of the most
detailed research of a base within the spot of the building. The distance between the
separated wells should not exceed 20 m. It is required to drill wells on the corners of the
building. Depth of wells appointed by the condition that has been covered the entire layer of
weak and not less than 3 m of the underlying strong soil [15].
For getting samplings to minimize deformations of the natural structure of weak water-
saturated clay soils thin-cutter inner with diameter of at least 10cm should be used. These
thin-cutter inners must be pressed into a ground with the speed not less 3m/per min.
Application forepole and vibration immersion sampler could lead to obtaining improper
information [15].
3.3 Deformation, strength and filtration characteristics of quicksand clay
soil should be determined at a pressure or by pressure range, corresponding tense
ground condition of projected construction.
Characteristics of soils should be determined by testing samples of soil in the vertical and
horizontal directions.
3.4 As the main method of determining the strength characteristics of quicksand Clays
grained soils, the specific adhesion and angle of internal friction Ø should be applied
laboratory method of cutting soil sample in the two conditions in accordance with the TDS
12248 - 96.
Characteristics of clay soils’ strength can also be identified using the devices of triaxial
compression, stabilometer. It is necessary to use the technique of consolidative -drained test
(test by open system).
3.5 Deformative characteristics of weak saturated clayey soils is determined under
laboratory conditions, based on compression testing of samples of natural density and
moisture content, or for "pastas”, cooked with a given
density. The values of the modulus of total deformation of weak soils vary in depth and can
be changed in the order.
3.6 In view of the fluidity and the ease of mobility quicksands of soils, as well as possible
pressed these soils through the gaps and perforated disc devices, their loading with
compression trials and in the process of pre-compaction in preparation for the determination
of the resistance to cut should be done in steps 10 - 20 - 50 - 75 - 100 - 150 - 200 -250-300
kPa (3 kgf / cm 2).
3.7 Module deformation of soil for different intervals for example from 0 to 50 kPa (0.5
kgf/cm2), from 0 to 100 kPa (1 kgf/cm2), from 0 to 150 kPa (1,5
kgf/cm2), from 0,1 to 200 kPa (2 kgf/cm2), etc could be determined on the results of test.
The values of deformation modulus used in the calculations of immersion
(Pp. 44 ), depending on the actual normal strait rate with depth within the grounds of a
compressible stratum.

4. EVALUATION OF STABILITY OF BASES DURING SEISMIC RESPONSE

4.1 Approximately measures of dilution of soils determined by indirect indicators of

potential danger of liquefaction in Annexes 1,2, (the criteria for "Seed and Idriss”
"Bray", “ Ishihada and Tsusida”). Evaluation of soils base’s stability under seismic
excitation actions are made on the basis of dynamic and static sounding probing made
directly on construction sites (Appendix 3).
4.2 Decompaction and dilution of soil could happened under seismic influence and develop
of shear deformations in the soil base at the level of the basement or
contact layers and loss of bearing capacity under weighing impact of evolving
dynamic pressure.
4.3 The possibility of softening and liquefaction of soils and then the shear strain
determined on the basis of comparison of the critical acceleration for a given soil
base with a seismic acceleration during the projected level of seismic effects:
acr > aseism or acr< aseism

where acr is magnitude of acceleration, below which the soil remains stable;
aseism is a quantity of the seismic acceleration that actually occurring in the seismic
occurrence or accepted and taken into account for the case of projected earthquake
according to the seismic dangerous of building area.

4.4 Seismic tangential (shear) tensions in a soil medium in

passage of seismic waves, are determined by formula (1) [9]:
 τ=±(1/2π)·A·K1·γr·Cs·TO (1)
where A is a coefficient of seismicity (see [2]);
K1 = 0,25 is a coefficient that takes into account the work of non-resilient work of soil;
γr is the specific weight of soil in natural state (t / m3);
Cs is velocity of crosscut waves’ spreading of (m /s);
TO is the dominant period of soil’s fragments oscillation (c).

Note:
1. Velocity of longitudinal and transverse waves is determined experimentally. It is allowed
to use the available data in the regulatory and technical literature [2, Section 4].
2. Predominant period of vibration of rock particles is determined according to the
engineering-seismic studies. In case of absence of such data is allowed to take TO - 0,5
sec.

Substituting in formula (1) the values of K1 = 0.25, π = 3,14 and denoting seismic
acceleration , aseism = A·g, we obtain:
τ = 0.0398· (aseism /g) • γr• Cs·TO (2)
Resistance to shear cohesived soils is determined by formulas [1] for soils in a stabilized
state
τc = σ·tgφ+c (3)

for soils in the unstabilized condition

τnc = (σ-u)· tgφ+c (4)
where: τ and σ are tangential and normal tensions in the soil (t /m2);
φ and C are calculated values of the angle of internal friction (°) and the specific
adhesion (kPa, t/m2) soil and in non-cohesived soils c= 0;
u is the excess pressure in the pore water (kPa t/m2).
Note: at equilibrium condition a pressure of water in the pores at depth z from the surface of
stratum determined by formulas [4]
u =pBz (4-1)
where pB is the density of water, ton /m3
Same thing during dilution of soil and transforming it into the suspension:
Pp. 45

ususp =ρsuspZ (4-2)

The density of the suspension:

ρsusp = (1-nsusp) ·ρ0 + ρB·nsusp (4-3)
3
where ρ0 is density of particles of soil, t/m ;
(1- nsusp) is the part of volume of the suspension occupied by the solid phase (nsusp - porous
of the suspension).
According to studies [15] natural pore pressure in the interior of weak clay watered soils
reached 0, 09 MPa (0,9 kg/cm2).

4.5. Normal tension in the soil at a depth of H consists of the tensions on own weight of soil
σzq = γr•N(t/m2) and an additional tension of the weight structure σzq =α• ρ0 (t/m2)[1]: where
α is a coefficient of variation of the additional tension of the depth, p0 is the pressure on the
soil under the foundation base.
In the case of inhomogeneous tension through the depth of soil from its own weight of soil
determined by divisible by-layer summation σzq = ∑γr i•Ni(t/m2) . Considering the above
formula (3) and (4) at all:

τ = (α٫ρ0 +γr•N) + tgφ+c (5)

τ = (α٫ρ0 +γr•N - u) • tgφ+c (6)

At the firstl moment of seismic impact ground is in stabilized condition. The critical
acceleration, which leads to destabilization of the soil, can be obtained through equated
formula (2) and (5):

acr = g• [(α٫ρ0 +γr•N) • tgφ+c] / (0.0398 •γr• Cs·TO) (7)

Note: The critical acceleration is defined as for the layers of soil that lies beneath the
foundation and inclined to liquefaction.

Solving the equation (2) and (5) regarding the "N", we can estimate the depth distribution of
diluted soil (the active zone L) at the first moment of the effect of seismic forces on ground
thickness, that is, satisfies to the condition aseism = acr:

L = [(0,0398• (aseism/g ) • γr• Cs·TO – c]/( tgφ- α• ρ0 -p0) γ (8)

In the case of aseism > acr the stability of structures should be checked, taking into account the
shear resistance of soil in the unstabilized condition (3).
As a criterion of the impossibility of occurrence of liquefaction conditions it is adopted ¬
ap = K3 aseysm ≤ acr,

where ap is calculated acceleration of fluctuations; K3 - the safety factor greater than 1; aseysm
is acceleration of vibrations that is acting in the considered zone (point) array of ground.
Critical speed of vibrations acr determined by results of studies of compressive testing
according to vibrocompressive curves.

4.6 Assessment of soil’s dilution on indicator of resistance to probing represented by

formulas below [19] and in Appendix 3. Calculations are based on methods Seed H.B., Idriss
I.M. 1971, ASCE & ALBAL 1986, Idrisss & Boulanger, 2004, ASCE etc.
The coefficient (factor) of security liquefaction determined by the formula:

FS=(CRR)7,5/CSR•MSF)> 1,0 (9)

where: (CRR)7,5 is the coefficient of resistance to liquefaction in a disconnected low

connected ground on a platform with a magnitude M = 7,5.
To determine the resistance to liquefaction CRR two approaches are used:
- Field (SPT) test (see Appendix 2);
- Laboratory (triaxial, shear) tests.
Under static sounding definition of cyclic resistance quantum-well produces CRR on Annex
3, Fig. 1. By Dynamic sensing is use of Annex 3, Fig. 2,3 and simplified formula (12)

p.46
CSR is the coefficient of cyclic tension (seismic effect on the soil during earthquake).

CSR = (τav/σvo) = 0,65 (amax / g) (σν0/σ ν0)rd, (10)

amax is the maximum horizontal acceleration at ground surface;
g is acceleration of free fall - 9,81 m 2 / sec;
σν0=σzq+ σzp is full voltage (see 4.5). Increasing of total voltage in watered soil is first
passed entirely pore space water. This causes a pressure gradient in the pore water that is
filtered to the boundaries of free drainage in the soil layer up until a force is not transferred
to the solid particles in the structure of the soil;
σν0 is effective vertical tension - the difference between an externally applied (complete
σν0) voltage and emerging in the pore water pressure u. Pore pressure determined by the soil
triaxial test camera or according to Annex 1 SNiP2.06.05-84 [17];
rd is the coefficient of reduction associated with the depth of tension. This factor
depends on the depth and defined Liao & Whitman, 1986:

rd = 1,0-0,00765 z for: z <9.15 m

rd= 1,174-0,0267z 9.15 <z <23m

rd=0,744-0,0082z 23 <z<3 Ohm
rd=0,5 z> 30m

MSF is the scale factor used to earthquakes, more or less 7,5 points on
Idriss&Bouglar (2004):

MSF = 6,9e (-M/4) -0.058 (11)

M - Serving magnitude of earthquake.

SRR.7, 5 is an indicator of resistance of soils in the quicksand properties depending on

strike N-IPN magnitude M = 7.5, calculated using the formula given below:
CRR 7,5'= [1 / (34-N1)60 ] +[ (N1)60/135] +[ 50/(N1)60+45]2-(1/200) (12)
where (N1) 60 - the number of strokes of IPN. Definition (N1) see Appendix 3.

5. ACTIVITIE TO REDUCE DILUTION OF GROUNDS ON CONSTRUCTION

SITES
 The possibility of danger to the stability and durability of buildings and structures of
soil liquefaction zones necessitates the use of a number of measures to combat these
phenomenas.
All used for this purpose in the engineering practice activities for the nature of their
actions can be divided into two types:
a) prevent the possibility of dilution;
b) reduce the harmful effects of dilution.
The second type of events, unlike the first, has no influence on the conditions
determined the possibility of destroying the soil structure and the phenomena of dilution,
but only reduces the residence time of soil in the diluted state and prevents or reduces
the shift of diluted mass of soil and constructed on them structures.
Measures to combat the phenomena of soil liquefaction can be divided into groups PA
and listed in Table 1.
P. 47
Table 1.

Activities to reduce dilution of

grounds

Prevention of possible dilution Reducing of harmful effects of

dilutions

1. Compactions 2. Drained tightening weight 3. Setting of drain system

Additional loads.
Drainage of soil Fundament of pile dwellings barrier
Fastening of soil constructions.
(wall in soil, tongued and
Reducing of intension Changing of soil. grooved)
of forces that destroy
the structure of soil Flattening

In large area arrays of weak saturated soils most efficient of the first group of
activities are packing these soils and the device with cantledge.
Typically, the pressure on buildings create a very large additional load to the base.
That’s why the most dangerous in regard to the possibility of dilution are cantledge known,
non-loaded adjacent boundary areas within which only makes sense setting of (Fig. 1 b) or
compaction or compaction of soil(Fig. 1 A). In ground dam an additional load to dams or
seal feasibility ¬ figuratively to make in areas of the underwater part of the slope (Fig.1 d, z,
i] and in places located close to surface of bottom slope.
In some cases, appropriately to use of the third group of activities that does not
exclude the possibility of dilution, but only reduce the shift of diluted mass of soil or
constructions.
One of the main ways to reduce shifting of diluted mass of soil is accelerating the
process of consolidation. Within a short period of stay in the diluted condition does not
happened shifting of soil due to its spreading or extrusion and will be observed only in
relatively little outflanking of structures formed by compaction of ground.
With the device in the body of earth structures (Fig. 1, b) or under buildings and co-
multiple buildings (Fig. I g ) see the original document -horizontal and vertical drains can
be adjusted during dwelling of soil in the diluted state. With decreasing distance between
the drains period of liquefaction significantly reduced. Preconstruction compaction of
saturated soils interim the load with vertical drains should be compiled with the
requirements of Section 10.12 of the SNT 3.02.01-02 [13]
The second group (Table 1) has a kind of double effect, ie features of the first and
third group of activities. Additional load due to draining (Fig. 1 d, r, u) not only eliminates
the possibility of liquefaction, but even if it do occur significantly reduces the residence
time of soil in a diluted condition.
The choice of activities should be determined by the building structure, local
capabilities and to be settled down by appropriate economic comparison of options.
SEE THE PICTURE 1 in the original document on page 48
a-consolidation
б-drained additional loading of fundament
в-horizontal drainage in slope
г-vertical drainage in base
д-additional loading on slope
е-piles
ж- tongued and grooved barriers
з- based banked earth and additional loads
и-reducing of curve of depression and additional load
One of the most terms, that influents on choice of activity is permissible
deformation and shifting of constructions. On a number of occasions, especially in ground
constructions, the most appropriate decision would be possibility of formation slops and
even local sliding down by the most intensive but less frequently dynamic impacts (for
example, by maximum possible in this region, but very rare seismic impact).

6. METHODS OF BASES’ CONSOLIDATION

6.1 Filtered additional loads. Effectively before construction of consolidation of weak
watered soils. With that purpose filtered additional loading is made. Time of watered soil’s
consolidation is almost proportionally to quad of distance to drained surface. For decreasing
the distance of movement of wringed out, vertical sand absorbing well with diameter 0,4…
0,8m with distance from each other by 2,5 m are settled down. Vertical sand absorbing well
must be covered by general sand filtered cushion with thickness of 0,6…1m.
By the thickness of weak clayey soil still 7 m could be very effective the application of
drained cuts as trenches which’s wideness are 0,6…0,8m and depth till 5,5m.
These trenches are filled up by sand; over them the horizontal cushion is located. There are
solid drainage cuts are settled down where chip drain soil.
The final settling of soil’s layer in stabilized condition which washed and pour out layer of
sand, could be calculated according to the formula:

s= 3pH/3E +4p (13)

Pp. 49

where p is the pressure from the sandy soil on the surface of a weak water-saturated soil,
kPa;
h is thickness of the weak soil, E is the module of deformation of soil at full moisture
capacity, kPa. The size of the embankment in the plan must be at least 5h.
Settling of compressible soil depends on the timing of consolidation and basis of drainage.
Settling of non-drained base that is additionally loaded by filtered embankment, at
mentioned time:
st =Qv s (14)
where Qv is the power of consolidation for compressive soil could be determined on the
picture 2 that depends on time or on the table 2. SEE THE PICTURE 2 in the original
document p.49.
Table 2

Qv=sl/s Tv =cvt/h2 Qv= sl/s Tv =cv t/h2

0.25 0.051 0.90 0.665
0.35 0.097 0.90 0.852
0.50 0.197 0.95 1.133
0.60 0.288 0.98 1.500
0.70 0.403 0.99 1.800
0.80 0.569

Tv =cvt/h2 (15)

Where cv is a coefficient of consolidation of soil, m2 / year; l is duration of load

application P';
 h - Path length of the filter, with bilateral drainage h= H/2, where H - thickness of
the weak layer, a one-sided - h = H.
In calculating the degree of consolidation of drained base , Qr v, is determined by
taking into account the filtration of water in the radial and vertical direction:
Qr v = l – (l-Qr)(l-Qv) (16)
where Qv is determined graphically;

Qr = l-exp (-8Tr)Fv (17)

Tr is time factor in filtering in the radial direction only;

Tr = cr t/dl2 (18)

cr is the coefficient of consolidation for filtering in the radial direction; t – time

from time to applying of load.

F = (V21n v / (v2- 1)) – (3v2 - l) /4v2 (19)

where V = dl/dw is the ratio of the diameter of zones to the diameter of the drains
with dl = 1.13 d by the location on square grid, and the placement of the triangular
(d1 = 1,05d, d is the distance between axes of drains.
When using the drains from artificial materials value Fv accepted as 0,025 m.
Pp. 50
6.1.1 The final draft and time of consolidation of the layer of clay soil during
aggradation or dumping it sand layer are determined without regard to sediments underlying
layer, if the module deformation in more than 10 times the modulus of deformation of
clayey soil. The magnitude of the loads on washed or dumping and the order of their
registration in the calculation of the final draft and during the consolidation of a layer of silt
determined in accordance with the draft organization of work.
6.1.2 In case the base, containing clay soils, consists of several horizontal layers with
different modules of deformation, the entire thickness of sediment at the end of the period
of stabilization is defined as the amount of sediment of individual layers.
6.1.3 To calculate the time of consolidation of layered grounds should be determined
in usage of the entered coefficients of consolidation i-layer of soil, m 2/year, according to the
formula
cv =H2 /(∑Hl)2
√ cvi
where H is the total thickness of layered strata of weak clay soil, m; h 1 is the
thickness of a single layer, m.
6.2 Sand cushions. In practice, to reduce the size and uneven sediment of
fundaments sand bags with thickness up to five meters are often settled. It helps to reduce
the depth of the foundation and distribute pressure on larger area, decrease the size of
foundation. Sand bags constructed of medium-and coarse sand, gravel, gravel, gravel-sand
mixture. Cushion height is determined from the following conditions:
see the formula (21) in the original document on page 50.
 where σzp is vertical tension on a weak layer of soil from the external load on the
sandy load and uzq is vertical load tencion of soil, attributable to a weak layer of soil at the
base of a sand bag, s and su are co-deformation of the grounds and facilities and its limit
value.
The width of the pillow is taken equal to:
B = b +2c0i;
where: (C0 = 0,1 ... 0,5), B is a pillow’s size.
6.3 Limy piles. In some cases, to seal the weak, water-saturated silty-clay soils is
advisable to apply soil-limy or soil-cement piles. In the ground under the protection of
casing drilled hole diameter 30 ... 50 cm to fill them out lump quicklime lime layer of about
one meter. In the casing despise compacting mas ¬ soi 300 ... 400 kg and produce a seal.
Again, poured a layer of lime and tamped, etc. The soil is compacted by immersion tube
and after ramming lime. The interaction of quicklime with pour water quenching occurs. As
a consequence, increases the diameter of the piles in calcareous ¬ 60 ... 80% and further
compacted soil around the pile. In addition, slaking of lime produces a large amount of
heat. The temperature rises to 200 ° C, resulting in moisture surrounding soil decreases and
the strength characteristics increase. Next, make the surface soil compaction by heavy
rammers or rollers.
6.4 Soil compaction by water-reducing. Electroosmosis.
6.4.1 The water level, the organization of surface runoff and drainage are performed
according requirements of Chapter 2 SNT 3.02.01-02. [13]. In conducting the work should
water-lowering prevention regarded measures to prevent the loosening of soil, as well as
disturbance of the stability of the pits and grounds of nearby buildings.
6.4.2 Quicksand Soil qualities are displayed in the presence of hydrodynamic
pressure in underground water that arises as a result of hydraulic gradient occurring in
autopsy aquifers. In the quicksand (flooded) soil drainage issues should be resolved on the
basis of con ¬ to make its specific water-physical properties of soil within a radius of well,
given the stratification devel ¬ for further water loss, acceptable gradients. Necessary to
ensure the post adjustment valves outflow of each well, the size and porosity filter to exclude
addition of sand to wells. Required to take into account the diversity of lithology on the
depth and strike.

6.4.3 Weak pulverescent-clay soils, which can release water from the pores, can be
Condensed through lowering the groundwater level by pumping water from wells filters.
Lowering groundwater levels leads to the withdrawal of ejector water pressure, causing in
the soil’s skeleton a significant tension increase, whose effect on the ground will be similar
Action to external load. Pressed in the process of condensation water is pumped from wells
filters.
To avoid unwanted settling of existing buildings or underground utilities sealing plot
hedged by rabbet.
Poor filtering silty-clay soils in many cases do not give water. Then seal them
resorted to the use of electro-osmosis. This dip in the ground electrodes and passes through
it an electrical current. With the passage of the current pore water concentrations near to
that the cathode. The cathode is in the form of well point, a group well point water is
pumped vortex pumps. This soil is compacted as a consequence of lowering of groundwater
and increase the stress in the skeleton of the soil, and through the reduction of soil moisture
as a result movement of pore water to the cathode.
Using electro-compacted soil fast enough and only in necessary areas, furthermore,
improving the construction properties of soil.

6.4.4 Preparation of the base and drainage should be provided in a separate section
"Zero" cycle, the project should be determined during emptying seepage mound (capacitance
), usually with a decrease in the center of the pit or buried in the lowest points, which ¬
interventions that can be apart from the general water level in the pit accompanied by a
local dewatering u ¬ thin filters and other means.
The disadvantage of the deep water level should include the need to repeatedly change the
equipment - with prolonged drainage, electricity supply interruptions, the difficulty of
staffing the deep wells and the well point. Well point to the need to increase efficiency in
filtration shortcuts.

6.4.5 Lowering of groundwater pumping may be combined, where wells ¬

zhiny supplemented by surface drainage, the upper part of the seepage mound srabatyva ¬
etsya wells, and the middle part - the actual base, surface drainage through the colo ¬
Deetz, a collector and a system of drains around the perimeter of the hole. With deepening
below 5-6 meters from the on ¬ surface of the center of the pit, ie proper authority, is
deprived of domestic load, and therefore possible to vent the soil under the weight of piles
and lateral prisms. The combination of filter and schebe ¬ night provide additional load due
to outflow of water in a drainage ditch, the stability of slopes and bottom of the boiler ¬ Van
transportation when traveling with concrete, precast blocks, inert materials. Development
and strengthening the excavation should be carried out by sections. Foundations
dynamically loaded sections should be oshpuntovany or have an artificial base.
6.4.6 In the flooded pits should be considered activities that stabilize hydrogeological and
engineering geological conditions at the construction stage and in the settlement mode. For
the construction phase should be drafted in several dewatering boil:
1. Drainage ditch wells at the desired depth below the base of foundations in 2-2,5 m, with
time estimates for each section dewatering facilities, the cost of replacement equipment ¬
tion and its operation, to ensure the movement of construction machinery.
2. Drainage ditch emptying by combined filtration hill wells to mark the surface of the
bottom most recessed section in conjunction with surface drainage from the drainage system
arranged by the periphery of the hole.

6.4.7 By the deepening under the groundwater level should be assessed stability
of slopes and bottom of the pit due to suffusion, sliding, vent soil, are activated in
result of removal of household tension. The main measure of protection can only be
permeable in- load (from experience it is to be screened filter or gravel).

6.4.8 Choice of drainage is at the range of factors such as reliability of energosystem

the availability of equipment for the wells, and the additional load due to the inert filter.
 6.4.9 Combined pumping in conjunction with the additional load due to - allows you
to increase the reliability of the construction and the possibility of consolidating soil
foundation (in particular the method of cementation) during construction or in the extreme
conditions of their operation.
6.4.10 Securing of quicksand foundation in conjunction with an artificial basis lets
dramatically increase its carrying capacity.

6.5 Pile foundations. They are used with a relatively small thickness of the weak
soils (up to 12 m), underlain by strong. Piles are cut completely weak ground with support
on the solid. When pile driving dramatically increases the pore pressure, thereby reducing bear ¬
schaya capacity of pile. Over time, the pore pressure is reduced almost to zero, while carrying
ability of the pile increases.
In a weak clay foundation possible of negative friction. Sttling soil around the pile giving additional
load. The magnitude of negative friction can reach 500 kN. The reasons may be to [8,11]:
- Padding the planning area;
- Loading of the surface long-acting payload;
- additional load to weak soils within the roads and streets through periodic thick pad with
repair roads;
- Change the density of soil as a result of lowering the groundwater level;
Dynamic effects on soil heavy vehicles and industrial plants;
- A display of the processes leading to permanent seal young weak soils,
Negative friction force to take into account the depth at which the value of settling of soil exceed half
the limiting value of foundation settlement.
The calculation of pile foundations in seismic areas are produced according to the requirements of
Chapter 11 of SNIP 2.02.03-85 [12]
When designing pile foundations in seismic regions end support pattern of piles should be provided
on rocky, coarse, dense and medium-density sand and silty - clayey soils with a turnover of fluid
IL ≤0,5.
With proper technique - feasibility study is supposed to apply piles ¬ pile foundations with an
intermediate cushion of granular materials (crushed stone, gravel, sand, large and medium size). Such
foundations should not be used in subsiding soil type II, on the working areas, geologically unstable
areas (which are or may be landslides, mudflows, karst, etc.) and at sites composed of stabilized soils.
To pile foundations with an intermediate cushion should apply the same kinds of piles, as in seismic
areas. Calculation of piles, comprising pile foundations with an intermediate cushion on horizontally
load is not performed.

6.6 Vibrocompaction of saturated sandy soils should be carried out in compliance with
requirements of Section 10.11 SNT 3.02.01-02 [13]

6.7 Compaction of sandy soils by explosions of small charges, [5,6,10].

Consolidation of watered saturation sands can be done by surface and deep explosions. Soil
compaction explosions should be possible with the highest standing water table, with
there is a layer of water above the ground.
6.7.1 When compacting to a depth exceeding 2.5 m, surface explosions are ineffective.
6.7.2 The required number of bursts of explosions should be appointed on the basis of data on
density of sand, the required degree of compaction and the results of test explosions, calculated value
sediment surface is determined by the formula

s = hyn∙(eh -e)/(1+eH) (22)

where s is the required settling of surface soil;

e h is an average initial porosity of sand;
e-desired average coefficient of sand porosity after compaction.

7. SOIL SOLIDIFICATION

7.1. Soil solidification should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 14 SNT
02/03/2001 -02.
Grounds with good filtration qualities are very good for solidification due their ability to pass and
embed the solutions into pours. Solidification in some cases can be considered
as foundations, which are made without excerpts of excavation.

7.2. The sequence of secure bases on quicksand and diluted soils by cementation. Fixing method of
cementation is most effective on soils with high permeability. In Turkmenistan, this method also
be applied on the grounds formed by silty sand and sandy loam.

7.2.1 The order of execution:

a) The definition of pre-established parameters based on the task of establishing contacts in
those with the bottom of the basement area of low filtration resistance of the rubble in the
amount 1 / 3 indurated mass;
b) plugging the mass of heavy rammers (weighing 5 tons) or rink to capacity;
c) introduction of injectors of a durable drill pipe with a diameter of 70 mm with end point
at a depth of consolidation (in quicksand) and excess tip is higher than a basement in
0,5 -0,7 m;
d) the building of underside slab foundation;
e) connection to the pressure injectors network, rinse mouth with water and the creation in
the mouth zone of water "bag" to be determined empirically (about 40-50 l);
e) the replacement of the system to supply cement with a specific gravity not lower than 1.3
g/cm3;
g) injection solution is made within 40-50 minutes (before the setting of cement)
flow rate 10 l / s under the pressure of 8-12 atm corresponding power unit;
h) off the system and flushing;
s) connection to the next injector.
7.2.2 For the preliminary calculations recommended: take cement consumption 15-20 kg /
m3 fastened soil, the radius of influence of the order of 5 m, the modulus of deformation of
150-200 kg / cm 2.
To regulate pressure when it is necessary (for flow solution) from the initial 2 atm. By
overpressure structure may be deformed, the strength of the base is controlled by express -
methods by test pumping at one of the sections of the object.
Operation of cementation compresses the space between the underside plate and
quicksand, which into force of water - physical qualities for the solution becomes
impervious.
Established base is calculated as a three-layer, which differs in each layer resistance
to seismic effects, physical - mechanical, filtration qualities, which was conditioned by
combination of qualities of the medium, the skeleton and filler.
Previously established and taken into account the parameters could be corrected by
depths of man-made low resistance zone and by the depth of immersion injector in watered
soil.
7.2.3 Control of the qualities conducted by express - methods. The journal is supposed to be
filled of discharge section on wells and the injector (the number of the solution, download
time, pressure and other operations).
Required requests: filing solution from the bottom to up; perforation of barrel injector
does not allowed, the duration of injection 40-50 min after injection of flushing the system
under pressure.
The porous medium on the periphery of the foundation should be free. After the
pumped-ICDO solution on the surface flow is terminated to avoid the formation of zones of
high pressure under the soles of the foundation plate and deformation of the structure. After
the cessation base and design is specified position of bed.
The contour of the indurate area can be fenced rabbets or veil. Perhaps setting of
screens through the displacement of heavy cement mortar to a light, ie water.

7.2.4 Construction of bottom heavy slabs working on a natural basis deep experiencing a
dynamic load close to the limit of stability of soil, it is required to rabbet
around the perimeter in order to transfer these loads to the lower foundation
which are protected attached (to the bottom) by weight of soil. The upper part of pile is
punctured porosity pile, and the filter is calculated with the "K" stock 1,5-1,3. Top of pile
should be united by general head and fastened by stitching with underside plate.

7.2.5 In buildings in flooded soils should be provided with reliable conjugation

of bases and overlap joints between the sections of at least two rows in the plane of section
at the base, center section, and in responsible structures, and on top.
Pairing with the base by means of rabbet and teeth between adjacent sections in all
directions, diaphragms, sectional sutures, soft indents (eg, in earth dams).

7.2.6 Water movement should be detained at the entrance (early action) and organized on
output, without forming pockets of suffusion bypass or the front. Surface and Groundwater
Flows should not interact t with aquifer base. Should be ruled out appearance of
unconditioned seam due to cracking. All seams and conjugation should be protected
reserved, the design is calculated for all directions of possible impacts' (along, trans ¬ rivers,
etc.). Reliability should be a priority factor when choosing a design foundation. Construction
joints bridging. In flooded soils preferred slab foundation solid or malleable bonds that protect
dnischeevoy slab and foundation walls. Places the greatest stress in the ground base must be
structurally protected ¬ HN, strengthened.

7.2.7 Not allowed masonry of reinforcement cage of base plates without preparation of grounds
-by compacting gravel and concrete screed thickness of 10-15 cm. Exits pressure of water
sources from the base should be encapsulated (eg, a pipe with a filter), then necessarily
lampooned .

7.2.8 Possible emergency situations could happened on the flooded grounds, as a consequence
of many factors such as: overloading, seismic impacts, unforeseen circumstances at near by
objects, etc. The procedure to strengthen the base the same as used for the planned construction.
Achieving a static equilibrium is additional load due to filtrating additional loads. Economy and
effective way is additional load due to the filter in the packaging of the bags or bundles of bags
that ensure appropriate desired weight and self-facing, excluding the loss of gravel mass. First
fixed initial deformation zone, and then other surrounded completely. In case of absence of ways
and lack of time bags packed by hand with the subsequent transition to equipment - boats,
cranes, etc.
The filter is fixed by underwater concreting, in sacks containers, bundles, with the completion of
required dry concrete mix.
After operations of consolidation , if necessary leveling self-face for future constructive , work
should be carried out from the bottom to up (as usual), to interface with the protected structure.
7.2.9 It is allowed to produce load-bearing alluvium sites, using
constructive solutions to aggradations cards earthen dams of cohesive and semi cohesive soils in
the flooded soil. The advantage of hydraulic fill layer is
the site-separation of its groundwater and the lower relief, consolidation of
washed soil, excluding the loss of its carrying capacity at the level of surface of watered
subsoil. Such activities are possible with a combination of two construction processes
organization of excavation and embankment, or trench structures, developed by means
hydraulic mechanization. Appropriate solutions allow to carry out simultaneous gidroplanning,
and flushing of saline soils.

7.2.10 Organization of construction on water-saturated soils should consider provision

of continuity of the dewatering means, filing and stacking of materials, which demands the
appropriate category of supply or duplicate sources.

7.2.11 The building site and built construction must be equipped with control
Instrumentation, observing:
a) the dynamics of groundwater level in the zone of influence of excavation;
b) the development of landslides and soil vent, suffusion;
a) the parameters of physical and mechanical properties as a result of activities undertaken, ¬
directed towards to prevention of deterioration of properties or convert qualities of the soil,
reducing sensitivity of structures to deformation.

7.2.12 Passport of facilities should contain a section describing the condition of base, the
activities of its consolidation, scheme, a program of supervision in the construction and
operational periods.

7.3 Silicatization, electrochemical enforcement. Poor filtering soils (sands

small-and silt) and loess soils are perpetuated monobath process by silicatization, which is
applicable only in soils with a coefficient of filtration more 0,1-0,2 m / day. Soft ground
(Silt, clay and loam are in fluid and ductile condition) as usually have filtration rate less than the
grandeur. To add a solution of sodium silicate and calcium chloride, direct electric current is
passed through these primers. Through this process of current in mentioned soils electroosmosis
develops electro - movement of water in the pores of the anode to the katode. Using this
phenomenon, through the perforated anode is introduced into the ground consistently solution
sodium silicate and calcium chloride. The introduction of these chemicals can build
soils with a filtration coefficient of 0,1 ... 0,5 m / day (silty sand, sandy loam and light loam).

7.4 Drill-injected way for fixing soils (high-modulus columns Jetgrout –method) Soil of the
base is drilled by special drill till defined depth with usage of water supplied through the nozzle.
Then under the high pressure of 400 -500 atmosphere from nozzles located on the monitors, liquid
cement injected. Consumption of cement is 300-350 kg / m 3 with diameter of nozzle 2,5-3mm.
Monitors are located at the ends of ropes. During the process of injecting the cable with the
monitor rotates at a certain speed and slow speed from 6 till 100cm/min (depending on the soil) is
pulled to the surface. Cylindrical columns of certain diameter in soils formed. This method has
recently speeded widly overseas.

7.5 Drill-mixed way of consolidation by silt-cement piles. Work on the consolidation of silty
soils by drill-mixed method should be produced byspecial drill-mix machines or drilling rigs with
a torque of no less 2.5kH (250kgs. m) by diameter of silt-cement piles up to 0,7 m and not less
than 5kH - at a diameter of up to 1m. For feeding of cement mass Mortar pump should be
applied, developing pressure of at least 0,7 MPa (7kgs/sm2) and providing continuous dosage of
filing solution (SNT 3.02.01-02 [13] .
 8. DILUTION AND COMPACTING OF INCOHERENT SOILS UNDER DINAMIC
IMPACTS

8.1 The main characteristic of the density of incoherent addition of soil should be
recognized magnitude of the degree of density (the coefficient of relative density), defined by the
expression

D=ef - enat/ ef - ecomp (23)

where es and e friable are coefficients of porosity of soil in most dense and most friable condition,
respectively; enat is the coefficient of porosity in natural conditions. The value of D may vary from
0 to 1. If D = 0 soil is in the most friable condition, and at D = 1 ground is the most compact
structure. All range of changes from zero to one are usually divided into three equal parts and
enter the following hypothetical classification of non-cohesive soils according relative density
(the degree of density): friable - 0 <D <0,33; average density -0.33 <D <0,66; dense - 0,66 <D
<1.0. (Fig.3) Changing the degree of density D depending on the porosity factor e.
(see the picture 3 in the original document).

In Appendix 1, the estimation of dynamic stability of water-saturated sands according to the

dynamic sensing [18].
8.2 Necessary condition for significant compaction of soils is disconnection their
fracture of the structure by dynamic effects. The possibility of destroying the structure of
disconnected
soil, ie, it the emergence of mutual displacement of the particles and the violation of their stability,
mainly determined by: the intensity of dynamic effects, the initial static conditional tension
and density of the soil. The influence of these factors strongly affect the outcome of shock or
vibrocompressive tests of disconnected soils.
8.3 The necessary conditions for the phenomena of dilution showed:
1) destruction of the structure;
2) the possibility of soil compaction;
3) complete or close to completion, saturation of the soil with water.

Pp. 56
Nonfulfilment of some terms mentioned above leads to the impossibility of occurrence of
dilution. Actions against watering down based on the violation of one way or another one of
these conditions.
8.4 Most of the destruction of soil structure causing different kinds of dynamic
excitation: during earthquakes, explosions, work of shock shells, vibrations caused by
quenching energy of water intakes and water conveyance structures, as well as unbalanced
rotating mass, the collapse of arrays of soil, etc. Often the phenomenon of liquefaction
under impact of filtrative stream on the structure of sand, especially in the case of the
dynamic characteristics of filtering forces.
8.5 In the case of total liquefaction of the soil the maximum possible excess
pressure in the water appeared.Fully diluted mass of soil can be presented in the form of
suspension ie water with suspended particles in it. At the same time the proportion of
liquefied soil γp made of the weight of the particles and the weight of water :
γp = Δ m + γn (24)
 where n and m are volume of pores and soil skeleton in unit volume, γ and Δ -
density of water n the proportion of the soil particles.

Picture.4. Pressure distribution in the pore water through the layer with the full (a) and
"partial" (b) thin. SEE in the original document p56
Accordingly, the pressure in the water in completely liquefied soil to a depth of h - z (Fig.
4) will be
P = γp (h-z), (25)
and the surplus pressure in this case
Pmax=( γp -γ)(h-z) γsusp (h-z) (26)
where γsusp – specific weigh of suspended soil in water.
8.6 In some cases there is incomplete liquefaction of the soil, called "partial", into
excess pressure in the water does not reach the limiting maximum value.
8.7 Comparing the highest possible by fully diluted overpressure in the water
pmax with overpressure corresponding to the partial dilution of p, can be called the "degree of
dilution" correlation.
N =p/pmax (27)
Which in the case of non-cantledged layer of soil will be:
N =p/ γsusp (h-z) (28)
The numerical values of this magnitude can be varied from 0 to 1. When N = 1 is
complete liquefaction of the soil.

P57
As a result of deformation the structure of loose watered disconnected soil the
process of its consolidation is appeared and accompanied by released water out (of) pore,
so the process of disconnected soil’s consolidation has been happened.
Fig. 5. Distribution of pressures in the layer completely liquefied soil.
See the picture 5 in the original document ( p.57).
Consider the process of consolidation (compaction) the layer (one-dimensional
problem) of completely diluted soil (Fig. 5).
H= p / γ +z, (29)
Considering (25) for diluted soil the formula 29 will be presented as:
H= γp (h-z)/ γ +z (30)
If z=0, on the border with waterproof base
H z-0 = γp/γ h
And if z=h that means on the surface of the layer
H z-h =h

8.8 Because of the uneven distribution of pressures, from the initial time liquefaction
of soil, there filtering presses up from the pores of water. The process of laying new ground
in a dense condition appears at the bottom layer and gradually spreads upward. Changing
the density occurs mainly in the place of contact diluted and non-diluted parts of layer by
displacing in time the boundary of r1.
r1 =Kf (l-n1)/(n1 – n2)( γsusp/ γ)t. (31)
Thus, the process of transposition of particles liquefied layer, spreading gradually
upward and the longest in the diluted state is the top of the layer.
8.9 The time of consolidation (compaction) and soil stay in the diluted state
determined mainly by water-prove of the soil, magnitude of changes of its porosity, length
of filter presses from the pores of the water and, in particular, the thickness of the zone of
dilution. With increasing the thickness of the liquefied layer, increasing the porosity of
soil and decreasing its filtration coefficient during its stay in the diluted state will be
increased.
8.10 Experiments have shown that the condition of dilution is inherent in all loose
watered soils of any size. The nature of the process of liquefaction is compaction does not
depend on grain size, but with increasing size and consequently decreased the time of
being in diluted condition. During the destruction of the structure of small layers of coarse-
grained soils while in diluted state is so short, that
Pp. 58 they practically no external evidences of liquefaction that could lead to
incorrect ideas. [6]
The time spent in the attenuated ground state determines its movement and thus
liquefaction hazards to the integrity of structures. In some cases over a short period
existence of dilution bias is so small that they were not dangerouse for plants. The range of
variation of time the host layers of different composition in the diluted state is very large.
For example, a five-meter layer of fine-grained silty sand after the explosion was in a
position of diluted condition more than three or four hours, and the same layer of gravel or
pebbles was in diluted condition took only second or part of second.
Significant influence on the consolidation process of fully liquefied soil layer the
additional draining load provides. During fully diluted layer additional load q fully
conveys its pressure on the water in the pores and the pressure in the water will be
H=q+ γp (h-z)/ γ+z
The process of secondary laying and recovery of contacts between the particles in
this case is about, based not only on the bottom r1, but also in the top h –r 1 parts of the
layer. As a result, two boundaries of consolidation in a layer have been moving toward each
other and by the closure the condition of dilution eliminated. Moreover, the velocity of the
lower limit is determined by on previously obtained dependence (17), and the rate of
displacement of the upper limit substantially depends on load intensity q. Based on the
equations of balance and movement of water, similar in the derivation of relation (31) the
dependence to determine the time tp of staying soil in the diluted condition, ie time of
closing borders r1 and r2 as
t= ((n1 – n2) / (l-n1)) (γ q / γ q /γ suspkf)((l+(γ susph/q)-√1+2hγ susp lq)) (32) [5]
In the presence of additional load due to draining, low-power liquefied soil layer, and
pain-shoy its permeability liquefaction phenomenon almost immediately stopped, resulting
not have time to be any significant movement built on the surface layer with multiple
buildings. Thus, the positive effect of draining the sum of additional load due to a decrease
even possibility of destroying the structure, and if the dilution occurs, and then from the
decline in rearranging of soil and significantly accelerate the consolidation process, ie ¬
system would eliminate dilution.
 Drainage or draining layer at the base of the array of liquefied layer decrease way of
filtering presses for densification of water and thus significantly speed up the process of
rearranging of particles. By device of drainage control the compaction process could be
done, ie to provide the necessary reduction in time spent in the attenuated soil condition.
9. PRINCIPLE OF CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF BASES
9.1 In the case when methods for sealing and hardening did not give expected effect,
and the settling exceeds the limit, constructive activities to be implemented. These include:
increasing the rigidity of buildings by cutting the sludge sutures into separate blocks, to
increase the rigidity of each block device monolithic concrete or precast-monolithic
foundations; setting of pre-fabricated ferroconcrete structures or metallic belts or
reinforced seams; setting of device hard diaphragms for example, horizontal slabs,
increasing the flexibility and pliability of buildings and structures.
Calculated resistance of weak soils are found on the SHT-98 02/02/2001, formula 7.
Foundation settlement calculated using the settlement schemes in the form of linear strain
space or linear - a deformable layer according to the requirements of SNT 2.02.01-98,
Annex 2.
9.2 In calculating the first and second limiting conditions on the grounds, with weak
clay soils should be used calculated values of soil characteristics, which are based , as a rule,
on direct tests of soils in the field or laboratory conditions. For rough calculations based on
the value of physical and mechanical characteristics of clay soils are accepted according to
table 3.
P59
Table 3
Clayey soil Coefficient of Deformation
porosity e module E, MPa
(kg/cm2)
sandy-loam 0,8 5,1 (51)
1,2 3,3 (33)
loamy 0,9 2,0 (20)
1,6 1,2 (12)
argillic 1,2 1,6 (16)
2,0 0,8 (8)

9.3 In the presence of draining layers at the base should be taken into
account filtering of pore water in the direction of water drainage
layer, and in the presence of sand bags under the foundation-in the
direction of the sand cushion. Consider the effect of draining layer is
allowed only in the case, if this layer does not look as a closed lens,
and draining cushions under the foundation - if the backfilling of the
sinuses performed well draining soil or soil above the base sand
cushion is draining.
9.4 During project design of buildings and structures that are built on weak
saturated clay soil full-sized measurements of deformations of bases and
foundations should be called:
- When building up new areas of typical buildings with 5 or more floors on the
basis of the rul: one the observed building for 10 under construction;
- For each quarter for the first building on the priority of a building height more
16 floors, as well as for unique buildings and structures;
- For buildings and structures that have structures span more than 24 m;
- In case of a significant strain bearing structures, the emergence of cracks
caused upset or horizontal movement of structures of buildings during their
construction and exploitation.
9.5 If the seismicity of the construction site more than 9 points should be taken into
account further the requirements of the Instruction on designing and engineering
preparation of artificial base (the "cushion") buildings and structures erected on the
sites seismicity over 9 points (to the SNT 2.02.01-98).
10. INSPECTION AND STRENGTHENING OF DESTRUCTED
CONSTRUCTIONS, BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Analysis of the causes deformation of residential and industrial buildings on soft

soil water saturation shows that even in the presence of cracks in buildings and the
appearance of roll, that blocked further operation of this building or structure, as
well as the presence of horizontal displacements and deformations of structures (as
result, for example, seismic or dynamic effects), in most cases it is possible to save
the building, and after fulfillment of additional set of remedial actions to ensure its
continued operational suitability.
10.1 Technical examination jobs
10.1.1 The Technical survey includes:
- Study of documentation (materials research, projects, results of previously
conducted survey instruments for emergency situations, changes in the project,
etc.);
- Clarification of the circumstances of accidents;
- Survey designs with fixing defects and damage;
- Testing of materials and, sometimes, individual designs.
10.1.2 Enhancing the grounds and structures is carried out in two stages:
- At first - to take steps to prevent further collapse and destruction;
- On the second - is strengthening and restoring the grounds, buildings and
structures with multiple buildings.
The following types of work: access roads; demolition of debris, restoring or
improvement or laying external communications, installation of temporary
anchorages to ensure the sustainability of further destruction, clearance of damaged

Pp. 60
sites and structures, demounting structures to be replaced, strengthening buildings and
structures, restoration of architectural appearance of the object.
10.2 Hardening of soil foundation.

10.2.1 For the hardening of soils used methods to be applied: cementation, silicification, tarring of
soil, pile pillows, deep and surface sealing, reinforcing, electrical drainage etc.

10.2.2 To reduce the loading on the base by: widening or deepening foundations;
brinning up the piles or pillars, the device further foundations, load transfer through the frame ¬
designs on remote reinforced concrete piles, reconstruction of individual elements in ribbon ¬
way, reducing the payload at realigning the company; replacement of heavy fencing constructions
on the lighter.

10.2.3 Effectively to use drill-injected piles with pre-installed in

wells of metal pipes-conductors with a diameter more than 140mm and a length of more than 6m.
To conduct amplification of the base recommended by two rows of inclined piles, arranged outside
the building and abstracts from ¬ perturbation theory of the ground floor through the existing strip
foundations..
Strengthening the foundation of low-rise buildings may be the done by setting of vertical and
inclined (through the existing foundation) injected piles on the outer perimeter of the building.
Existent foundation is used as a grillage. To ensure collaboration inclined and vertical piles
arranged along the additional concrete grillage main walls on the outer perimeter of the building in
the level of blind area.

10.3 Strengthening of structures and buildings

10.3.1 In practice the three main ways to strengthen the structures are applied:
- Change the design concept;
- tension condition of constructive element;
- Increasing the transverse dimensions.
Reinforce the foundation with concrete jackets, steel clips, cementation, consolidation etc.

10.3.2 Reinforcement of the masonry by grouting recommended to conduct in the following order:
pumping the solution into the drilling boreholes with a diameter 40mm; to implement
device "hidden frame" by drilling holes in masonry with a diameter exceeding 100 mm and
armoring of tight fitting, filling the holes with cement mortar under pressure.
10.3.3 Strengthening of structures produce at full load, full or partial time off loading. In the
presence of walls, columns, piers damages in the form of crack it is recommended to use:
- calking by cement-sand or polymer cement solution, pumping it through pipe under the pressure
of about 0.25 MPa;
- Sealing of damaged sections by brick, concrete;
- Installation of bilateral metal plates of flat steel staples or tie-out scraps rolled, stacked in the
indent and attached to the wall with bolts;
- Installation of overhead horizontal and vertical zones of rolled profiles or reinforced concrete
slabs;
- Prestressed belts or cords, disposable in the level of floors and consisted of armature with
diameter 28-40mm, buckle, corners;
- Holder of the corners, a reinforced concrete “T-shirts”, etc.
10.3.4. Coupling of longitudinal and transverse walls in their places of separation created by the
setting in the punched recesses and grooves reinforcement cages and nets, followed by
monolithing.
10.4. Straightening rolls buildings. To mitigate of the buildings use the following methods:
- Weakening of the foundation soil on the opposite roll, organized by screening of soil from
boreholes pumping groundwater from the opposite side roll;
- Underpinning piles or indentation of the roll, a temporary exemption from work of piles on the
opposite side roll by cutting separate piles after filling in the gap after reaching the required
proheeling;
- Indentation foundation blocks, with an emphasis on the wall of the building, use electro
hydraulic Riser system with flat jacks;
- Flattening of columns with their cutting and subsequent monolithing
Work of old and new concrete is ensured by the coupling, the cross-armature in the form of
vertical and inclined rods, clamps, rod screws, etc.
10.5 Strengthening of buildings’ structures.
The structures of buildings could be reinforced by the introduction of additional macro - and
microelements of hardness, increasing of stiffness and strengthening of damaged and
congested elements by regulating the tensions and strain in the building and grounds by
raising or lowering the individual foundations, columns, creating the frames micro arrays;
setting of strut-framed and strained torqueing.
 ANNEX 1
INDIRECT INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL DANGEREOUS OF
DILUTIONED SOILS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES’
BASES
(Actual or forecast)
1. Chinese criterias . Seed and Idriss,μ(1971).
a) the content of clay fraction (% <5/ μm) <15%;
b) the limits of fluidity WL <35%;
c) the natural moisture Wnat. > 0.9 WL ;
When all three conditions are fulfilled that means it is potentially
diluted soil (possible turnover).
2 Criteria for Bray etc. (Bray J.D, sancio R.B., Reimer M. & Durgunoglu
H,T., 2004)..
a) 1P <12 and Wn/ WL > 0,9 - fluidity is possible;
b) 12 <1P <20 and 0.8 < Wn/ WL <0,9 - middle position, must be tested;
c) 1P> 20 and Wn / WL<0,8- fluidity is excluded.
Literature: see in the original document p.62
 EVALUATION OF THE DYNAMIC STABILITY of
WATER-SATURATED SANDY GROUND

Assessment of dynamic stability of water-saturated sandy soils according

of dynamic sensing is carried out according to recommendations [18] by
the formula AY Rubinstein, reflecting the specific work and A hammer
during immersion probe for the blow. Pd = 0,1 AN.
Conditional dynamic resistance of Pd, Probability of
MPa (kgf/cm2) liquefaction of sands
under dynamic loading
The average minimum
value value
Less than Less than 0,7 high probability of
2,0 (20) (7) liquefaction (sand
loose composition,
bonding virtually
absent)
From2,0(20) from 0,7 (7) to Dilution possible
to2,5 (25) 1.4 (14) (Sands loose or
medium density with
poorly developed
clutch)
From 3.5 from 1,4 (14) The probability of
(35) to 5.0 to 2.0 (20) liquefaction is low (the
(50) average density of
sands with advanced
clutch)
Over 5.0 Over 2.0 (20) Dilution of sand is
(50) almost impossible
(tight sands and
medium density with
well-developed clutch)

Note: Assessment of liquefaction of sands is the average values of Pq; accounting

of minimum values increases the accuracy of the forecast.
Comparison of dynamic and static probing revealed the existence of a close
correlation between the conditional dynamic resistance and drag under the cone of
the probe in a static sensing [18]. A similar pattern is during comparing the results
of static and dynamic sensing of clay soils.
See the figure “Liability (to) dilution of soil base and embankment of dam” in the
original document on page 63.
 ANNEX 3
Evaluation of soil liquefaction on the methodology of the Agency's draft CEP,
the Executive Committee of IFA (2000)
Assessment carried out by the factor of dilution (factor) liquefaction F
F = CRR/ CSR
where: CRR is the coefficient of resistance to liquefaction in a disconnected
soils .Under static sounding definition of cyclic resistance CRR conducted on a
complex formula (drawing.1). By Dynamic sensing - using the drawings 2,3,
CSR - coefficient of cyclic tension (seismic effect of a foot during an
earthquake).
In: F> 1 - dilution does not occur,
F<1 - possibly diluting
3 stages of assessment of liquefaction are identified.
1. Phase Determination CSR (by SPT. BS 1377, TDS19912-81 and 20069-81.
Soils. Field Methods tests regarding to dynamic and static sounding)
CSR = (τav/σv0) = 0,65amax σv0Id (MSF)/g σv0
amax – the most large horizontal acceleration on soil’s surface.
g is acceleration of free fall - 9,81 m2 / s,
σν0=σzq+ σzp is total tension (see, paragraph 4.5 of the Instructions).
σν0- effective vertical tensions.
r d- factor reduction associated with the depth of tension. This factor depends on
the depth and determined Liao & Whitman, 1986y:
rd = 1,0-0,00765 z for: z <9.15 m

rd= 1,174-0,0267z 9.15 <z <23m

rd=0,744-0,0082z 23 <z<3 Ohm
rd=0,5 z> 30m
MSF is the scale factor used to earthquakes, more or less 7,5 points on
Idriss&Bouglar (2004):

MSF = 10 2,24 /M 2,56

M - Serving magnitude for earthquake

2. Stage. Calculation of N1
N1=CnNm
N60=NmERm/60, where
Nm is the number of strokes in the penetration test (with graphics sensing) at a depth z
ERm is measuring the energy of a stay;
 ERm=Pd/ NmA (Pd is an indicator of probing deptht)
Cn is correction factor of overload is determined graphically (Seed & Alba, 1986)
(fig.2), for example acting as effective tension σν0 = 28.5 kPa, Cn = 1.6, (N1)60 =
0.116.
When using dynamic probing Nm, is replaced by Nm’cr corrected to account for the
difference between the test for penetration and dynamic probing.
Nm’cr =Ndp (E/V)spt/(E/V)dp,
where
Ndp is the number of beats measured during dynamic sensing;
(E/V)spt is energy / volume of the displaced soil during the penetration test;
(E/V)dp is energy / volume of the displaced soil during dynamic sensing.
3. Stage, the Amendment to the fine particles (less than 0,063 mm) soil (FC%).
Robertsoin and et , 1996)
(Δ N1)60= 7. If FC> 35%
(Δ N1)60 = 0, if FC <5%

(Δ N1)60 = FC-5%< FC> 35%

For example: small particles of FC = 13.52%. Amendment FC= 13,52-5 = 8,52, (Δ N1)60 =
(N1)60 + FC = 8.78
According to the fig. 3, we determine that if CSR = 0,062 the soil will not dissolve.
Calculation of Nm’cr on the test results on the penetration and dynamic sensing
Using the formula of energy
Test on the penetration:
Nm= number of beats;
W = 63.5 kg - weight of hammer;
H = 762mm - height of the fall;
51 mm - the size of a spoon;
A = 2,04 '10 -3 m2 is cross-sectional area;
I - 300 mm is length of the test.
(E) - energy of the hammer E = WgH= 63,5•9,81•0.762 =474.7 Jules / blow;
(V) - the volume of pressed out soil V = A1 = 2,04 '10 -3 -0,3 = 0,61 • 10 -3m-3;
(E/V)spt is resistance to the penetration of E / V = 474,7-0,61-'10 -3= 7,91-105 Jules/m3;
Dynamic Sensing:
Ndp - the number of strikes;
W = 70kg - weight hammer;
H = 1000mm - the height of the fall;
A = 4,310• '10 -3m 2 - cross-sectional area;
I = 200 mm - length of the test;
(E) - (E) - energy of the hammer E = WgH= 70• 9,81•1,0 = 686,7 Jules/per strike;
(V) - the volume of pressed out soil V = A1 = 4,3 10 -3•0,2 = 0,86• 10 -3m-3;
(E/V)dp-Resistance to the penetration of E / V = 686.7 / 0,86-10-3 = 7,98• 105Jules/m3;
Nm’cr =Ndp (E/V)spt/(E/V)dp
 Annex 4

Example of calculating the base with weak soils.

Necessary to determine sediment layer of weak silty-clay soil thickness H ~ 6 m, that

layered by loam (impermeable) with additional load due to the sand filter, h = 2m. Consider
two variants of the base: undrained and drained. Calculate the elapsed time since the
consolidation to project on a consolidated basis of pile foundation under the column
production of the building with a basement h2= 2m, with N1 = 2400 kH, N2= 2000 kH.

Decision

The calculation of precipitation for drained and undrained ground for the foundation for
small location. Draught layer of silty-clay soil from cantledge determined by the formula
(13):
s= 3pH/3E +4p (13)

where p= γhn = 16,5 • 2 = 33 kH /m2-pressure from the sandy embankment; hn is the

thickness of additional load due; γ is the specific weight of additional load due to soil,
kH /m3, H = 6 m - thickness layer of silty-clay soil, E - 5,5 MPa is modulus of deformation
of soil;

s = 3•0,33•6 /(3•5,5 4•0,33 +) = 0,33m.

Physico - mechanical qualities of soils table see in the originale document on the page 69,
annex 4

Kind of soil Features

initial physical calculated strength and

deformatnvnye

Pulverescent- 16, 27,1 0,4 0,35 13,5 0,9 0,9 0,024 14 5,5 24 3 2,5
clayer soil 7 0

Sandy loam 16, 27,0 0,4 0,3 13,8 0,7 0,0 18 12 39 - -

8 4 0

Pp. 70
REFERENCES
3. SNT.2.02.01-98. Foundations of buildings and structures. (Ashgabat, 1998)
2. SNT 2.01.08-99 Construction in seismic areas. Section 1. Residential, public,
industrial buildings and installations. (Ashgabat, 1999);
CHT 2.01.08-01 Sections 2,3, (Ashkhabad, 2001); SNT 2.01.08-05. Section 4 (Ashgabat, 2005) Build-
ment in seismic areas. Sections 2.3 - Hydraulic and transport facilities, Section 4 Pipeline engineering
services and construction.
3. Handbook on design grounds and buildings (to SNIP 02/02/2001 -83)
(NIIOSP them. Gersevanov, Gosstroy USSR. MM 1986)
4. NN Maslov. Conditions for stability of saturated sands (Gosenergoizdat. ML. 1959)
5 PL Ivanov. Dilution of sandy soils. (Gosenergoizdat. ML 1962).
6. PL Ivanov. Dilution and seal noncohesive soils under dynamic loading. (L. 1978).
7. HS Rasulov. Seismic loess grounds and buildings (published by "Uzbekistan" Tash ¬
Kent, 1977.
8. BI Dolmatov, soil mechanics, foundation and basement (Stroiizdat Leningrad department ¬
tion, 1988).
9. IJ Dorman et al Guidelines for the design of underground structures in seismic areas.
M.2000.
10. MM Sarkisov, OS Lavronenko, BI Ilyasov, A. and, Chumachenko, MV Kazimova, Pressure construc-
tion in conditions of high seismic activity (Turkmenistan. Ashgabat, "Garlavach, 1994)
11. Foundations, basements and underground structures. Guide for designer under the general editorial ¬
tsiey EA Sorochan and K). P. Trofimova. (M. Stroiizdat 1998).
12. SNIP 2.02.03-85 Pile foundations. (State Building Committee of the USSR, Moscow, 1986).
13. SNT 3.02.01-02. Earthworks. Foundations (Ashgabat, 2002)
14. SNT 01/02/2007 - 2000 Engineering surveys for construction. (Ashgabat, 2000).
15. MY Abelev, construction of industrial and civil structures on weak vodonasyshen-
GOVERNMENTAL soils. (M. Stroiizdat 1983).
16. SNT 06/02/2003 -2002 Grounds waterworks. (Ashgabat, 2002).
17. SNIP 06/02/2005 - 84 earth dam, (USSR State Building, ML 989).
18. AY Rubinstein, BI Kulagin. Dynamic sensing of soil. (M. Nedra, 1984)
19. Engineering
P.71
CONTENTS
1. General provisions 41
2. General guidelines, 42
3. Requirements for engineering and geological surveys in the areas of dissemination ¬
propagation of quicksand and dilutes the soil 43
4. Evaluation of the stability of the base seismic response 44
5. Activities to reduce the risk of soil liquefaction at the sites of construction 46
6. Methods of sealing grounds 48
7. Grouting 52
8. Dilution and seal noncohesive soils under dynamic effects 55
9. The principle of calculation and design of the grounds 58
10 surveys and strengthening damaged structures, buildings and structures 59
Annex 1
Indirect indicators of soil liquefaction hazard potentsianalnoy grounds buildings ¬
tions and structures 62
Annex 2
Charts liquefaction susceptibility of soils bases and embankments dams 63
Annex 3
Evaluation of soil liquefaction on indicators Sensing 64
Annex 4
Example of calculation, 69
References 70
 Ministry of Construction and Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan
Building Specifications of Turkmenistan

Instructions
to Design of building base and constructions built on quicksand and liquescent soils in
seismic regions
of Turkmenistan
(to SNT 02/02/2001 -98)
Developed: by Research Institute of Seismology of the Ministry of Construction and
Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan.
Head of the theme: Il'yasov IB Ph.D.
Responsible executives: engineers Lopashov V.A., Saprina S.P;
Feinberg FF, Danilov D. A.

Technical edition by Saprina S.

Translation into Turkmen language by Nuriev M.M.

Prepared by State Department of methodology, price and estimate rate setting of Ministry of
Construction and Construction Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Signed for the printing 19.01.2007

Format 60x84 1/8 Printing. Circulation 30 copies