 Knowledge

Subsequently, the study that was conducted by Vijayachari, Sugunan & Shriram

(2008) identifies the knowledge of workers in Northeastern Malaysia about leptospirosis.

It was carried out in four districts in a Northeastern State of Malaysia, which involved 71-

town service workers, 34 participants were selected as intervention group and 37

participants as the control group. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0.

The mean knowledge score at baseline was not significantly different between intervention

and control groups. However, there was a significant mean difference in knowledge score

between the intervention and control groups regardless of time. In summary, based on their

study there’s a significant relationship between knowledge and leptospirosis.

 Practices

In the assessment of practices about leptospirosis that was conducted by Agampodi

et.al (2010), 62% were involved in rice paddy cultivation either 'frequently' or 'rarely'.

Seventy percent of the fathers and 50% of the mothers of the students were involved in

paddy cultivation. Thirteen percent reported that they swam, bathed, or washed in ponds

of stagnant water. Of the students involved in paddy cultivation, only 18% said they usually

used gloves and boots 'frequently'. Among the 9% of students who handled cattle or

buffalo, 61% reported washing their hands and feet after handling the animals. Good level

of knowledge was significantly associated with involvement in paddy cultivation among

the adolescents (p=0.45), fathers (p<0.001), and mothers (p=0.012). The level of

knowledge was not significantly associated with practicing preventive measures for

leptospirosis. While, in Noramira, et al. (2017) study embarked on assessing the KAP of

leptospirosis among rural communities in Malaysia. A total of 444 participants (223 male;

221 female) aged between 18 and 81 years old were surveyed by using a self-administered

questionnaire. A majority of participants had unacceptable preventive practices (69.1%) on

leptospirosis. Only 34.2% of the participants knew the bacteria could enter via wound

lesions. Ethnicity and income were strongly associated with preventive practices,

respectively (p-values < 0.05). Thus, effective strategies should be planned to impart and

develop practive approaches and good preventive modules on leptospirosis to this

leptospirosis-prone community.
 Attitude

A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 113 residents of 3 riverside

settlements from Santa Fe. The influence of attitudes regarding leptospirosis on the

likelihood that an individual will use preventive practices were evaluated using linear

mixed effects models. The majority of respondents (83.2%) had previously heard about

leptospirosis; however specific information about leptospirosis was limited. The results of

the modeling efforts, show that the likelihood of using preventive practices was associated

with having greater knowledge score, but not with more positive attitudes (Victoriano et.al,

2009). In addition, the study which also uses a cross-sectional questionnaire, Agampodi,

Peacock & Thevanesam, 2009. Their respondents were all Malay with mean (SD) age of

40.6 (10.28) years old. 12.1 (9.62) years was the mean (SD) duration of employment. Fifty-

four respondents (16.8%) had never heard of leptospirosis. Meanwhile, 167 (52.0%) and

only 128 (39.9%) of them had satisfactory attitude respectively. It was found that attitude

on risk factors for leptospirosis was lacking. There were high risk attitudes such as drinking

habit and protective equipment used during working with the favorable answers ranged

from (67.3% to 89.1%.). To conclude, the KAP elements on leptospirosis are still lacking

and poor health seeking behavior and attitudes are of our utmost concern.

Key terms: Leptospirosis, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices

 Input
Profile of Respondents
a. Age
b. Sex
Process Output
c. Social Status
d. Educational Attainment Konowledge, attitude and
Analysis of data through self-reported practices of
e. Place of Residence
the questionnaire, and the respondents are
statistical treatment ______
Roles of Respondents
a. Knowledge
b. Attitude
c. Self-reported Practices

Proposed Intervention Program

Source Key terms Original Paraphrased
Vijayachari P, Knowledge It was carried out in four districts in a Subsequently, the study that was
Sugunan P & Northeastern State of Malaysia, which conducted by Vijayachari, Sugunan
Shriram A. 2008. involved 71-town service workers, 34 & Shriram (2008) identifies the
Leptospirosis: an participants were selected as knowledge of workers in
emerging global intervention group and 37 participants Northeastern Malaysia about
public health as the control group. The LIHPM was leptospirosis. It was carried out in
problem. Journal developed based on the manual of four districts in a Northeastern
of Bioscience and Visualization in Participatory State of Malaysia, which involved
Bioengineering. Programs. Data were entered and 71-town service workers, 34
pp. 557-569. analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0. participants were selected as
intervention group and 37
participants as the control group.
Data were entered and analyzed
using SPSS Version 22.0.
Knowledge
Victoriano A, Smythe Attitude 113 residents of 3 riverside A cross-sectional questionnaire
L, Gloriani- settlements from Santa Fe. The was administered to 113 residents
Barzaga N, influence of attitudes about of 3 riverside settlements from
Cavinta L, Kasai leptospirosis on the likelihood that an Santa Fe. The influence of attitudes
T, Limpakarnjanarat individual will use preventive regarding leptospirosis on the
K, et al. 2009. practices were evaluated using linear likelihood that an individual will
Leptospirosis in the mixed effects models. (83.2%) had use preventive practices were
Asia Pacific previously heard about leptospirosis; evaluated using linear mixed
region. BioMed however specific knowledge about effects models. The majority of
Central Infectious leptospirosis was limited. The respondents (83.2%) had
Diseases. Pp. 68 outcomes of the modeling efforts, previously heard about
show that the likelihood of using leptospirosis; however specific
preventive practices was associated information about leptospirosis
with having greater knowledge score, was limited. The results of the
but not with more positive attitudes. modeling efforts, show that the
We also found that females were more likelihood of using preventive
likely to use safer practices than practices was associated with
males. Cross-sectional questionnaire having greater knowledge score,
was used in this study. but not with more positive
attitudes.
Agampodi S, Practices The response rate was 100%. Fifty- In the assessment of practices about
Agampodi T, two percent of respondents had a leptospirosis that was conducted by
Thalagala E, Perera S, 'good' level of knowledge of _______, 62% were involved in
Chandraratne S, leptospirosis. In the assessment of rice paddy cultivation either
Fernando S. 2010. Do practices, 62% were involved in rice 'frequently' or 'rarely'. Seventy
people know paddy cultivation either 'frequently' or percent of the fathers and 50% of
adequately about 'rarely'. Seventy percent of the fathers the mothers of the students were
leptospirosis? A and 50% of the mothers of the students involved in paddy cultivation.
knowledge were involved in paddy cultivation. Thirteen percent reported that they
assessment survey in Thirteen percent reported that they swam, bathed, or washed in ponds
post-outbreak swam, bathed, or washed in ponds of
situation in Sri stagnant water. Of the students
Lanka. International involved in paddy cultivation, only
Journal of Preventive 18% said they usually used gloves and
Medicine. Pp.158- boots 'frequently'. Among the 9% of
163. students who handled cattle or
buffalo, 61% reported washing their
hands and feet after handling the
animals.
Agampodi S, Attitude All of the respondents were Malay
Peacock S, and with mean age of 40.6 (10.28) years
Thevanesam S. old. The mean (SD) duration of
2009. The employment was 12.1 (9.62) years. 54
potential respondents (16.8%) had never heard
emergence of of leptospirosis. Among the
leptospirosis in Sri respondents, 215 (67.0%) of them had
Lanka. Lancet poor knowledge on leptospirosis. In
Infection Disease. the meantime, 167 (52.0%) and only
pp. 524-526. 128 (39.9%) of them had satisfactory
attitude and practice respectively. It
was found that knowledge on risk
factors for leptospirosis was lacking.
There were high risk attitudes such as
drinking habit and protective
equipment used during working with
the favourable answers ranged from
67.3% to 89.1%. The weakest area
identified in their practice was also on
the use of protective equipment.
A total of 444 participants (223 male;
221 female) aged between 18 and 81
years old were surveyed by using a
self-administered questionnaire. A
majority of participants had poor
knowledge level (57.0%),
unacceptable attitudes (90.3%) and
unacceptable preventive practices
of stagnant water. Of the students
involved in paddy cultivation, only
18% said they usually used gloves
and boots 'frequently'. Among the
9% of students who handled cattle
or buffalo, 61% reported washing
their hands and feet after handling
the animals. Good level of
knowledge was significantly
associated with involvement in
paddy cultivation among the
adolescents (p=0.45), fathers
(p<0.001), and mothers (p=0.012).
The level of knowledge was not
significantly associated with
practicing preventive measures for
leptospirosis.
Their respondents were all Malay
with mean (SD) age of 40.6 (10.28)
years old. 12.1 (9.62) years was the
mean (SD) duration of
employment. Fifty-four
respondents (16.8%) had never
heard of leptospirosis. Meanwhile,
167 (52.0%) and only 128 (39.9%)
of them had satisfactory attitude
respectively. It was found that
attitude on risk factors for
leptospirosis was lacking. There
were high risk attitudes such as
drinking habit and protective
equipment used during working
with the favorable answers ranged
from (67.3% to 89.1%.). To
conclude, the KAP elements on
leptospirosis are still lacking and
poor health seeking behavior and
attitudes are of our utmost concern.
While, in Noramira, et al. (2017)
study embarked on assessing the
KAP of leptospirosis among rural
communities in Malaysia. A total
of 444 participants (223 male; 221
female) aged between 18 and 81
years old were surveyed by using a
self-administered questionnaire. A
(69.1%) on leptospirosis, and only
29.7% knew "rat-urine disease" as
leptospirosis. Only 34.2% of the
participants knew the bacteria could
enter via wound lesions. Ethnicity and
income were strongly associated with
knowledge level and preventive
practices, respectively (p-values <
0.05). As for attitudes, ethnicity,
income and education type were
significantly associated (p-values <
0.05).
majority of participants had
unacceptable preventive practices
(69.1%) on leptospirosis. Only
34.2% of the participants knew the
bacteria could enter via wound
lesions. Ethnicity and income were
strongly associated with preventive
practices, respectively (p-values <
0.05). Thus, effective strategies
should be planned to impart and
develop practive approaches and
good preventive modules on
leptospirosis to this leptospirosis-
prone community.