CHARACTERIZATION TEST METHOD D48.

1-B

READING OF THE INITIAL n° 2 519 474

MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF THE index C
STEELS FOR CORES AND CLAW POLES
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Reference documents:
- NFC 28 – 911 standard,
- Quality Procedure D 490.1,
- Test method "Residual electromotive force characteristic of the alternator" n° 2 547 147,
- Test method "Alternator and starter-alternator output current characteristics on bench"
n°2 521 498.
- Test reports EL061989 and EL062139.

Drafting and N°
Signature Date Index Type of modification
Approval modif.
M.GRUSON 07/06/8
122 812 Creation
LP.COSVIN 7
P.TOURNAIRE Modify flux and induction
04/01/89 A 122 649 formulae
LP.COSVIN

N. CHARBONNEL 05/11/9 Precisions on the functional

B 125 467 device
LP.COSVIN 6

Ch.IV.1.1: Add different tore

P.LEFRANCOIS 09/05/0 dimensions used.
C 224 145
G.TRANCHON 6 Ch.V.2: Precisions on criteria
and sanctions.
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CONTENTS

I. PURPOSE ____________________________________________ 3
I.1 Definition __________________________________________________ 3

I.2 Description _________________________________________________ 3

II. ORIGIN ______________________________________________ 3

III. OBJECTIVE _________________________________________ 3

IV. TEST DEFINITION ____________________________________ 3

IV.1 Preparation _______________________________________________ 3

IV.1.1 Torus dimensions _____________________________________ 3

IV.1.2 Torus winding ________________________________________ 3

IV.1.3 Drawings _____________________________________________ 3

IV.1.4 Functional device _____________________________________ 5

IV.2 Prior test _________________________________________________ 3

IV.3 Test conditions ____________________________________________ 3

IV.3.1 Demagnetization ______________________________________ 3

IV.3.2 Operational mode _____________________________________ 3

IV.4 Number of parts to be tested _________________________________ 3

V. USE OF THE RESULTS ________________________________ 3

V.1 Analysis ___________________________________________________ 3

V.2 Criteria and sanctions _______________________________________ 3

Appendices : 1 to 4 ______________________________11, 12, 13, 14

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I. PURPOSE
I.1 Definition
Define the test to be carried out to measure the magnetic characteristics of the
steel used for the cores and claw poles by the toroidal method.
I.2 Description
After having demagnetized the material, the initial curve of the magnetic induction
is measured, depending on the magnetization field strength (B = f (H)) using a flux
meter.

II. ORIGIN
Evolution of the test procedure 2 519 474 index A:
• Not accurate enough on the initial conditions of the material,
• Precisions on the functional device.

III. OBJECTIVE
Measure the curve of the initial magnetization B = f (H) of a material, in other words
define the spontaneous magnetization, permeability and properties extrinsic to the
material.
Generally speaking, this concerns the resistance of this material for a given
magnetizing field strength (H).
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IV. TEST DEFINITION

IV.1 Preparation
The tore is used as sample to be measured, in other words a closed magnetic
circuit, for the demagnetizing effect is nil.

IV.1.1 Torus dimensions

We have taken 0.8 < k2 < 0.9 as a ratio, to have a homogenous flux in
the cross-section of the torus.
In the frame of our current applications, we will use (in mm ± 0.03):

Thickness φ interior φ exterior

k1 (l/S) k2 (d/D) Parts
(e) (d) (D)
10 40 47 3,91 0,851 alternator cores
8 51 60 4,84 0,850 claw poles
8 31 38 3,87 0,816 claw poles
8 24 29 4,16 0,827 starter cores

The torus is covered with a fairly thin insulating device to protect the
windings from sharp corners, avoid damage and ensure there is no
contact between conductors and the bonding.

IV.1.2 Torus winding

IV.1.2.1 The field coil (magnetizing)

This coil covers the entire circumference of the torus.
It is arranged regularly in two layers, the second wound in such a
way as to cover the length of the torus, in the opposite direction to
the first, while retaining the same winding direction (the extremities of
the wires entrance and exit are on the same side). This procedure
means eliminating the effect of normal flux on the torus surfaces.
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IV.1.2.2 The armature coil (flux measurement)

This coil, placed on the field coil, is likewise arranged in two windings
in inversed pitch. It does not cover the entire circonference of the
torus. Its arrangement on the torus depends on the number of turns.

IV.1.3 Drawings

In the frame of our

current applications,
we have chosen:

N = 100 turns of
50 /100
(magnetizing)

n = 50 turns of
50/100 (flux
measurement)

IV.1.4 Functional device

The field coil (N) is traversed by an exciter current where the direction
can be changed by an inverter K but also its value can be adjusted by a
rheostat (Rh).
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The field coil does not produce any field outside, but it produces within
the material a magnetizing field strength where the lines are
circumferential with their centre on the line of the torus.
The current inversion in the magnetizing circuit creates a flux in the torus.
The flux meter records the quantity of electricity induced in the armature
coil (n) in the course of a flux variation in the material. This quantity of
electricity is in relation to the flux.

IV.2 Preliminary test

It is essential to read the initial magnetizing curve of the torus Standard M0616-
08 (associate with L.C.I.E) before each test (or series of tests) so as to check
your measurement line. You will find the COFRAC Standard measurement in
appendix 1 page 11.

IV.3 Test conditions

IV.3.1 Demagnetization
One of the essential characteristics of the ferromagnetic is the hysteresis
cycle. This is the reflection of the irreversibility and magnetizing
mechanisms. This is why the material must have been demagnetized
beforehand.
PRINCIPLE:
Apply a magnetizing field strength (≥ 5 000 A/m) in one direction then in
the other, regularly inverting the direction of the current in the field coil that
is progressively reduced to nothing.
NB : The inversion is obtained with the alternative source of the circuit.
OBSERVATION:
The magnetizing field strength (H) depends on the dimensions of the
sample and therefore one calculates the amperage of the given magnetic
circuit to obtain a sufficient magnetizing field strength (≥ 5 000 A/m) so as
to enable demagnetising the torus (standard NFC 28 - 911).
IV.3.2 Operating mode
The curve of the initial magnetization is drawn up point by point from a
weak field that is progressively increased.
PRINCIPLE:
The continuous magnetizing field strength current (and therefore the field)
is fixed, and the flux variation that causes the inversion of the current of
the torus, is measured using a flux meter.
OBSERVATION:
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It is absolutely necessary to read the curve by progressively increasing

field values. If through a faulty operation, a higher field than expected is
applied to the material, a demagnetizing operation must be carried out
before starting the measurements again.
The inversion of the current (I) in the inductor winding causes a variation 2
φ of the flux in the torus – for the flux meter, the flux variation will be 2 n φ
(flux measured in this winding induced by the flux meter, n number of
tones in this induced winding).
The field is illustrated:
H = NI = 2 N I
l π (D + d )
I: Exciter current in the field coil (in A),
N: Number of tones in the field coil
( D + d )
l: ∏D average π 2 average length of the
torus (in m),
H: Magnetizing field strength (in A/m) (sometimes referred to as
"amp. turn per metre") to remember that N is used in the
calculation of H.
- The induction is given by:
φ 2φ
B = S
= (D − d )e
φ: Flux measured in the coil induced by the flux meter (in Weber
(Wb)),
D: Outside diameter of the torus (in metre)
d: Inside diameter of the torus (in metre),
e: Thickness of the torus (in metre),
B: Magnetic induction (in Tesla (T)).
In our application, when the value of the current is fixed and the flux meter
switched on, activate the inverter K five times (magnetic stabilization) then
rapidly read the value on the flux meter for each position of the inverter.
For a position of the inverter - value 11.
For another position of the inverter (reverse current direction) – value 12.
For the flux meter, the flux variation 2 n φ = (11-12) x k with k the flux
meter grade.
Therefore:
(1 1 − 1 2 ) xk (1 1 − 1 2 ) xk
φ = 2 n
and B = n(D − d )e
NB : If the flux meter is graduated in Maxwell by division, the flux meter φ
will be expressed in Maxwell and 1 Maxwell = 10-8 Wb.
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IV.4 Number of parts to be tested

Evaluation: comparison ( thermal treatment, machining etc.); 3 torus from each
family.
Validation: 5 torus.

V. USE OF THE RESULTS

V.1 Analysis
The various readings made facilitate the plotting of the curve B = f (H).
For information, see apendicies: 2, 3, 4 the readings made on the cores of
different material.

Measurement uncertainty in the calculation of B = f (H).

Lab. demagnetization
contactors

Millivotemeter

Shunt 10A -
30 ohm 100mV cl 0.2
MO699-114
licence AOIP
KEITLHEY

+ -
Flux meter
MO699-168
Primary Secondary

Battery 12 V

By using the measurement line described previously (i.e the same

measurement devices), the uncertainty calculation involves only the absolute
uncertainty of the value measured.
∆B = n ( D 1− d ) e ∆ φ 2 + n ( D 1− d ) e ∆φ1

with ∆ φ 1 = ∆ φ 2 = ½ div cal + flux meter error

reading error see LCIE correlation

∆ H = ∆ I = 0.03 + 0.1 % reading
OBSERVATION:
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In the case where the flux metre correlation with the LC.I.E. data is believed to
be correct, and if it involves an average comparison (with 3 torus minimum),
this calculation can be simplified, by illustrating that the absolute error of B is
equivalent to the error of repeatability of the standard torus.
Be careful: for ∆I calculated, the error made on B is concerned, i.e the image
of H on B.

V.2 Criteria and sanctions

The magnetic induction characteristic depending as a function of the
magnetizing field strength is mentioned on the drawing of the part as follows:
Br (remanent induction),
B500 for H = 500 A/m as well as B1 000, B2 000, B5 000, B10 000.
Memo on the criteria Br: The level is validated by the successful sanctions of
the test procedure "Residual e.m.f. characteristic of
the alternator" n° 2 547 147,
Memo on the criteria B (H) : The curve is validated by the successful sanctions
of the Specification sheet of the alternator
output following the test procedure
"Characteristics of output current of the
alternator on bench " n° 2 521 498.
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Appendix 1

Outside diameter 46,029

Slot bottom diameter 40,145
Thickness of the torus 10,05
Number of primary turns (inductor) 100
Number of secondary turns (armature) 50

Torus tested TORUS STANDARD MO616.08

Control before test on 02.04.96
I PHI 1 PHI2 DELTA PHI B(T) H(A\m)
0,251 61,0 63,0 2,0 0,0338 92,71 LAB TORUS STANDARD MO616-08
0,506 56,0 65,0 9,0 0,1522 186,91
0,718
1,005
49,0
41,0
70,0
76,0
21,0
35,0
0,3551
0,5919
265,22
371,23
L.C.I.E Reference measurement
1,355 34,5 81,0 46,5 0,7863 500,51 2
1,695 30,0 83,5 53,5 0,9047 626,10
2,029 26,0 85,0 59,0 0,9977 749,47
2,383 23,5 86,5 63,0 1,0654 880,23
2,759 21,0 87,5 66,5 1,1246 1019,12
3,425 18,0 89,0 71,0 1,2007 1265,13
1,5
3,690 17,0 90,0 73,0 1,2345 1363,01
4,211 15,0 90,5 75,5 1,2768 1555,46
4,728 13,5 91,0 77,5 1,3106 1746,43
5,107 12,0 91,0 79,0 1,3359 1886,43
5,539 11,0 91,5 80,5 1,3613 2046,00 B(
T)
6,800 9,5 93,0 83,5 1,4120 2511,79 1
8,741 7,5 94,5 87,0 1,4712 3228,75
L.C.I.E Measurement 0,04 100
Torus standard S300PB 0,17 200
0,44 300
0,64 400 0,5
0,78 500
Measurement apparatus used 0,88 600
MO699-68 0,96 700
1,03 800
Demagnetization carried out at i=8A 1,08 900
0
1,13 1000 0 1 2 3 4
1,28 1500 Thousands
1,37 2000 H(A\m)
1,43 2500
1,48 3000
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Appendix 2

Type of stator A13N angled terminal reference 2 598 089

Test carried out on : 02.04.96 Material reference 2 518 799
Outside diameter 38,02
Inside diameter 31
Flux meter grade 0,0001 Thickness of torus 8,00
Number of primary turns (inductor) 100
Number of secondary turns (armature) 50

Torus tested Torus n°8 without thermal treatment

2
I PHI 1 PHI2 DELTA PHI B(T) H(A\m)
0,252 39,5 51,0 11,5 0,4095 232,44
0,498 32,0 59,0 27,0 0,9615 459,34
0,719 29,5 62,0 32,5 1,1574 663,18
1,018 28,0 65,0 37,0 1,3177 938,97 1,5
1,234 27,0 66,0 39,0 1,3889 1138,20
1,520 26,0 67,0 41,0 1,4601 1402,00
1,885 26,0 68,0 42,0 1,4957 1738,67
B(
2,111 26,0 69,0 43,0 1,5313 1947,12 T) 1
2,519 25,5 69,0 43,5 1,5491 2323,45
3,175 25,0 70,0 45,0 1,6026 2928,52
3,779 25,0 70,5 45,5 1,6204 3485,64
4,148 25,0 71,0 46,0 1,6382 3825,99
4,730 25,0 71,0 46,0 1,6382 4362,81 0,5
5,180 25,0 71,5 46,5 1,6560 4777,88
5,750 25,0 72,0 47,0 1,6738 5303,63
6,380 25,0 72,0 47,0 1,6738 5884,72
7,109 24,5 72,5 48,0 1,7094 6557,13
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thousands
H(A\m)
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Appendix 3

Type of stator A13N+/A13E angled terminal reference 2 940 122

Test carried out on : 02.04.96 Material reference 2 518 880
Outside diameter 38,01
Slot bottom diameter 30,99
Flux meter grade 0,0001 Thickness of the torus 8,00
Number of primary turns inductor 100
Number of secondary turns (armature) 50

Steel grade tested Torus n°4 without thermal treatment

I PHI 1 PHI2 DELTA PHI B(T) H(A\m) 2

0,253 28,5 39,0 10,5 0,3739 233,43

0,500 21,0 46,0 25,0 0,8903 461,32
0,716 18,5 49,0 30,5 1,0862 660,61
1,006 16,0 51,5 35,5 1,2642 928,17 1,5
1,228 15,0 53,0 38,0 1,3533 1133,00
1,511 14,0 54,0 40,0 1,4245 1394,11
1,782 13,5 54,5 41,0 1,4601 1644,14
B(
2,042 13,0 55,0 42,0 1,4957 1884,03 T)
2,264 13,0 55,5 42,5 1,5135 2088,85 1

2,684 12,0 56,0 44,0 1,5670 2476,36

3,108 12,0 56,5 44,5 1,5848 2867,56
3,501 12,0 57,0 45,0 1,6026 3230,15
4,129 11,5 57,0 45,5 1,6204 3809,57 0,5
5,175 11,0 58,0 47,0 1,6738 4774,65
7,366 10,0 59,0 49,0 1,7450 6796,15

0
0 2 4 6 8
Thousands
A(H\m)
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Appendix 4

Type of stator A11VI cast terminal reference 523 800

Test carried out on : 02.04.96 Material reference ( 2 519 170 )
Outside diameter 38,03
Slot bottom diameter 30,98
Flux meter grade 0,0001 Thickness of the torus 8,01
Number of primary turns (inductor) 100
Number of secondary turns (armature) 50

Steel grade tested Torus n°1 without thermal treatment

I PHI 1 PHI2 DELTA PHI B(T) H(A\m) 2
0,253 55,0 63,5 8,5 0,3010 233,39
0,477 51,0 69,0 18,0 0,6375 440,03
0,738 48,5 72,0 23,5 0,8323 680,81
1,043 46,5 75,0 28,5 1,0094 962,17 1,5
1,229 45,5 76,0 30,5 1,0802 1133,76
1,578 44,0 78,0 34,0 1,2042 1455,71
1,853 43,0 79,0 36,0 1,2750 1709,40 B(T
2,045 42,0 80,0 38,0 1,3458 1886,52 )
1
2,260 42,0 81,0 39,0 1,3813 2084,86
2,889 40,5 82,5 42,0 1,4875 2665,11
3,191 40,0 83,0 43,0 1,5229 2943,71
3,486 40,0 83,0 43,0 1,5229 3215,85
4,301 39,5 84,0 44,5 1,5760 3967,69 0,5
5,215 39,0 85,0 46,0 1,6292 4810,86
7,547 38,0 86,0 48,0 1,7000 6962,14

0
0 2 4 6 8
Thousands
H(A\m)