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APPENDIX 7.1 Creation of sections and computation of inflow into tunnel 177
The goal of this chapter is to get the ZSOIL user familiar with the main features of the
program in the context of a realistic case study.
The simulation of initial state, construction and excavation stages is the main new
feature in this case study, which is described in an engineering draft, Fig. 7.1. The figure
represents a tunnel excavation in urban environment. The case is characterized by
existing surface constructions and a water table. It requires freezing. In this chapter, we
shall first examine the dry case, and then include flow.
- We will start with an initial state analysis which includes all loads present
before the beginning of construction: here gravity and loads due to existing
constructions.
- Next we will simulate the excavation of the small pilot tunnel, then the freezing
procedure, the excavation of the main tunnel and safety factors will be
evaluated at the end, but could be evaluated all along the analysis process,
through stability analyses, performed after each excavation step.
- Drivers are used to pilot the different steps, in association with load functions,
which manage the evolution of load amplitudes and existence functions, which
manage the key events.
7.1.2 Drivers
The drivers input screen (Fig. 7.2) tells us the essential aspects of the analysis we are
about to perform:
- An Initial state analysis starting with the application of 50% of gravity and 50%
of surface loads present at t=0, progressively increased to 100% by increments
of 10%.
- A Time dependent/Driven load analysis, starting at time t = 0 and progressing
to time t = 10, with time increments of Δt = 1 this part is split into several
construction stages, as we will see.
- A Stability analysis, starting with a safety factor of 1, tentatively progressing to
30, until instability is detected.
Remarks:
- There is no real time-dependent behavior here, time can be considered fictitious,
just a means to sequence excavation steps.
- Progressive unloading of the medium, which is used to simulate distance to front
in two-dimensional analysis, will be driven by “pseudo-time” driven unloading
functions.
Remarks:
- Additional stability analyses could be inserted anywhere in time, in order to define
the safety factor corresponding to a particular construction stage.
- Modifications of the stress state occurring during stability analyses are ignored for
follow-up analyses.
7.1.3 Geometry
The geometrical data of the finite element model are described in the following figure.
Select option Macro Model from the method list located on the right hand side of the
screen, then Objects and then Circle (referred to later as Macro
Model/Objects/Circle).
Create three circles from the Circle dialog box, using each time the Apply button:
- The first for the main tunnel, with center (0;0) and radius 6.05 m, see Fig. 7.4
- the second for the limit of the frozen zone with center (0;0) and radius 7.25 m
- the third for the small tunnel, with center (9.65;7.65) and radius 2.4 m
Leave third coordinate of the center z = 0 and number of segments = 20, this defines
the refinement of the discretization of the tunnel.
Now, click on the Close button and press CTRL-F to optimize zoom with the newly
created objects. You should see the following image (see Fig. 7.5).
Switch off the grid (press the G key) and the axes (press the A key).
Remark:
- Visualization will show you the list of applicable shortcuts.
Next, we’ll define the contour of the mesh, including the position of the building and the
bottom boundary. For this, move to Macro Model/Point/Create/Point option, and
create the following points, using the Apply button:
Remark:
- Leave third coordinate z = 0.
Now move to Macro Model/Objects/Line and define the contour of the mesh, clicking
on the ten nodes of the mesh contour (as Continue option is switched on in the dialog
box, you don’t have to click twice on each node to indicate the end of a line and the start
of a new one).
Then, uncheck the Continue option, and create two crossing lines between points (-40;
0) (40; 0) and points (9.65; 12.55) (9.65; -30). When prompted, accept the automatic
intersection of objects. Then click on the Close button.
Finally, delete the two lines inside of the tunnels with option Delete/Delete. You should
end up with the following screen, Fig. 7.6.
Remark:
- You can use the tool located on the right hand side of the screen, in order to
zoom on this part of the mesh. To come back to a general view, press CTRL-F.
Still using the Update/Parameters tool, assign Existence function 1 and Unloading
function 1 to the small tunnel, and assign Existence function 5 and Unloading function 2
to the main tunnel (see Fig. 7.8). You may check the values assigned to materials,
existence and unloading functions using the selection list located just below the right
method list (see red arrow in Fig. 7.7). Default visualization is set to Initial material.
EF = 1 ULF = 1
EF = 5 ULF = 2
Remark:
- The actual definition of excavation steps and progressive convergence is managed
though existence and load functions, which are defined later.
7.1.6 Meshing
Now, select the Mesh/Create virtual mesh method and click inside of the small tunnel.
Select Unstructured mesh type, and set approximate element size to 1 m. Click on
Create virtual mesh. Then, click inside of the main tunnel, select unstructured mesh
type, and set approximate element size to 1.5 m. Click on Create virtual mesh.
Then click inside of the upper frozen zone. Structured mesh type is selected by default,
as this subdomain has four control points. Set Edge 1-2 split to 10 and Edge 1-4 split
to 2. Then click on Create virtual mesh. Repeat the same operation for the lower
frozen zone.
Remark:
- As the Adjust split to existing subdomains option is checked On, split along
Edge 1-2 is automatically set to 13 instead of 10 to retain mesh compatibility.
Click successively inside of the two remaining upper subdomains, select unstructured
mesh type, and set approximate element size to 1.6 m. Click on Create virtual
mesh. Click successively inside of the two remaining lower subdomains, select
unstructured mesh type, and set approximate element size to 2 m. Click on Create
virtual mesh. Press CTRL-F. Select Mesh/Virtual -> Real mesh method and click
successively inside of the 8 subdomains. Then, press CTRL-M in order to hide the macro
model, and to leave only the FE model (nodes and elements). You should end up with a
finite element mesh as shown in Fig. 7.9.
You may now exit the graphical preprocessor and save your work (File/Exit menu, and
answer Yes). Back in the principal ZSOIL screen, select File/Save menu.
A small pilot tunnel is excavated first; its liner is installed next. The area of the main
excavation is then frozen. The main tunnel is excavated next. The liner of the main
tunnel is installed after partial convergence. The key steps are enumerated below (Fig.
7.14). Steps 2, 3, 7 concern the 2-phase case, this will be discussed later.
Existence functions are multistep Heaviside functions which take value 1 when the
object they are attached to exists and zero when the object disappears. Existence
functions are defined under Assembly/Existence functions by entering (time, value)
pairs, see Fig. 7.15.
Remarks:
- It is important to notice that changes from exist to inexist, and vice-versa
indicated at time t will influence computations starting from time t+Δt, as
illustrated in (Fig. 7.16), with one exception at t = 0.
- If the time stepping adopted under Analysis/Drivers does not go through the
events identified by existence functions the code will automatically add
intermediate time stepping in order to capture all significant events. For example:
a time stepping like t=1..2..3..4... etc. in an analysis which uses an existence
function with a switch at t=1.5, will automatically add a step at 1.5.
- Existence functions can be used to activate/deactivate various things like
elements, prestress etc.
- Default existence function number 0 corresponds to permanent existence.
Remark:
- After the definition of the existence functions, use View/Verify excavation
steps option in the pre-processor to view the excavation sequence.
Load (time) functions are needed to define the evolution in time of loads, imposed
displacements, and tunnel convergence effects, via Unloading functions (unloading of
in situ stress). The load functions needed here are listed in Fig. 7.17.
Remarks:
- Unloading functions 1 and 2 will introduce partial unloading of the domain before
lining is installed; 70% for the small tunnel, 80% for the large one.
- Load functions 3, 4, 5 are associated with the freezing process.
Load functions are introduced under Assembly/Load function. Load functions are
introduced as time-value pairs. Load function 4 is illustrated in Fig. 7.18.
Load function 4
Materials present no difficulties in the 1-phase situation, see the input file if details are
needed. However, initial state input deserves a word of explanation.
We have seen earlier that the initial state driver superposes gravity, which requires
specification of weight for each material (Assembly/Materials/Unit weights, set ),
gravity direction (Assembly/Materials/Gravity -1 in y direction), and K0 state
(Assembly/Materials/Initial K0 state K0 (x’) = K0 (z’) = 0.45). As illustrated in Fig.
7.19 the K0 state is specified here as material data and not globally under Gravity, as
some materials (beams e.g.) do not require it.
Remark:
- Observe in preprocessor that the load function associated with the surface load,
which represents a preexisting building, has number “0”, see
(Assembly/Preprocessing/FE model/Surface load/update parameters),
which corresponds to a permanent value of “1”. This load is therefore present at
time t = 0 and will be taken into account in the evaluation of the initial state.
7.1.10 Analysis
Analysis of the single phase case Ex_7_1tunnelzh_1ph.inp can be run now, with
Analysis/run analysis, and exploitation of results will be discussed when the 2-phase
problem is analyzed.
The single phase data are valid for the 2-phase problem except for the presence of
water. Open ZSOIL and, under File/... menu, first open: Ex_7_1_tunnelzh_1ph.inp
and save it as Ex_7_2_tunnelzh_2ph.inp.
7.2.2 Drivers
The drivers input screen (Fig. 7.20) tells us the essential aspects of the analysis we are
about to perform:
- Switch problem to: Deformation+flow.
- An Initial state analysis starting with the application of 50% of gravity and 50%
of surface loads present at t=0, progressively increased to 100% by steps of
10%.
- A Time dependent/Driven load analysis, starting at time t = 0 and progressing
to time t = 7, this part is split into several construction stages, as before.
- A Stability driver could be added.
There is again no real time-dependent behavior here, time can be considered fictitious,
just a means to sequence excavation steps.
Remarks:
- A permanent flow solution will automatically be computed at the beginning of
each time-step.
- If we replace the Driven load driver by a Consolidation driver, then the 2-
phase medium will be fully coupled and time considered will be real time, units
become then important.
seepage seepage
elements elements
Now select edges surrounding the small tunnel with the button (Fig. 7.22). You
should select the external edges with respect to the beam elements.
You may now exit the graphical preprocessor and save your work (File/Exit menu, and
answer Yes). Back in the principal ZSOIL screen, select File/Save menu.
7.2.4 Materials
Make sure that flow data are specified and active for continuum and seepage material,
which is new. See chapter on flow for more information on seepage.
7.2.5 Results
Select menu Results/Postprocessing. We will first take a look at the evolution of the
fluid velocities, during the excavation procedure. For this, move to Time/Select
current time step, select time step 0 and click on OK.
Move to Graph. Option/Fluid velocities and then to Settings/Graph. Contents. Set
scale to 20, and press OK. You may then press the “+” or the “-” keys to navigate
through time steps. Finally, at time t = 7, you should see the following fluid velocities
vectors (Fig. 7.24).
In this appendix, we’ll see how to define sections around the main tunnel, set the
displayed value to normal fluid velocities, and integrate in order to compute the inflow.
In post-processor, move to Graph Option/Sectional quantities and then to
Sections/Sec. Planes (2D). Click on two points in order to define the position of the
section, here on the left side of the main tunnel (see points 1 and 2 in Fig. 7.27). Then
click on Add button. Repeat the operation for the section below the tunnel (points 3 and
4) and on the right hand side (points 5 and 6). Click on Close.
Remark:
- Accurate results for structures modeled with aid of continuum elements can
only be obtained selecting the Continuum for structures type in the Material
input screen (Fig. 7.31)
Fig. 7.31 Continuum for structures option defined at the material level