B08 OpenSees 2008 Days Elgamal

9/14/2008
Geotechnical and SSI Simulations

Ahmed Elgamal
Jinchi Lu
Zhaohui Yang
A. Elgamal Sept 2008 1
Yuyi Zhang, Joel P. Conte, Zhaohui Yang, Ahmed Elgamal, Jacobo Bielak, and Gabriel Acero, Two-
Dimensional Nonlinear Earthquake Response Analysis of a Bridge-Foundation-Ground System,
Earthquake Spectra, Volume 24, No. 2, pages 343–386, May 2008, Earthquake Engineering Research
Institute
1
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2-D Finite Element Model in OpenSees

Prof. Joel Conte, Joint Research
• Plane strain condition

• 11,000 nodes and 10,900 elements; 20,000 DOF’s
• 370 beam-column elements
• 9,900 quadrilateral “soil” elements
• 590 zero-length elements
Superstructure Joints
• Abutment joints: Zero-length elements with gap-hook material
Superstructure
ZeroLength Element ZeroLength Element
Beam Beam
5 #4 Rebars Gap & Hook Gap & Hook

1/2” Expanded Joint per Key Column
Filler All Around
Cap Beam
Shear Key
• Expansion joints: Zero-length elements with gap-hook material

Superstructure
ZeroLength Element ZeroLength Element
Beam Beam
5 #4 Rebars Gap & Hook Gap & Hook

1/2” Expanded Joint per Key Column
Filler All Around
Cap Beam
Shear Key A. Elgamal Sept 2008 4
2
9/14/2008
OpenSees 3D FE Model • 30,237 nodes

• 1,140/280 linear/nonlinear beam-column elements
Three-Dimensional Seismic Response of Humboldt Bay
• 81 linear shell elements
Bridge-Foundation-Ground System, A. Elgamal,
• 23,556 solid brick elements
L. Yan, Z. Yang, and J. P. Conte, Journal of
• 1,806 zero-length elements
Structural Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 7, July 1, 2008.
Transverse and Longitudinal Response

3D Spatial Configuration
Abutments
Pile Foundations
Ground
Piers and Pile Groups (Fiber Discretization of Pier and Pile Cross-Sections)
(Prof. P. Fillippou)
Kent-Scott-Park model
Bilinear
3
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Definition of Seismic Excitation (Engineering Seismology)
Shear Wave Velocity (m/s)

(1) Rock outcrop motion 0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
40 Measured
Using Shake91
(3) Incident motion at FE model base

Deconvolution
80
Depth (m)
Using Shake91
Propagation
Soil profile 120
160 Model
Rock Idealization
profile 200
(2) Incident motion at the top of bedrock (2)
240
σ 1′
σ 1′ = σ 2′ = σ 3′ Stage I Stage II
σ 3′
Stiff spring Equivalent
supporting force
Equivalent
Dashpot
σ 2′ earthquake force
Note: Tied node condition on lateral boundaries

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 (shear beam concept) 7
Elevation and Plan View

of Residual Deformation
(Scaling Factor = 50)
1 2 3
4
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Numerical Analysis
Three-Dimensional Seismic Response of Humboldt Bay

Bridge-Foundation-Ground System, A. Elgamal,
L. Yan, Z. Yang, and J. P. Conte, Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 7, July 1, 2008.
Permanent Deformation of Bridge, Foundations, and Abutments
Original position Final position with residual deformation
#1 Pier #2 Pier #3 Pier #4 Pier #5 Pier #6 Pier #7 Pier #8 Pier

Left & pile & pile & pile & pile & pile & pile & pile & pile Right
abutment group group group group group group group group abutment
(a) Elevation view (exaggerated scale by a factor of 50)
Final position with residual deformation
Original position
(b) Plan view (exaggerated scale by a factor of 150)
5
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Shallow Foundation Settlement due to Liquefaction

Foundation settlement time histories
0
Untreated case −0.05

Medium Sand (LMS)
Vertical displacement (m)

Dense Gravel (LDG)
−0.1 Stone Column (LSC)
−0.15
−0.2
−0.25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Time (sec)
0.2
0.15
Treated by compaction and high permeability 0.1
Acceleration (g)
0.05
−0.05
−0.1
−0.15
−0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (sec)
Treated by stone columns

(Scale factor for deformed meshes: 10)
US-Japan Cooperative Research (2003-2005)
6
9/14/2008
1.8m high, UCSD Shake table tests (Prof. Dobry, RPI Test Setup
Laminar container provided by Prof. Scott Ashford, UCSD
Experiment Preparation
7
9/14/2008
UCSD Shake table test
NIED, Tsukuba, Japan
Shaking Table Tests: US-Japan Research (NSF, NIED, PEER, CALTRANS)

5m height: Liquefaction-Induced lateral Spreading Effects on Piles (NIED, Tsukuba)
Professor Kohji Tokimatsu,A.Dr. Masayoshi
Elgamal Sept 2008Sato, and Dr. Akio Abe 16
8
9/14/2008
Before After
1m of Lateral Spreading ( > 3 pile diameters)
NIED, Tsukuba, Japan

9
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10
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11
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12
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Gravel Drain/Stone column Ground Modification
User Interface for Pile-ground systems

http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/openseespl
a) Isometric view
b) Pile head close-up

Finite element mesh
A. Elgamal for
Septthe
2008 3x3 pile group. 26
13
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OpenSees Computations through Graphical Interface OpenSeesPL
0.3
3x3 pile group

Pile head deflection (in)
0.25
Single pile
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Spacing (xD)
Pile group displacement of the 3x3 pile group (for

different spacing) and the single pile under lateral
loading.
Spacing = 2D
Spacing
A. Elgamal = 3D
Sept 2008 28
14
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Spacing = 4D
Spacing = 5D
Spacing = 6D
Spacing = 7D
15
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Spacing = 8D
OpenSeesPL Manual Examples

Chapter 6 Examples
6.1 Example 1: Linear Pile in Rigid Ground
6.2 Example 2: Linear Pile in Loose Sand
6.3 Example 3: Linear Pile in Medium Sand
6.4 Example 4: Nonlinear Pile in Linear Soil
6.5 Example 5: Saturated Medium Sand
6.6 Example 6: Stone Columns
6.7 Example 7: Pile in Sloping Ground
Appendix A Benchmark Linear Finite Element Analysis of Laterally Loaded Single Pile
Using OpenSees & Comparison with Analytical Solution
Appendix B Finite Element Analysis of Arkansas Test Series Pile #2 Using Opensees
(with LPILE Comparison)
Appendix C Finite Element Analysis of Standard CalTrans 16" CIDH Pile Using
Opensees for General Comparison with LPILE (with Default P-Y Multiplier = 1.0)
Appendix D Finite Element Analysis of Caltrans 42" CIDH Pile Using OpenSees for
General Comparison with LPILE (with Default P-Y Multiplier = 1.0)
Appendix E Finite Element Analysis of Standard CalTrans 16" CIDH Pile Subjected to
Axial Load
Appendix F Moment-Curvature Analysis of Circular Nonlinear RC Beam (Fiber
Section)
16
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OpenSeesPL: http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/openseespl
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9/14/2008

Geotechnical and SSI Simulations

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 1

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 2

2-D Finite Element Model in OpenSees

• Plane strain condition

5 #4 Rebars Gap & Hook Gap & Hook

• Expansion joints: Zero-length elements with gap-hook material

5 #4 Rebars Gap & Hook Gap & Hook

OpenSees 3D FE Model • 30,237 nodes

Transverse and Longitudinal Response

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 5

Definition of Seismic Excitation (Engineering Seismology)

Shear Wave Velocity (m/s)

(3) Incident motion at FE model base

Note: Tied node condition on lateral boundaries

Elevation and Plan View

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 8

Three-Dimensional Seismic Response of Humboldt Bay

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 9

Permanent Deformation of Bridge, Foundations, and Abutments

Original position Final position with residual deformation

#1 Pier #2 Pier #3 Pier #4 Pier #5 Pier #6 Pier #7 Pier #8 Pier

(a) Elevation view (exaggerated scale by a factor of 50)

Final position with residual deformation

(b) Plan view (exaggerated scale by a factor of 150)

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 10

Shallow Foundation Settlement due to Liquefaction

Untreated case −0.05

Vertical displacement (m)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Treated by compaction and high permeability 0.1

Treated by stone columns

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 11

US-Japan Cooperative Research (2003-2005)

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 12

Laminar container provided by Prof. Scott Ashford, UCSD

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 13

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 14

UCSD Shake table test

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 15

NIED, Tsukuba, Japan

Shaking Table Tests: US-Japan Research (NSF, NIED, PEER, CALTRANS)

1m of Lateral Spreading ( > 3 pile diameters)

NIED, Tsukuba, Japan

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 18

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 19

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 20

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 21

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 22

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 23

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 24

Gravel Drain/Stone column Ground Modification

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 25

User Interface for Pile-ground systems

b) Pile head close-up

OpenSees Computations through Graphical Interface OpenSeesPL

3x3 pile group

Pile group displacement of the 3x3 pile group (for

OpenSees Computations through Graphical Interface OpenSeesPL

OpenSees Computations through Graphical Interface OpenSeesPL

OpenSees Computations through Graphical Interface OpenSeesPL

OpenSees Computations through Graphical Interface OpenSeesPL

A. Elgamal Sept 2008 31