Professional Documents
Culture Documents
doc1 of 12
x3
33
x3
32
31 23
13 22
22
12 21
x2 21 23 x2
11
x1
x1 Tractions on back face
C (o, o, c)
0 (o, b, o)
x2
B
(a, o, o)
A
x1
C (o
,o,c) ndS
F0
2 1
21
22nd
2 S
32n3dS
11
T2dS
12
T2 i2ni
21
In
general, T ijni
j
13 (o,b
,o)
22
x
31 2
23 B
32
(a,o
,o)
A
33
x
1
Cauchy’s formula assures us that the nine components of stresses ij are necessary and
sufficient to define the traction across any surface element in a body. Hence the stress state in a
body is characterized completely by the set of quantities ij . Since Ti is a vector and Equation
(3.4-2) is valid for an arbitrary vector n j , it follows that ij is a tensor. Henceforth ij will be
called a stress tensor. p. 72 Y.C. Fung
Details
ij
plane direction of traction
Define Ai = area of face of tetrahedron which has outward normal in xi direction.
Sum of forces = 0
ij ni A T j A 0
T j ij ni
x3
C o,o,c
O o,b,o
x2
B
a, o, o
A
x1
FACE AREA
� �
A1 =0 BC 1
2 0 B �0C = 12 bjˆ �ckˆ = 12 bc
� �
A2 =0 AC 1
2 0C �0 A = = 12 ac
� �
A3 =0 AB 1
2 0 A�0 B = = 12 ab
( ( ac) )
� � 1
� �
v AB �AC bciˆ +acjˆ +abkˆ
Unit Normal to ABC =n = =
( )
1
� �
( ac ) 2 +( ab) 2 +( bc ) 2
2
AB �AC
Note that Ai ni A
08/24/18 - /conversion/tmp/scratch/395400595.doc4 of 12
B
x2 b
h T1
x1
A
ij 0 except for 11
11 T1
If bar had been subjected to pure shear 12 , then tractions on the plane AB would be
T sin cos
L
M
0 12 O
P
N
12 0 Q
L
M
cos 12 O
P
Nsin 12 Q
08/24/18 - /conversion/tmp/scratch/395400595.doc5 of 12
fi
Ti
x
fi = force/unit volume
F 0 z z f i dV Ti dS 0
z z
f i dV ji n j dS 0
z z
f i dV
ji
x j
dV 0
zLM
M
O
P
N P
Q
ji
x j
f i dV 0
ji
fi 0
x j
08/24/18 - /conversion/tmp/scratch/395400595.doc6 of 12
Fu I
u j
Tensor Strains (linear): ij 1
2 G
Hx
i
j
x J
K
i
2D Example
y
u
2
y
v
1
x
x
v
tan 1
x
u
tan 2
y
Compatibility Equations
Why needed?
3 displacement functions
6 strain functions
But strains are derivable from displacement
cannot have 6 independent strain functions
need 3 constraint equations.
[There are 6 compatibility equations but only 3 independent can choose any 3]
2 yz 2 yy 2 zz
0
yz z 2 y 2
2 xz 2 xx 2 zz
0
xz z 2 x 2
2 xy 2 yy 2 xx
0
xy x 2 y 2
Engineering Properties
Note: The meaning is not clear for other than isotropic materials and orthotropic materials in the
material coordinate system. … more later
There are many other properties, but these will be our primary focus.
08/24/18 - /conversion/tmp/scratch/395400595.doc9 of 12
ij kl i , j , k , l 1, 3
;
Cijkl
81 terms = 34
Cijkl kl Cijkl lk
but k and l are dummy indices � can switch order
Cijkl kl Cijlk kl � Cijkl Cijlk
14 2 43
reduces number
of unique terms to 54=6 � 9
U U
If there exists a strain-energy density function U such that ij , then, ij Cijkl kl
ij ij
� ij �2U � kl �2U
But Cijkl and , which is the same =>Cijkl Cklij
� kl � ij � kl � ij � kl � ij
> only 21 unique constant for general anisotropic (aeolotropic) elastic material
kl ij 11 22 33 12 23 13
11
36 terms, but only
22 21 unique ones
33
12
23
13
Requirement for positive definiteness (wait until we get to 2D analysis)
08/24/18 - /conversion/tmp/scratch/395400595.doc10 of 12
Comments
Don’t forget the components are parts of tensors. The lists of stresses and strains and the
array of the constitutive coefficients are not tensors.
When we use engineering shears strain, the components are not part of a tensor but
transformations can be derived from the relationship between engineering and tensor
shear strains.
9
6 6 matrix
C , 1, 6 36 terms in C
61 6 6 61
Content of C (ie. non-zero Cij) depends on material symmetries
08/24/18 - /conversion/tmp/scratch/395400595.doc11 of 12
Boundary conditions
Ti
Self-study
Index Notation
5. Unrepeated indices are called “free indices”. The free indices must be the same in every
term.
i ji n j
6. Kronecker Delta:
ij 0 for i j
1 for i j
Examples
F
1 ui u j ur ur I i, j, r 1, 3
Nonlinear Strains: ij G
H
2 x j xi xi x j JK
ji
Equilibrium: Xi 0 i, j 1, 3
x j
Miscellaneous: ij ij 3 i , j 1, 3
u j ij ui
ui
ij
u j
zch z
xi
Ajh dV Ajh ni dS