Height and Distance

1. Trigonometry:

In a right angled OAB, where BOA = ,

Perpendicular AB
i. sin = =
;
Hypotenuse OB
Base OA
ii. cos = = ;
Hypotenuse OB
Perpendicular AB
iii. tan = = ;
Base OA
1 OB
iv. cosec = = ;
sin AB
1 OB
v. sec = = ;
cos OA
1 OA
vi. cot = = ;
tan AB

2. Trigonometrical Identities:
i. sin2 + cos2 = 1.
ii. 1 + tan2 = sec2 .
iii. 1 + cot2 = cosec2 .
3. Values of T-ratios:

( /6) ( /4) ( /3) ( /2)

0°
30° 45° 60° 90°

1 3
sin 0 1
2 2

3 1
cos 1 0
2 2

1
tan 0 1 3 not defined
3
 4. Angle of Elevation:

Suppose a man from a point O looks up at an object P, placed above the level of his eye.
Then, the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called
the angle of elevation of P as seen from O.

Angle of elevation of P from O = AOP.

5. Angle of Depression:

Suppose a man from a point O looks down at an object P, placed below the level of his eye,
then the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the angle
of depression of P as seen from O.

1Two ships are sailing in the sea on the two sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the top of
.the lighthouse is observed from the ships are 30º and 45º respectively. If the lighthouse is 100 m
high, the distance between the two ships is:

A. 173 m B. 200 m

C. 273 m D. 300 m

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Let AB be the lighthouse and C and D be the positions of the ships.

Then, AB = 100 m, ACB = 30º and ADB = 45º.

AB 1
= tan 30º = AC = AB x 3 = 1003 m.
AC 3
AB
= tan 45º = 1 AD = AB = 100 m.
AD
CD = (AC + AD) = (1003 + 100) m

= 100(3 + 1)

= (100 x 2.73) m

= 273 m.

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2. A man standing at a point P is watching the top of a tower, which makes an angle of elevation of
30º with the man's eye. The man walks some distance towards the tower to watch its top and the
angle of the elevation becomes 60º. What is the distance between the base of the tower and the
point P?

A. 43 units B. 8 units

C. 12 units D. Data inadequate

E. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

One of AB, AD and CD must have given.

 So, the data is inadequate.

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3The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 60º and the foot of the ladder is 4.6 m
.away from the wall. The length of the ladder is:

A. 2.3 m B. 4.6 m

C. 7.8 m D. 9.2 m

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Let AB be the wall and BC be the ladder.

Then, ACB = 60º and AC = 4.6 m.

AC 1
= cos 60º =
BC 2
BC = 2 x AC

= (2 x 4.6) m

= 9.2 m.

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4An observer 1.6 m tall is 203 away from a tower. The angle of elevation from his eye to the top of the
.tower is 30º. The heights of the tower is:

A. 21.6 m B. 23.2 m

C. 24.72 m D. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Let AB be the observer and CD be the tower.

Draw BE CD.

Then, CE = AB = 1.6 m,

BE = AC = 203 m.

DE 1
= tan 30º =
BE 3
203
DE = m = 20 m.
3

CD = CE + DE = (1.6 + 20) m = 21.6 m.

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5From a point P on a level ground, the angle of elevation of the top tower is 30º. If the tower is 100 m
.high, the distance of point P from the foot of the tower is:

A. 149 m B. 156 m

C. 173 m D. 200 m

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let AB be the tower.

Then, APB = 30º and AB = 100 m.

AB 1
= tan 30º =
AP 3
AP = (AB x 3) m

= 1003 m

= (100 x 1.73) m

= 173 m.

.The angle of elevation of the sun, when the length of the shadow of a tree 3 times the height of the
tree, is:

A. 30º B. 45º

C. 60º D. 90º

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Let AB be the tree and AC be its shadow.

Let ACB = .

AC
Then, = 3 cot =3
AB

= 30º.

Percentage
1. Concept of Percentage:

By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths.

Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.

x
To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = .
100
20 1
Thus, 20% = = .
100 5
a a a
To express as a percent: We have, = x 100
b b b
%.
1 1
Thus, = x 100 = 25%.
4 4
%

2. Percentage Increase/Decrease:

If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is:

R
x 100
(100 + R)
%

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to
decrease the expenditure is:

R
x 100
(100 - R)
%
 3. Results on Population:

Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum,
then:

R n
1. Population after n years = P 1+
100
P
2. Population n years ago = R n
1+
100

4. Results on Depreciation:

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum.
Then:

R n
1. Value of the machine after n years = P 1-
100
P
2. Value of the machine n years ago = R n
1-
100
R
3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by x 100
(100 + R)
%.
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A R
x 100
by (100 - R)
%.
1. A batsman scored 110 runs which included 3 boundaries and 8 sixes. What percent of his total
score did he make by running between the wickets?
5
A. 45% B. 45 %
11

6
C. 54 % D. 55%
11
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Number of runs made by running = 110 - (3 x 4 + 8 x 6)

= 110 - (60)

= 50.

50 5
Required percentage = x 100 %
110 11
% = 45
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2. Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9 marks more than the other and
his marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. The marks obtained by them are:

A. 39, 30 B. 41, 32

C. 42, 33 D. 43, 34

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let their marks be (x + 9) and x.

56
Then, x + 9 = (x + 9 + x)
100

25(x + 9) = 14(2x + 9)

3x = 99

x = 33

So, their marks are 42 and 33.

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3A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples. Originally, he had:
.
A. 588 apples B. 600 apples

C. 672 apples D. 700 apples

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Suppose originally he had x apples.

Then, (100 - 40)% of x = 420.

60
x x = 420
100
x= 420 x 100

= 700.
 60
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4. What percentage of numbers from 1 to 70 have 1 or 9 in the unit's digit?

A. 1 B. 14

C. 20 D. 21

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Clearly, the numbers which have 1 or 9 in the unit's digit, have squares that end in the digit 1.
Such numbers from 1 to 70 are 1, 9, 11, 19, 21, 29, 31, 39, 41, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69.

Number of such number =14

14
Required percentage = x 100
70
% = 20%.
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5. If A = x% of y and B = y% of x, then which of the following is true?

A. A is smaller than B. B. A is greater than B

Relationship between A and B cannot If x is smaller than y, then A is greater

C. D.
be determined. than B.

E. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option E

Explanation:

x y
x% of y = xy = xx = y% of x
100 100

A = B.

Volume and Surface Area

1. CUBOID
 Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then

i. Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units.

ii. Surface area = 2(lb + bh + lh) sq. units.
iii. Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2 units.
2. CUBE

Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,

i. Volume = a3 cubic units.

ii. Surface area = 6a2 sq. units.
iii. Diagonal = 3a units.
3. CYLINDER

Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h. Then,

i. Volume = ( r2h) cubic units.

ii. Curved surface area = (2 rh) sq. units.
iii. Total surface area = 2 r(h + r) sq. units.
4. CONE

Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,

i. Slant height, l = h2 + r2 units.

ii. Volume = r2h cubic units.

iii. Curved surface area = ( rl) sq. units.
iv. Total surface area = ( rl + r2) sq. units.
5. SPHERE

Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,

i. Volume = r3 cubic units.

ii. Surface area = (4 r2) sq. units.
6. HEMISPHERE

Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,

i. Volume = r3 cubic units.

ii. Curved surface area = (2 r2) sq. units.
iii. Total surface area = (3 r2) sq. units.

Note: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.

. A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated the side of 3 cm to form a cone. The
volume of the cone so formed is:
 A. 12 cm3 B. 15 cm3

C. 16 cm3 D. 20 cm3

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Clearly, we have r = 3 cm and h = 4 cm.

1 1
Volume = r2h = x x 32 x 4 = 12 cm3.
3 3
cm3
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2In a shower, 5 cm of rain falls. The volume of water that falls on 1.5 hectares of ground is:
.
A. 75 cu. m B. 750 cu. m

C. 7500 cu. m D. 75000 cu. m

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

1 hectare = 10,000 m2

So, Area = (1.5 x 10000) m2 = 15000 m2.

5 1
Depth = m = m.
100 20
Volume = (Area x Depth) = 15000 x 1 = 750 m3.

m3
 20
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3A hall is 15 m long and 12 m broad. If the sum of the areas of the floor and the ceiling is equal to the
.sum of the areas of four walls, the volume of the hall is:

A. 720 B. 900

C. 1200 D. 1800

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

2(15 + 12) x h = 2(15 x 12)

180 20
h= m = m.
27 3
20
Volume = 15 x 12 x = 1200 m3.
3
m3
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466 cubic centimetres of silver is drawn into a wire 1 mm in diameter. The length of the wire in metres
.will be:

A. 84 B. 90

C. 168 D. 336

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Let the length of the wire be h.

1 1
Radius = mm = cm. Then,
2 20
22 1 1
x x x h = 66.
7 20 20
66 x 20 x 20 x 7
h= = 8400 cm = 84 m.
22
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5. A hollow iron pipe is 21 cm long and its external diameter is 8 cm. If the thickness of the pipe is 1
cm and iron weighs 8 g/cm3, then the weight of the pipe is:

A. 3.6 kg B. 3.696 kg

C. 36 kg D. 36.9 kg

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

External radius = 4 cm,

Internal radius = 3 cm.

22
Volume of iron = x [(4)2 - (3)2] x 21
7
cm3

22
= x 7 x 1 x 21
7
cm3

= 462 cm3.

Weight of iron = (462 x 8) gm = 3696 gm = 3.696 kg.

Problems on Numbers
1. ome Basic Formulae:

i. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)

ii. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)

iii. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)

iv. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

v. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)

vi. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)

vii. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)

viii. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

2. one-third
If 1 of one-fourth of a number is 15, then three-tenth of that number is:
 .
A. 35 B. 36

C. 45 D. 54

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Let the number be x.

1 1
Then, of of x = 15 x = 15 x 12 = 180.
3 4
3
So, required number = x 180 = 54.
10
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2. Three times the first of three consecutive odd integers is 3 more than twice the third. The third
integer is:

A. 9 B. 11

C. 13 D. 15

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Let the three integers be x, x + 2 and x + 4.

Then, 3x = 2(x + 4) + 3 x = 11.

Third integer = x + 4 = 15.

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3. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the
positions of its digits is 36. What is the difference between the two digits of that number?

A. 3 B. 4

C. 9 D. Cannot be determined

E. None of these
 Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Let the ten's digit be x and unit's digit be y.

Then, (10x + y) - (10y + x) = 36

9(x - y) = 36

x - y = 4.

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4. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging the digits is
36. What is the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits of the number if the
ratio between the digits of the number is 1 : 2 ?

A. 4 B. 8

C. 16 D. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Since the number is greater than the number obtained on reversing the digits, so the ten's digit is
greater than the unit's digit.

Let ten's and unit's digits be 2x and x respectively.

Then, (10 x 2x + x) - (10x + 2x) = 36

9x = 36

x = 4.

Required difference = (2x + x) - (2x - x) = 2x = 8.

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5A two-digit number is such that the product of the digits is 8. When 18 is added to the number, then
.the digits are reversed. The number is:
 A. 18 B. 24

C. 42 D. 81

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

8
Let the ten's and unit digit be x and respectively.
x
8 8
Then, 10x + + 18 = 10 x +x
x x

10x2 + 8 + 18x = 80 + x2

9x2 + 18x - 72 = 0

x2 + 2x - 8 = 0

(x + 4)(x - 2) = 0

x = 2.

Ratio and Proportion

1. Ratio:

The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it as a : b.

In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term
orconsequent.

5
Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
9

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does
not affect the ratio.

Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.

2. Proportion:

The equality of two ratios is called proportion.

 If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.

Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.

Product of means = Product of extremes.

Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).

3. Fourth Proportional:

If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

Third Proportional:

a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.

Mean Proportional:

Mean proportional between a and b is ab.

4. Comparison of Ratios:

a c
We say that (a : b) > (c : d) > .
b d

5. Compounded Ratio:
6. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf).
7. Duplicate Ratios:

Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b).

Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).

Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).

a c a+b c+d
If = , then = . [componendo and dividendo]
b d a-b c-d

8. Variations:

We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write,x y.

We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and

1
we write, x .
y
A and B together have Rs. 1210. If of A's amount is equal to of B's amount, how much amount
does B have?

A. Rs. 460 B. Rs. 484

C. Rs. 550 D. Rs. 664

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

4 2
A = B
15 5
2 15
A= x
5 4
B
3
A= B
2
A 3
=
B 2

A : B = 3 : 2.

2
B's share = Rs. 1210 x
= Rs. 484.
5
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2Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. The ratio of the two numbers
.is:

A. 2:5 B. 3:5

C. 4:5 D. 6:7

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let the third number be x.

6x 120x
Then, first number = 120% of x = =
100 5
150x 3x
Second number = 150% of x = =
100 2
 6x
3x
Ratio of first two numbers = : = 12x : 15x = 4 : 5.
5 2
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3. A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion of 5 : 2 : 4 : 3. If C gets

Rs. 1000 more than D, what is B's share?

A. Rs. 500 B. Rs. 1500

C. Rs. 2000 D. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let the shares of A, B, C and D be Rs. 5x, Rs. 2x, Rs. 4x and Rs. 3x respectively.

Then, 4x - 3x = 1000

x = 1000.

B's share = Rs. 2x = Rs. (2 x 1000) = Rs. 2000.

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4Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 8. There is a proposal
.to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of increased
seats?

A. 2:3:4 B. 6:7:8

C. 6:8:9 D. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Originally, let the number of seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology be 5x, 7x and
8x respectively.

Number of increased seats are (140% of 5x), (150% of 7x) and (175% of 8x).

140 150 175

x 5x , x 7x and x 8x
100 100 100
 21x
7x, and 14x.
2
21x
The required ratio = 7x : : 14x
2

14x : 21x : 28x

2 : 3 : 4.

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5In a mixture 60 litres, the ratio of milk and water 2 : 1. If this ratio is to be 1 : 2, then the quanity of
.water to be further added is:

A. 20 litres B. 30 litres

C. 40 litres D. 60 litres

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

2
Quantity of milk = 60 x
3
litres = 40 litres.

Quantity of water in it = (60- 40) litres = 20 litres.

New ratio = 1 : 2

Let quantity of water to be added further be x litres.

40
Then, milk : water = .
20 + x
40 1
Now, =
20 + x 2

20 + x = 80

x = 60.

Quantity of water to be added = 60 litres.

True Discount
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per annum. Clearly,
Rs. 100 at 14% will amount to R. 156 in 4 years. So, the payment of Rs. now will clear off the debt of
Rs. 156 due 4 years hence. We say that:

Sum due = Rs. 156 due 4 years hence;

Present Worth (P.W.) = Rs. 100;

True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.)

We define: T.D. = Interest on P.W.; Amount = (P.W.) + (T.D.)

Interest is reckoned on P.W. and true discount is reckoned on the amount.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

Let rate = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then,

100 x Amount 100 x T.D.

1. P.W. = =
100 + (R x T) RxT
(P.W.) x R x T Amount x R x T
2. T.D. = =
100 100 + (R x T)
(S.I.) x (T.D.)
3. Sum =
(S.I.) - (T.D.)

4. (S.I.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D.

Amount
5. When the sum is put at compound interest, then P.W. = R T
1+
100

1. A man purchased a cow for Rs. 3000 and sold it the same day for Rs. 3600, allowing the buyer a
credit of 2 years. If the rate of interest be 10% per annum, then the man has a gain of:

A. 0% B. 5%

C. 7.5% D. 10%

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

C.P. = Rs. 3000.

3600 x 100
S.P. = Rs. = Rs. 3000.
100 + (10 x 2)
 Gain = 0%.

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2. The true discount on Rs. 2562 due 4 months hence is Rs. 122. The rate percent is:
1
A. 12% B. 13 %
3

C. 15% D. 14%

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

P.W. = Rs. (2562 - 122) = Rs. 2440.

S.I. on Rs. 2440 for 4 months is Rs. 122.

100 x 122
Rate = 1 = 15%.
2440 x
3
%
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3. A trader owes a merchant Rs. 10,028 due 1 year hence. The trader wants to settle the account
after 3 months. If the rate of interest 12% per annum, how much cash should he pay?

A. Rs. 9025.20 B. Rs. 9200

C. Rs. 9600 D. Rs. 9560

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Required money = P.W. of Rs. 10028 due 9 months hence

10028 x 100
= Rs. 9
100 + 12 x
12

= Rs. 9200.

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4. A man wants to sell his scooter. There are two offers, one at Rs. 12,000 cash and the other a
credit of Rs. 12,880 to be paid after 8 months, money being at 18% per annum. Which is the
better offer?

A. Rs. 12,000 in cash B. s. 12,880 at credit

C. Both are equally good

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

12880 x 100
P.W. of Rs. 12,880 due 8 months hence = Rs. 8
100 + 18 x
12

12880 x 100
= Rs.
112

= Rs. 11500.

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5. If Rs. 10 be allowed as true discount on a bill of Rs. 110 due at the end of a certain time, then the
discount allowed on the same sum due at the end of double the time is:

A. Rs. 20 B. Rs. 21.81

C. Rs. 22 D. Rs. 18.33

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

S.I. on Rs. (110 - 10) for a certain time = Rs. 10.

S.I. on Rs. 100 for double the time = Rs. 20.

T.D. on Rs. 120 = Rs. (120 - 100) = Rs. 20.

20
T.D. on Rs. 110 = Rs. x 110 = Rs. 18.33
120
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