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CONFIDENTIAL 1

STPM Trial Examination 2008


Chemistry Paper 2
Marking scheme

Section A [40 marks]

1.( a ) Energy released when one mole of lithium chloride is formed from 1 mole of
Na+(g) and 1 mole of Cl– (g) ions under standard conditions. [2M]

(b) Lattice energy is inversely proportional to size of cation.


Size of Li+ smaller than Na+ [2M]

(c) ∆Hsoln = ∆Hhyd – lattice energy [1M]

(d) (i)

Li+ ( g ) + Cl− ( g )

LiCl ( s )

Li+ (aq ) + Cl– ( aq ) [2M]

( ii ) ∆Hsoln = [ (– 499 ) + (– 381) ] – [ – 848 ]

= – 32 kJ mol−1 [2M]

( iii ) Temperature increases [1M]

Total : 10 M

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2. (a) the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are the same 1M
the amount of substances present does not change with time 1M

(b) (i) iron 1M


(ii) catalyst increases the rate of the forward and reverse reaction
by the same amount 1M

(c) (i) NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl 1M


(ii) sp3 hybrid orbitals, 1M
sp3 hybrid orbitals 1M
(iii) N atom has an unbonded pair of electrons to be donated to the
central atom 1M
(iv) hydrogen and nitrogen gases 1M
ammonia has dissociated to the two gases. 1M

3.( a ) Cl [1M]

(b) Ar [1M]

(c) (i) Si [1M]

( ii ) SiCl4 + 2H2O SiO2 + 4HCl [1M]

(d) (i) Aluminium [1M]

( ii )
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na [Al(OH)4]4 [2M]

(e) (i) hot, concentrated NaOH [1M]

( ii ) 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O [1M]

( iii ) weedkiller ( etc...) [1M]

Total : 10M

4.( a ) ( i ) Polymers that are stretchable. [1M]

( ii ) natural rubber ( etc....) [1M]

to make gloves,...... [1M]

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(b) (i) Q and R [2M]

( ii )
CH3 CH3

C C
H H
OH
[2M]
HO CH2CH3 CH3CH2

( iii )

Cold KMnO4(aq): CH3 H


| |
H3C ― C ― C ―H
| |
OH OH [1M]

Hot acidified KMnO4(aq): CH3


|
C=O
|
CH3 [1M]

HCl(g) : Cl H
| |
H3C ― C ― C ―H
| |
CH3 H [1M]

Total : 10M

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Section B [60 marks]

5.( a ) ( i ) Pressure increased :


Position of equilibrium shifts to the left.
Backward reaction involves a reduction in volume.

Temperature increased:
Position of equilibrium shifts to the right.
Forward reaction is endothermic. [4M]

( ii )
( PH2 ) ( PCO )
Kp = kPa
( PH O )
2

PH = PCO = 183kPa , P = 90 kPa


2 H2O

183x183
Kp =
90

= 3.72 x 103 kPa [4M]

(b)(i)
[CH3COO−][ H+ ]
Ka = [1M]
[CH3COOH]

( ii )

pH = pKa + lg [[ CH3COO ]
CH3COOH ]

0.20
= −lg ( 1.80 x 10−5 ) + lg( )
0.40

= 4.44 [3M]

1.00 x10−14
( iii ) [ H+ ] = = 2.00 x 10−13 mol dm−3
0.050

pH = −lg [ H+ ] = 12.70

Therefore, change in pH = 12.70 − 7.00 = 5.70 [3M]

Total : 15M

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6.(a) It states that the heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical change is the same
whether the change is brought about in one stage or through intermediate stages. [1]

(b) (i) The enthalpy change when one mole of carbon monoxide is completely burnt in
oxygen under the standard conditions of 298K and 1.0 atm. [1]

CO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) [1]

(ii)

Equation 1: CO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) ∆HΘc [1]

Equation 2: 2 Fe (s) + 3/2 O2 (g ) Fe2O3(s) ∆HΘ = -822kJ

Equation 3: Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO (g ) 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2 (g) ∆HΘ = -27kJ

Add equations (2) and (3), [1]

3CO (g) + 3/2 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) [1]

∆HΘ = (-822) + (-27)


= -849 kJ [1]
∆HΘc = -283kJmol-1 [1]

(b)

Na (s) + ½ Cl2(g) NaCl(s) ∆HΘf [1]

Na+(g) + Cl-(g) NaCl(s) ∆H = lattice energy [1]

∆HΘf = 604 – 260 + ∆H [1]

Since NaCl is ionic , its lattice energy is very negative. [1+1]

So, ∆HΘf is very exothermic [1]

The lattice energy is sufficient to overcome the enthalpy of atomisation

and ionization energy of sodium [1]

Total mark: 15M

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7(a) An ion containing a central metal ion with empty orbitals and ligands with lone pair
electrons.
Ligand forms dative bond with the central metal ion. [3M]

(b)(i) Tetraamminecopper(II) ion [1M]


Square planar [1M]

( ii ) Tetraamminedichlorochromium(III) ion [1M]

Geometrical /Cis-trans isomerism [1M]

trans cis
Cl Cl

NH3
H3N H3N NH3
Cr Cr
NH3 H3N Cl
H3N
Cl NH3

[2M]

(c) Involves reactants and catalyst in different phases. [1M]


Finely-divided platinum metal and vanadium pentoxide used as catalyst [1M]

SO2(g) + O2(g) --- > SO3(g) [1M]

SO2 and O2 molecules are initially adsorped on the surface of the solid catalyst. [1M]

Bonds between atoms in the molecules are weaken. [1M]

Ea is lowered. [1M]

Total : 15 M

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8. (a) (i) The aluminium oxide ( gibbsite) layer is sandwiched between


two silicate layers. 1M
Four oxygen atoms are shared between one AlO6 unit and
two SiO4 units 1M

(ii) No hydrogen bonding in the 2:1 clay arrangement 1M


Little attraction between the silicon oxygen of the tetrahedral(Silicon/
oxygen ) sheets in the different layers. 1M

(b) (i) The aqueous solution of aluminium salts contains hydrated aluminium
ion of [Al(H2O)6 ]3+. 1M
The high charge density of the Al3+ ion polarizes the O-H bonds of water
1M
of water molecules and this weakens some of the bonds.
One or more of the water molecules can donate a proton to produce H3O+ 1M
[Al(H2O)6] 3+ + H2O [ Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+ + H3O+ 1M

(ii) Due to high charge density ( charge/radius) ratio of Al3+ ion,the ion 1M
is able to polarise the electron cloud of an anion such as O2- or Cl- 1M
to give a high degree of covalent character in the ionic bond. 1M

At room conditions, aluminium chloride exists in the dimeric form 1M


of Al2Cl6 with weak van der waal forces between the discrete Al2Cl6
molecules. 1M
Due to the weak forces between molecules ,the solid Al2Cl6 sublime
to give Al2Cl6 vapour. [1M]

Total: 15M

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9.(a) 2-phenylmethylbutan-2-ol is a tertiary alcohol. Hence, a Grignard


reagent and a ketone is required for the reaction.

(i) Any two of these pairs.

[4M]

(ii)

[1M]
(b) (i)

[4M]

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9(a)(ii) Compound (I) , is produced. Compounds (II), (III) and (IV) do not
react with AgNO3.
Conditions: Pass chlorine into methylbenzene boiling under reflux and in the
presence of sunlight.
[2M]

(iii)

[2M]

(iv) is insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol. So ethanolic silver

nitrate is used to enable to dissolve in the reaction mixture.

[2M]

Total : 15 M

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10. (a) (i)


Element C Cl H
% by mass 66.4 28.1 5.5
66.4 =5.5 28.1 = 0.79 5.5 = 5.5
Mole ratio 35.5 1
12
Simplest ratio 7 1 7

Empirical formula of P is C7H7Cl [2M]


(12x7 + 7 + 35.5)n = 126.5
n=1
Molecular formula is C7H7Cl [1M]

(ii) P is an aromatic compound [ ratio C:H is 1:1]


Cl atom is on side chain since it can be hydrolysed.
P is
CH2Cl

[1M]

Hydrolysis of P produces phenyl methanol, Q

CH2Cl CH2OH

+ KOH → + KCl [1M]

Controlled oxidation of Q produces benzaldehyde, R


CH2OH CHO

+ (O) → + H2O [1M]

Benzaldehyde, R reacts with 2,4-dinitrohydrazine to form a hydrazone,S

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H NO2

C = O+
H2N NH NO2
NO2
H
C=N NH NO2

+ H2O 1M

Further oxidation of benzaldehyde, R produces benzoic acid (T)


CHO COOH

+ (O) →
1M

(b) (i) Nucleophilic substitution: 1M

CH3 CH3

CH3 C CH3 + KOH → CH3 C + KBr


CH3
1M

Br OH

Mechanism:
Dissociation of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane to produce a carbonium ion:

CH3 CH3
slow 1M
-
CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH3 + Br
○+
Br
Combination of the carbonium ion with OH- from KOH:

CH3 CH3

CH3 C CH3 + OH - 1M
CH3 C CH3
○+
OH
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(ii) The rate equation is rate = k[2-bromo-2-methylpropane] 1M


is independent of conc [OH] or [KOH] 1M
hence, concentration of KOH has no effect on rate. 1M

Total : 15 M

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