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1.( a ) Energy released when one mole of lithium chloride is formed from 1 mole of
Na+(g) and 1 mole of Cl– (g) ions under standard conditions. [2M]
(d) (i)
Li+ ( g ) + Cl− ( g )
LiCl ( s )
= – 32 kJ mol−1 [2M]
Total : 10 M
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2. (a) the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are the same 1M
the amount of substances present does not change with time 1M
3.( a ) Cl [1M]
(b) Ar [1M]
( ii )
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Total : 10M
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( ii )
CH3 CH3
C C
H H
OH
[2M]
HO CH2CH3 CH3CH2
( iii )
HCl(g) : Cl H
| |
H3C ― C ― C ―H
| |
CH3 H [1M]
Total : 10M
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Temperature increased:
Position of equilibrium shifts to the right.
Forward reaction is endothermic. [4M]
( ii )
( PH2 ) ( PCO )
Kp = kPa
( PH O )
2
183x183
Kp =
90
(b)(i)
[CH3COO−][ H+ ]
Ka = [1M]
[CH3COOH]
( ii )
−
pH = pKa + lg [[ CH3COO ]
CH3COOH ]
0.20
= −lg ( 1.80 x 10−5 ) + lg( )
0.40
= 4.44 [3M]
1.00 x10−14
( iii ) [ H+ ] = = 2.00 x 10−13 mol dm−3
0.050
pH = −lg [ H+ ] = 12.70
Total : 15M
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6.(a) It states that the heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical change is the same
whether the change is brought about in one stage or through intermediate stages. [1]
(b) (i) The enthalpy change when one mole of carbon monoxide is completely burnt in
oxygen under the standard conditions of 298K and 1.0 atm. [1]
(ii)
(b)
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7(a) An ion containing a central metal ion with empty orbitals and ligands with lone pair
electrons.
Ligand forms dative bond with the central metal ion. [3M]
trans cis
Cl Cl
NH3
H3N H3N NH3
Cr Cr
NH3 H3N Cl
H3N
Cl NH3
[2M]
SO2 and O2 molecules are initially adsorped on the surface of the solid catalyst. [1M]
Ea is lowered. [1M]
Total : 15 M
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(b) (i) The aqueous solution of aluminium salts contains hydrated aluminium
ion of [Al(H2O)6 ]3+. 1M
The high charge density of the Al3+ ion polarizes the O-H bonds of water
1M
of water molecules and this weakens some of the bonds.
One or more of the water molecules can donate a proton to produce H3O+ 1M
[Al(H2O)6] 3+ + H2O [ Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+ + H3O+ 1M
(ii) Due to high charge density ( charge/radius) ratio of Al3+ ion,the ion 1M
is able to polarise the electron cloud of an anion such as O2- or Cl- 1M
to give a high degree of covalent character in the ionic bond. 1M
Total: 15M
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[4M]
(ii)
[1M]
(b) (i)
[4M]
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9(a)(ii) Compound (I) , is produced. Compounds (II), (III) and (IV) do not
react with AgNO3.
Conditions: Pass chlorine into methylbenzene boiling under reflux and in the
presence of sunlight.
[2M]
(iii)
[2M]
[2M]
Total : 15 M
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[1M]
CH2Cl CH2OH
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H NO2
C = O+
H2N NH NO2
NO2
H
C=N NH NO2
+ H2O 1M
+ (O) →
1M
CH3 CH3
Br OH
Mechanism:
Dissociation of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane to produce a carbonium ion:
CH3 CH3
slow 1M
-
CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH3 + Br
○+
Br
Combination of the carbonium ion with OH- from KOH:
CH3 CH3
CH3 C CH3 + OH - 1M
CH3 C CH3
○+
OH
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Total : 15 M
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