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SUMMARY

The objective of the measurement of viscosity of different types of fluid was to determine the
viscosity of different types of fluid. Besides that, to measure a multiple speeds and interchangeable
spindles result in a large selection of viscosity ranges. The Brookfield Viscometer was used with
different type of spindles at different speeds respectively to detect and evaluate rheological properties
of the test fluid. The spindle was lower into the fluid sample until the surface of the fluid level with
the groove marked on the spindle. Then, the viscometer motor was switched on with selected speed.
The dial readings were taken after the reading were constant. The viscosity was calculated by
multiplying the dial reading by the factor for various spindles. It can be concluded that it was an
effective way to determine the state properties of matter by measuring the viscosity.

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RESULTS
1. Honey

Speed
Spindle (rpm)
No.
6 12 30 60
1 1000 500 200 100

2 4000 2500 1000 500


3 4700 4750 4000 2000
4 10000 5750 6200 6400

1. Lubricant Oil

Speed
Spindle (rpm)
No.
6 12 30 60
1 230 218.75 200 100

2 227.5 216.25 220.5 500


3 120 145 210 211
4 0 0 200 150

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The spindle’s speed rotation, the spindle’s size and the spindle’s shape are greatly affected the
viscosity, including what type of liquid were used.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the viscosity of different types of fluid and to
measure a multiple speeds and interchangeable spindles result in a large selection of viscosity ranges.
In this experiment, honey and lubricant are used as the fluid to be tested. All of the manipulating
variable that was stated contribute to the different result of viscosity.

Viscoscity (cP) against Spindle Speed (rpm)


Viscoscity(cP)

12000

10000

8000 Spindle 1
Spindle 2
6000
Spindle 3
4000 Spindle 4

2000

0
6 12 30 60

From the Graph 1 (Honey), we obtained the highest viscosity at 1000cP when using the
smallest spindle, Spindle 1 which were the smallest speed was 6rpm, and as the spindle is changing to
other size, the viscosity become lesser. For spindle 2, we obtained the highest viscosity at 4000cP and
the viscosity become lesser as we changed the speed. The result from these two spindle showed that
spindle 3 which was 4700cP and spindle 4 which was 10000cP at 6rpm will decrease when the speed
is increasing.

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Viscoscity (cP) against Spindle Speed (rpm)
600

500
Viscoscity (cP)

400 Spindle 1

300 Spindle 2
Spindle 3
200
Spindle 4
100

0
6 12 30 60

For the Graph 2 (Lubricant Oil), we acquired the highest viscosity at 500cP when using
Spindle 2 with speed of 60rpm while obtained 0cP when using Spindle 4 with speed of 6rpm and 12
rpm respectively.

Theoretically, to obtain the lowest viscosity reading, we must use the largest spindle with the
fastest speed. So the sheer stress will also decrease. Vice versa, the highest viscosity can be acquired
by using the smallest spindle with the lowest speed. This will provide higher sheer stress resulting
higher viscosity reading. As view from the Table 1 and Table 2, both fluids act in accordance with
theory when obtaining the lowest viscosity. But both fluids disregard the theory when acquiring the
highest viscosity. This was maybe due to inaccurate values of dial reading when performing the
experiment. To conclude, the higher the speed the higher the sheer stress. The smaller the area used
the higher the sheer stress.

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Conclusions

Based from the experiment that have been carried out, the experiment have been done
successfully as the objectives of the experiments which are to determine the viscosity of different
types of fluid and to measure a multiple speeds and interchangeable spindles result in a large selection
of viscosity ranges had been achieved. For the first objective, the two different types of fluid that were
used in this experiment are honey and lubricant oil. It is found out that honey possess higher viscosity
compared to lubricant oil. The highest viscosity reading obtained while using honey is 10000 cP is
much higher compared to the highest recorded viscosity obtained while using lubricant oil which is
500 cP. For the second objective, 4 different spindles that each differs in its size with 4 different
speeds (30 rpm, 60 rpm, 90 rpm and 120 rpm) were tested twice for each spindle using the viscometer
and the average viscosity reading are calculated to be recorded. Started by using the smallest spindle,
(Spindle 1) with the smallest speed (6rpm), and as the spindle is changing to other size, the viscosity
become lesser. For spindle 1 and 2, the highest viscosity is 1000 cP and 4000 cP and the viscosity
become lesser as we changed the speed. For Spindle 3 and 4, the highest viscosity are obtained at
10000 cP and 4700 cP at 6 rpm, and the viscosity will decrease when the speed is increased. For
lubricant oil, the highest viscosity 500 cP are obtained by using Spindle 2 at speed 60 rpm while 0 cP
were obtained when using Spindle 4 with speed of 6rpm and 12 rpm respectively. As for the
recommendations, the most important improvement can be made is to use and complete the same
spindle for each speed before another spindles were used. This is so that the viscometer will give
consistent and accurate results as the accurateness of the viscometer will is affected when the spindles
are keep being changed from one to another and hence the results of the spindles might not be
accurate and differs from theoretical. In addition, the viscometer would need scheduled maintenance
and calibration after each lab session so to support the earlier said reasons.

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TUTORIAL

1. Define Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid.

Newtonian fluid is a fluid with simple linear relation between shear stress [mPa] and shear
rate [1/s]. For example, water and honey. The fluids viscosity depends only on temperature.
While, non – Newtonian fluid is a fluid with their viscosity dependent on shear rate. Most of
the fluids are non- Newtonian. When shear is applied to non – Newtonian fluids, the viscosity
of the fluid changes.

2. How does the viscosity of liquid vary with temperature?

As the temperature increases, the liquids show reduction in viscosity. With high
temperatures, viscosity increases in gases and decreases in liquids, so the drag force will do
the same. The molecules will collide more often as the temperature increases.

3. What is the cause of viscosity in liquids?

Viscosity is caused by the cohesive forces between the molecules in liquids. It is due to the
internal frictional force between different layers of fluids as the force move relatively to each
other. There are a few factors that affect viscosity which are temperature and pressure.

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REFERENCES

Joseph B. Franzini. Fluid Mechanics. 10th Ed. McGrawHill (2002).


John F. Douglas. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall
(2001).
Noel de Nevers. Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers. 2nd Ed. McGrawHill (1991).

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