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Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon and most carbon compounds. Elemental carbon is found
in nature as a solid. However, this solid can make many different forms, such as diamond and
graphite. Carbon’s properties make possible an incredible variety of compounds, many of which
form the basis for life itself. In this unit you will be introduced to the wide variety of organic
compounds and the types of reactions they undergo.
Un-bonded carbon C
(ground state)
Bonded carbon C
5. _____________ to react
- When carbons share two pairs of electrons (or four electrons) they form a
________________________
1.) Molecular Formula – shows the type and the # of atoms involved
Examples: C4H10 C2H4 C8H18
2.) Structural Formula – shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule
II. HYDROCARBONS
A. Definition: Organic compounds that contain only atoms of _______ and ________.
1.) Alkanes
2.) Alkenes
3.) Alkynes
1.) Alkanes
- Single bonds only between carbon atoms
- Homologous series of ______________ hydrocarbon
2.) Alkenes
- Chain of carbon atoms with one ____________ bond between C atoms
- Homologous series of _________________ hydrocarbons
- The double bond can be anywhere within the carbon chain
- Alkenes are named by changing the – ane name to -ene
3.) Alkyne
- Chain of carbon atoms with one ____________ bond between C atoms
- Homologous series of _________________ hydrocarbons
- The triple bond can be anywhere within the carbon chain
- Alkynes are named by changing the – ane name to –yne
2.) Name the following by determining what “General Formula” the formula given fits into
from Table Q and choosing the proper prefix from Table P
Example 1:
a) 2-butene = prefix but- means 4 carbon chain
suffix -ene means there is a double bond
the #2 means after the 2nd carbon insert the double bond; all
remaining bonds between carbons get single bonds
insert hydrogen atoms to give each carbon four bonds
Example 2:
b) 2-hexyne = prefix hex- means 6 carbon chain
suffix -yne means there is a triple bond
the #3 means after the 3rd carbon insert the triple bond; all
remaining bonds between carbons get single bonds
insert hydrogen atoms to give each carbon four bonds
Example 3:
c) nonane = prefix non- means 9 carbon chain
suffix -ane means there is all single bonds
insert hydrogen atoms to give each carbon four bonds
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY WORKSHEET
Molecular General Series Structural Formula Condensed Structural Name of
Formula Formula Formula Compound
3- Heptyne
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH=CHCH2CH3
C9H20
Molecular General Series Structural Formula Condensed Structural Name of
Formula Formula Formula Compound
1-Octene
C8H18
C9H18
CH3–(CH2)4-CH3
F. Naming Branched-Chain Hydrocarbons
- There are also hydrocarbons chains which have smaller carbon chains branching
off the main chain of carbon atoms
“branches”
- These organic compounds are named like we learned before, except we must now add
in the part to tell us the location and the type of branch that forms off the main chain
1) When straight-chain hydrocarbons have attached groups these also must be named.
These groups are called ______________ groups. The group names end in –yl, and we
use the prefix from Table P to tell us how many carbons there are.
* The CH3- group off the main chain is called a methyl group.
* The CH3-CH2 group off the main chain is called an ethyl group.
* The CH3-CH2-CH2 group off the main chain is called an propyl group
2) We also need to show the location of the “branch” off the main chain, so we give the
________________ of the carbon atom it falls on. To do this, we number the carbons
in the chain, making sure that the branch falls on the lowest possible number.
3-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
2-methyl-3-ethyl heptane
1,3-diethylpentane
III. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Although hydrocarbons are the most basic organic compounds, many other compounds form
when other atoms replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. These atoms or
groups of atoms are called functional groups. They give the compounds distinctive chemical
and physical properties.
1. HALIDES – ________________________________________________________
Compound is called a ______________________
Examples of Halocarbons:
Naming/Drawing a Halocarbon
1.) 2.) 1,1-dichlorobutane
3.) 4.)
Although the –OH group resembles the hydroxide ion of bases, it DOES NOT form
an ion in water
Examples of Alcohols
Naming/Drawing an Alcohol
1.) 2.) 2-propanol
Examples of Aldehydes
Examples of Ketones
7.) 2-nonanone
5. ETHERS - ____________________________________________________________
* General formula is written _______________ to show the oxygen bridge between the
two carbon chains
Examples of Ethers
Examples of Esters
8. AMINES - ____________________________________________________________
A derivative of ammonia:
Examples of Amines
9. AMIDES - ______________________________________________________
- amines react with carboxylic acids to form amides
A. Examples of Amides
- like all organic acids, amino acids contain the group but also contain an amine group
_______________________________________________________________
Structural isomers can also involve the position of a functional group and the
position of a double or triple bond.
Organic Reactions generally occur more slowly than inorganic reactions. When
covalently bonded substances react, they must first break relatively strong
existing bonds before making new bonds. For this reason, the use of catalysts
is a common practice. The types of organic reactions total that we will be
covering are below.
Example:
4.) Fermentation
Oldest known Organic Reaction to man!!! Makes buzz in booze
What to look for: Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6), sometimes the catalyst zymase is
written on top of the arrow
Products: CO2 + Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Example:
5.) Esterification
How the smell gets into smelly stickers…making fruity & minty compounds – esters – by
dehydration synthesis
What to look for: Reactants – Organic Acid (R-COOH) & an Alcohol (R’-OH)
Products – The ester link R-COO-R’ and H2O
What to look for: Reactants – Fat (a glycerol ester) + Base (NaOH or KOH)
Products – Glycerol and soap (salt of the Organic Acid)
What to look for: Reactants – double or triple bond: n C2H4 (n is a whole number)
Products -(alkane)n-
Example:
n -CH2- (-CH2-)n (where n = a whole number)
OR
B. Condensation Polymerization: monomers are connected by removing a water molecule
(dehydration synthesis)
What to look for: Reactants: Amino acids or dihydroxy alcohol & double Organic Acid
Products: H2O & the Polymer
Example: