航空科学与工程学院

3rd Static Aeroelasticity

of Slender Wing

Xie Changchuan
2017 Autumn
 Contents
1、Model of slender wing
2、Method of divergence
3、Load redistribution
4、Control efficiency and reversal

Main Aims
Understand the basic mechanic principles and
analysis methods of static aeroelasticity from
the simple slender wing model.

2
Model of slenderw wing without swept
mydy
T
e 
V V
L
T
T dy
M y
x
dy
y
d
Air force center line
Nmg
l 气动中心线
Weight center
C
Elastic axis

y
Aiefoil: symmetry thin Span：l
Chord：C(y) Air force axis : ¼ Chord

Slope of lifting curve： ( y) Zero Moment coefficient: Cm 0 ( y )
C L

Elastic axis: e( y ) behind air force axis

Torsion stiffness: GJ ( y ) Twist angle:  ( y ) + nose up
Linear density of weight: gm( y ) Overload factor: N
3
Weight center：d ( y ) before elastic axis
 mydy
Forces on slender wing T

Assumption of Small deformation
V
Wing bending would not produce air force
T
T dy
y
Aerodynamics flat airfoil ‘strip theory’
dy
CL ( y )  C y  ( y )
 y

 dT 
Equilibrium equation  T  dy dy   my dy  T  0
 
of small element
dT T Internal Torque
 my
dy m y External Torque
External Torque = Air force moment + weight moment
my  CL  0   ( y ) qC ( y )e( y )  Cm 0 ( y )qC 2 ( y )  Ngm( y )d ( y )
d
Elastic torque T  GJ ( y )
dy
4
 Differential equation of slender wing
d d
(GJ )  CL qCe  (CL qCe 0  Cm 0 qC 2  Ngmd )
dy dy
y  0,  0 
Boundary 
d 
condition y  l ,  0
dy 
Twist divergence ---- Static stability problem
Static stability of equilibrium state: A system at it’s static
equilibrium state，gets an arbitrary external disturbance. When
the disturbance is eliminated, the system can go back to the
original static equilibrium state. Then, the static equilibrium
state of system is said to be static stable.
Stable, but not
Unstable Stable asymptotic

5
Static stability of slender wing
Note the equation as
operator form L  b  u
 Equilibrium solution L  b  u
Let     ˆ
ˆ Disturbed solution Lˆ  0  0
d dˆ
(GJ )  CL qCeˆ  0
Obtain a dy dy
homogeneous y  0,ˆ  0 
equation 
dˆ 
y  l ,  0
dy 
Attention： GJ ( y ), CL ( y ), C ( y ), e( y )
For general form of these functions,
the equation can not solved explicitly. 6
Static stability of slender wing
Supposing the wing is uniform, the disturbed
equation is simplified as

d 2ˆ 2 ˆ
    0 y  0,ˆ  0 

2
dy
dˆ 
qCe  y  l ,  0
 
2
CL dy 
GJ
Zero solution must exist ˆ  0
If there are any nonzero solutions？
No! The disturbed solution is always zero. The system goes back
to it’s original state, then the system is stable.
Yes! The system can not go back to it’s original state, then the
system is unstable.
7
Static stability of slender wing
d 2ˆ 2 ˆ
2
   0 Equation have general solutions
dy
ˆ  A sin  y  B cos  y
Substitute them into B0 

boundary conditions cos l  0 
When cos l  0
Then ˆ  A sin  y  0 for all y
It means the equation has nonzero solutions

cos l  0 i l  (2i  1) (i  0,1, 2, , )
2
From  
qCe 
2  2GJ
CL qdiv 
GJ 4l 2CeCL 8
 Static stability of slender wing
Discussion 1) Comparing with characteristic equation in linear algebra
y  0,ˆ  0 
Rewrite the d ˆ
2
2 ˆ 
    dˆ 
y  l ,  0
2
disturbed equation dy
dy 
Abstract form Dˆ   2ˆ  u
2
D 2 is a linear partial difference operator
y
Eigenvalue problem in linear algebra

Ax  px
If A is symmetry and positive definite, then the
equation has nonnegative eigenvalues.
Symmetry: AT  A, yT Ax  xT Ay Positive definite xT Ax  0
Eigen vectors constitute a basement of linear space.
The homogeneous solution is combined linearly by the Eigen vectors.
9
Static stability of slender wing
Selected homework: Discuss the properties of the partial
differential operator in disturbed equation.
d 2 w( y )
l
Inner production ( Dw, v)   2
v( y )dy
0 dy

Discussion 2) How to solve a non-uniform wing？

d  dˆ  y  0,ˆ  0 
ˆ 
L ( y )C ( y )e( y )  0

 GJ ( y )   qC ˆ
dy  dy  d 
y  l ,  0
dy 
d d
D  [GJ ( y ) ] is a linear partial difference operator
dy dy
ld  dw( y ) 
( Dw, v)  
0 dy  
Inner production GJ ( y ) v( y )dy
 dy 
The eigenvalue theory of symmetric operator in Hilbert space
10
Load redistribution of slender wing
Considering an uniform wing, the un-homogeneous equation is
simplified as
d2
  2
  K  y  0,  0 
dy 2

d 
qCe  y  l ,  0
 
2
CL dy 
GJ
1
K  (CL qCe 0  Cm 0 qC 2  Ngmd )
GJ
 2GJ
When q  qdiv  2  the equation has
4l CeCL unique stable solution
K
The general   A sin  y  B cos  y 
solutions 2
2 unknows are determined by 2 boundary conditions
11
 Load redistribution of slender wing
K K
Then A tan lB  
 2
2
K
 (1  tan lsin  y  cos  y )
 2

The condition of divergence: l  ，
  
2
At initial AOA  0 , the lift distribution of uniform straight slender wing is

L( y )  CL  0   ( y )  qC  Lr  L( y )
Lift of rigid wing Lr  CL  0 qC

Elastic increment L( y )   0 (cos  y  tan l sin  y  1)CL qC
L Lr  L
r
 r
 cos  y  tan l sin  y
L L
12
Load redistribution of slender wing
L/Lr
2.0


l 
3
1.75

1.5


l 
4
1.25

l 
8
l  0 y
1.0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 l

Lift distribution of the wing with different stiffness

at given AOA and dynamic pressure 13
 Model of swept slender wing
Swept angle:  Vcos
Effective
Effective span: l Root V

Effective chord: c
y,
Aero axis：1/4 chord line  A
c
Effective lifting slope: CL d
e Aero axis

Elastic axis: e behind aero axis Weight axis

Elastic twist:  + nose up x

B 

Weight axis: d before elastic axis l y,

w
(elastic axis)
x
A
l
dw
 r  dy
Vcos V sin 
dw
dy V sin 
dw
dy
dw Vsin
 r   tan 
dw dy
i  tan 
dy
B
14
Divergence characters of swept slender wing

Lift of wing segment L( y )  qcCL  cos 2 

Effective AOA r Effective AOA

without bending    r  of rigid wing
 Nose down effect
Effective AOA w
with bending     
r
tan  Bending induced AOA
y
 w
L( y )  qcCL (   
r
tan ) cos 2 
y
For sweep back wing, the elastic deformation decreases the
effective AOA and the lift coefficient. So the divergence
dynamic pressure is increased.
For sweep forward wing, the elastic deformation increases the
effective AOA and the lift coefficient. So the divergence
dynamic pressure is decreased. 15
Divergence characters of swept slender wing
qD/qD|=0

1.0


-45 0

Divergence dynamics pressure changing

with sweep angle of slender wing
16
Factors to promote divergence speed of wings
 Increase stiffness weight increasing？
light structure with high stiffness
 Increase sweep angle affects the aerodynamic？
decrease the aerodynamic efficiency, especially in low air speed
 Decrease the distance of elastic and aero axis
limitation on structure assignment？
the aero axis is different in sub/supersonic
 Decrease aspect ratio, increase taper ratio
limitation on aerodynamic configuration and performance？
decrease lift-drag ratio of the wing
 Aeroelastic tailoring optimized design, utilize elastic
change the spanwise distribution of elastic and aero axis
change the stiffness coupling e.g. For sweep forward wing,
make it nose down when bending upward
17
 Load and divergence of slender wing

HOMEWORK
1、Please give out divergence dynamic pressure of
uniform slender wing without sweep using energy
method.

2、(selective) Considering the effective bending

stiffness EI of slender swept backward wing, please
solve the divergence dynamic pressure and load
distribution. Then discuss the possibility to eliminate
the divergence.

18
Rolling efficiency and reversal of
V
p
slender wing with aileron
气动中心线 重心线 A-B

A
p
y
V
y(弹性轴) V

e(y) d(y)
py

B
l1 

x
Span: l Chord: C
Aero axis:1/4 chord line Effective slope of lift: CL
Elastic axis：e behind aero axis elastic twist:  + nose up
Weight axis：d before elastic axis
aileron position: from l1 to wing tip 19
Rolling efficiency and reversal of
slender wing with aileron
Antisymmetric case, right aileron deflects downward and the plane
rolling left. Rolling rate p , Rolling acceleration p

External load  y  l1 
CL C C C py
my  qCe  qCe L   qC 2 m 0   qCe L  mpyd
    V

air load by
air load by air load by
 y  l1  C 
qCe  qCe L
C py
y   mpyd
wing m twist aileron
L Inertial
rolling load
rate
  V by rolling acc.
d
Inner load: T  GJ ( y )
dy
dT
Equilibrium of small element  my
dy 20
Rolling efficiency and reversal of
slender wing with aileron
d  d  CL  CL 2 Cm 0 CL py 
 GJ   qCe    qCe   qC   qCe  mpyd  y  l1 
dy  dy       V 

d  d  CL CL py
 GJ   qCe  qCe  mpyd  y  l1 
dy  dy    V

y  0,   0
Boundary 
d 
conditoins y  l,  0
dy 

Simplify: Constant rolling rate p0

Uniform wing

1 ( y  l1 )
Note: 1a ( y )  
0 ( y  l1 )
21
Rolling efficiency and reversal of
slender wing with aileron
Amalgamate d 2 p
 2  2 y  K2  1a ( y )
dy 2 V
equations
qeC CL 
2   
GJ  

 CL C Cm 0  CL 
K  
  e    

pl
Solution:  ( y)  C2 ( y )  C1 ( y )
V
 sin  (l  l1 ) 
C1 ( y )   K 1a ( y ) 1  cos  ( y  l1 )   sin  y 
 cos l 
y sin y
C2 ( y )  
l l cos l

22
Rolling efficiency and reversal of
slender wing with aileron
 pl  l CL  
Rolling   0  C1 ( y)  CL  1a ( y)  ydy
a    
V
efficiency  l y
   C2 ( y )   ydy
0
 l
pl Spiral rate of pl/V

V wing tip
pl
/ Spiral rate by Rl=1.44

V unit deflection

 CL CL 
     0.5, l
  0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

 C   Cm 0 CL  l1
     0.6,  0.6
 e    l
23
Rolling efficiency and reversal of
slender wing with aileron
Reversal  pl  l  CL  
 
 V 
0  C1 ( y)  CL  1a ( y)  ydy
a  
 l y
   C2 ( y )   ydy
Let Numerator be zero
0
 l
 C L C C m 0  2 l 2  2 l12 C C m 0
  cos l  cos l1   cos l  0
  e   2 e 

Transcendental equation Calculate the smallest  satisfying

the equation numerically. Note it as rev
GJ
Reversal qR  rev
2
C
dynamic pressure eC L

Rolling rate and acc. are both zero
24
when the aileron deflects.