Module 6: Pumps and Turbines.

1 Application of momentum principle

2 Impact of jets on plane plates

3 Impact of jets on curved plates

4 Turbines, classification, Radial flow turbines, Axial flow turbines

5 Draft tube and cavitations

6 Performance of turbines, Similarity laws

7 Centrifugal pump

8 Minimum speed to start the pump, Multistage pumps

9 Positive displacement pumps, Reciprocating pump

10 Negative slip, Flow separation conditions, Air vessels

11 Indicator diagram and its variation

12 Savings in work done

13 Jet, Submersible and Rotary pumps

 Lecture 1
Application of momentum principle.
APPLICATION OF MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE

 There are three basic equations for the analysis of flow characteristics, namely, the

continuity equation, the energy equation, and the impulse –momentum equation.

 The fundamental principle of dynamics is the Newton’s Second Law of Motion, which

states that, “The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force

and takes place in the direction of the force”.

 According to Impulse-momentum principle: “State of rest or of uniform motion of a body

changes in the direction of an externally applied force, and that the magnitude of the

force equals the rate of change of momentum”.

 Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of the body, this vector quantity has

direction as well as magnitude and it represents energy of motion stored in a moving

body. Mathematically,

d dv dm
F= (mv) = m + v
dt dt dt

 For constant mass flow rate, dm=0. The change in momentum may occur due to a change

in the magnitude of velocity or in its direction or due to both.

 For a constant mass flow rate, the momentum equation can be rewritten as,

=
 Dynamic force applied in x- direction = rate of change in momentum in x- direction,

i.e. = ; this is known as linear momentum equation in x direction.

= ( − )

× = ( − )

Here, the left hand side term is the product of force and time, (F X t) is called the Impulse

of the applied force. Whereas, the right hand side term is the resulting change in

momentum. The above equation can be rewritten as,

= ̇( − )= ( − )

The above equation represents, the force exerted by the body on the fluid.

 Newton’s third law of motion, action and reaction are equal and opposite and therefore,

the force exerted by the fluid on the body is,

=− ( − )

= ( − )

1 = initial velocity; and 2= final velocity

 Example 6.1:- The pipe has a diameter of 20 mm and the nozzle has 10 mm. the

discharge is 5 l/s. if the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, Compute the force provided by

the flange bolts to hold the nozzle, figure as shown below. Assume incompressible steady

flow. Bolt
Pipe
Nozzle
Water Jet

Bolt
1
Figure 6.1 A pipe section with nozzle

Given: Diameter, d1= 20 mm; d2= 10 mm; pressure at 2, p2= 101 k N/m2; discharge, Q = 5

l/s= 0.005 cumec; areas, = 3.1416 10 ; = 7.85 10

Velocities at 1 and 2 is given by,

= = 15.92 ; = = 63.66 /

Pressure at 1 is given by:

Applying Bernoulli’s principle between section 1 and 2, we have,

+ = +
2 2

101000 63.66 15.92

= + − = 203.93
9810 2 9.81 2 9.81

Or, = 2000.55
Force provided by the flange bolt to hold the nozzle:

Applying impulse momentum principle, we have,

= ( − )

(2000.55) 10 × 3.1416 10 − 101000 × 7.85 10 −

= 1000 × 0.005(63.66 − 15.92)

= 381.69