CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

1. I hereby certify that the thesis report entitled, “To Correlate RAW EEG Signals
and Attention Levels of BCI using KNN Technique”, submitted by PriyaGarg
(1623144004) to RIMT University, MandiGobindgarh, Punjab for the award of
degree of M.Tech.(Electronics and Communication Engineering) under the
supervision of Ravinder Pal Singh, Assistant Professor(ECE Dept.) & Technical
Head (RIMT Incubation Centre) RIMT University is original work carried out during
a period from Jan 2018 to June 2018. The contents of this thesis, in full or in parts,
have not been submitted to this or any other University / Institute for the award of
anydegree or diploma.

2. I further certify that wherever any database or the work of some other author has
been used, the same has been properly acknowledged.

Signature of the Student

Priya Garg

Roll No.: 1623144004

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis/projectreport entitled, “To Correlate RAW EEG Signals
and Attention Levels of BCI using KNN Technique”, submitted by PriyaGarg
(1623144004) to RIMT University, MandiGobindgarh, Punjab for the award of degree of
M.Tech.(Electronics and Communication Engineering) is a bonafide record of research
work carried out by her under the supervision of Ravinder Pal Singh, Assistant
Professor(ECE Dept.) & Technical Head (RIMT Incubation Centre) RIMT University.
The contents of this thesis, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to this or any other
University / Institute for the award of anydegree or diploma.

Monika Mehra Ravinder Pal Singh

Co-Guide Guide
Department of ECE Department of ECE
RIMT UNIVERSITY RIMT UNIVERSITY
Place: Place:
Date: Date:

The Master of Technology. Viva-Voce Examination of Priya Garg (Roll No.

1623144004) has been held on___________and accepted.

Signature of Guide Signature of External Examiner

HOD ECE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without accomplishing the
people who made it all possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement secured
us the success.”

I am grateful to Ravinder Pal Singh guide / supervisor (Assistant Professor - ECE &
Technical Head - RIMT Incubation Centre) and Monika Mehra (Associate Professor&
Head ECE Department)School of Engineering & Technology, RIMT University, Mandi
Gobindgarh for their astute guidance, constant encouragement and sincere support. It is
my proud privilege to express profound gratitude to the Dean Academics, HR and entire
faculty of School of Engineering & Technology for providing me with opportunity to
avail the excellent facilities, infrastructure and their valuable time during collecting the
training data samples. Here I also want to express my special thanks to the kids and staff
members of O.P. Bansal Modern School to conduct the collection of real time training
data sample. I feel proud and privileged in expressing of my deep sense gratitude to all
those who have helped me in presenting this report. I would be failing in my endeavor if
do not place my acknowledgement.

Signature of Student

(Priya Garg ,1623144004)

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 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, in order to investigate the technological probabilities of the human brain the
neuroscience is improved. The human brain is comprised of the glial cells, neural stem
cells, blood vessels and neurons, the neurons are the source of electrical activity that is
communicate by Action Potentials (APs) or spikes, as revealed in electrophysiological
recordings. These unique APs are converted into thoughts and actions which have a great
number of neurons to communicate at spatial and temporal solution of interactions. By
utilizing a grid of electrical conductors that are wire ‘tetrode’ arrays or silicon probes the
huge sets of APs can be recorded in order to merge to produce a BCI (Brain Computer
Interface) as per mechanism.

In order to calculate the electrical activity of the brain occurred with the flow of the
electric currents throughout the synaptic excitations of the dendrites in the neurons by the
Electroencephalography (EEG) and to the consequences of the secondary currents it is
very sensitive. The joint electrical activity of millions of nerve cells named as neurons is
calculated by the EEG. Because it acquires maximum temporal resolution, comparative
less cost and minimum risks to the users. By utilizing the electrodes located on the scalp
the EEG signals are recorded. So, the signals must to traverse the scalp, skull, and several
other layers and it offers much low superiority signals.

It is not possible to read the human brain and to predict the state of mind. In this work,
MindWave Headset is used to read the signals from human mind and to conclude the
mental state of the person. A large number of studies have been conducted in this domain
but an issue was faced that is related to the delay and correlation between various mind
states. This study performs KNN (K-Nearest neighbor) classification for classifying the
data set of 300 mind wave samples on three types of mind states i.e. Attention,
Meditation and Normal. KNN (K-Nearest neighbor)is a non-parametric method used
for classification and regression. The results are simulated on Python platform in the
terms of time taken to train and test the signals. The results prove that the proposed work
consumes approximately 90 seconds to describe the mind state of a person without using
KNN whereas only 16.5 seconds are required to predict the mind state by using KNN.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION i

CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

ABBREVIATIONS ix

NOTATIONS xi

1. INTRODUCTION 1-17
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Mindwave 3
1.2.1. Attention eSense 4
1.2.2. Meditation eSense 4
1.2.3. Normal eSense 4
1.3 Arduino 5
1.4 Brain Computer Interface 6
1.5 Classification of the Systems 7
1.5.1. Invasive and Non -Invasive Systems 7
1.5.1.1. Invasive System 7
1.5.1.2. Non-Invasive System 7
1.5.2. Dependent and Independent Systems 8
1.5.2.1. Dependent System 8
1.5.2.2. Independent System 9
1.5.3. Adaptive Systems 9
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 1.5.4. Hybrid Systems 9
1.6 Electroencephalography (EEG) 9
1.6.1. Rhythmic Brain Activity 10
1.6.2. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) 11
1.6.3. Event-Related Desynchronization and Event-Related Synchronization 11
1.7 Signal Acquisition 11
1.7.1. Invasive v. Noninvasive 11
1.7.2. Electrically-based Techniques 12
1.7.3. Hemodynamically-based Techniques 13
1.7.3.1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 13
1.7.3.2. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) 13
1.8 Classification of Different Algorithms 14
1.9 Basics of KNN 16
1.10 Applications of Brain Activity Monitoring 16
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 18-33
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION 34
3.1.Problem Formulation 34
3.2.Objective 34
4. PROPOSED WORK 35-38
4.1.Proposed Work 35
4.2.Methodology 35
4.3.Algorithm 38
4.4.Process to select value of K in KNN 38
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 39-50
5.1.Results of the Research Work 39
6. CONCLUSION and FUTURE SCOPE 51-52
6.1.Conclusion 51
6.2.Future Scope 52
PUBLICATIONS 53
REFERENCES 54-57

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Captions Page No.

1.1 Delta Wave 2
1.2 Theta Wave 2
1.3 Alpha Wave 2
1.4 Beta Wave 2
1.5 MindWave NeuroSky 3
1.6 Arduino Microcontroller 5
1.7 Design of Brain Computer Interface 8
1.8 The international 10-20 electrode placement system 13
4.1 Framework for proposed Mind Wave Project 37
5.1 Sample 1 for Attention 39
5.2 Sample 2 for Attention 40
5.3 Sample 3 for Attention 40
5.4 Sample 1 for Meditation 41
5.5 Sample 2 for Meditation 41
5.6 Sample 3 for Meditation 42
5.7 Sample 1 for Normal 42
5.8 Sample 2 for Normal 43
5.9 Sample 3 for Normal 43
5.10 Tested Data sample 1 for Attention Level 45
5.11 Tested Data sample 2 for Attention Level 45
5.12 Tested Data sample 1 for Meditation Level 46
5.13 Tested Data sample 2 for Meditation Level 46
5.14 Establishing connection of MindWave Setup and Wireless Device 47
5.15 Showing the mean of Attention and Meditation 48
5.16 Describing the state of mind 49
5.17 Time taken by Proposed Work 50

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Captions Page No.

1.1 Specification of Mind Wave Device 4
1.2 List of EEG Rhythms with frequency range R 10
1.3 Comparisons of Signal Acquisition Techniques. 14
1.4 Comparison of various algorithms 15

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 ABBREVIATIONS

ANN Artificial Neural Network

ANS Automatic Nervous System
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BSN Body Sensor Network
BCI Brain Computer Interface
CPU Central Processing Unit
CSP Common Spatial Pattern
DAC Data Acquisition Card
DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform
ECG Electrocardiogram
ECoG Electrocorticography
EEG Electroencephalography
ERD Event – Related Desynchronization
ERPs Event – Related Potentials
ERS Event – Related Synchronization
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
fNIRS Functional Near – Infrared Spectroscopy
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile
GSR Galvanic Skin Response
HRI Human - Robot Interaction
HRV Heart Rate Variability
IC Integrated Circuit
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IoT Internet of Things
ITR Information Transfer Rate
KNN K- Nearest Neighbor

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LAU Level Analyzer Unit
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LDA Linear Discriminant Analysis
LED Light Emitting Diode
MEG Magnetoencephalography
PET Positron Emission Tomography
PFC Prefrontal Cortex
PID Proportional Integral Derivative
RHMMs Regional Hidden Markov Models
RR Respiration rate
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SVM Support Vector Machine
SSVEPs Steady State Visual evoked Potentials

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 NOTATIONS

C Central
F Frontal
FP Frontal Polar
FP1 Frontal Polar
O Occipital
P Parietal

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