KOREAN PATTERNS AND GRAMMAR NOTES

(Lessons 11-15)

Lesson 11:

으)로
1. N. + (으 로(서 서)
=> "as," "for," "being (in the position of)"

This postposition indicates the qualification or status of the noun.

• 뉴욕은 항구도시로서, 무역이 발달됐다.

=> As a port city, New York is advanced in the commercial trades.
• 이 약은 새로 나온 감기 약으로서 특히 기침에 좋습니다.
=> This medicine is a newly made cold medicine that is especially good for a cough.
• 대통령으로서 그런 말을 하면 안 된다.
=> As the president, he should not say so.

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이/가
2. a. N. + (이 가) 없이
=> "without (something/someone)"
b. V. + ㄴ/은
은/는는/ㄹ ㄹ/을
을 것 없이
=> "without -ing . . ."
c. V. + ㅁ/음
음 없이
=> "without -ing . . ."

(a)

• 전화 없이 살고 있어요.
=> I live without a telephone.
• 컴퓨터 없이(는) 숙제를 할 수 없어요.
=> We cannot do homework without a computer.

(b)

• 하는 일 없이 시간을 보낸다.
=> I spend time without doing anything.
• 한 일 없이 하루가 지났다.
=> A day has gone by without my doing anything.

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(c)

• 끊임 없이 배가 들어온다.
=> Boats come in constantly.
• 아무 도움 없이 성공했다.
=> He succeeded without any help.
• 그 분은 막힘 없이 말했다.
=> The man spoke without hesitation.

Note: Nominalizer ㅁ/음

음 "to do/be," "-ing"

This construction makes a verb into a noun, as a gerund ("-ing") does in English. For example,
싸우다 "to fight" becomes 싸움 "fighting," and 끝나다 "to finish" becomes 끝남 "the ending."
These nouns are used only in certain contexts, however. They are used as the subject of
intransitive verbs, such as 필요하다 "to need," 중요하다 "to be important," 있다 "to exist," and
없다 "to not exist." They also are used as the direct object of transitive verbs, as 보다 "to see,"
찾다 "to find," 알다 "to know," and 생각하다 "to think." (See L15, GN1 for a comparison with
the nominalizer -기.) Note that some verb-derived words have become regular nouns, such as 잠
"sleep," 춤 "dance," 기쁨 "joy," and 아름다움 "beauty."

As a subject

• 시험 주에는 잠이 모자라요.
=> I lack sleep during exam week.
• 한국어 책을 읽는 데에 어려움이 없다.
=> I have no difficulty reading Korean books.

As a direct object

• 그 분은 인생의 즐거움을 알고 사는 것 같다.

=> He seems to live knowing the joy of life.
• 나라 없는 사람의 슬픔을 안다.
=> We understand the sorrow of a man without a country.

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3. A.V. + ㄴ/은
은/는
는 순간
=> "the moment," "at the moment of"

순간 expresses the exact moment of an action, the instant that something happens.

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 • 큰 어시장을 보는 순간 나는 깜짝 놀랐다.
=> I was so surprised the moment I saw the big fish market.
• 그 사람을 처음 만난 순간 나는 사랑에 빠졌다.
=> The moment I met the man, I fell in love with him.
• 그 소식을 듣는 순간 기뻐서 뛰었다.
=> When I heard the news, I jumped with joy.

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4. V. + ㄴ/은은 적이 있다/없다
있다 없다
=> "there has/has never been," "to have/have never done"
V. + 어/아아 본 적이 있다/없다있다 없다
=> "there has/has never been," "to have/have never done"

적 "occasion" indicates an experience and is often used with (어/아) 보다 as in 거기에 가 본

적이 있다 "I've been there." Another way of saying it is 거기에 가 본 일이 있다.

• 나는 미국에서도 어시장을 본 적이 있다.

=> I have seen a fish market in the United States, too.
• 해삼, 미역을 먹어 본/먹은 적이 없다.
=> I have never eaten sea cucumber and seaweed.
• 한중록을 읽어 본 적이 있어요?
=> Have you read The Memoir of Lady Hong?
• 이월에 날씨가 이렇게 따뜻한 적이 없다.
=> It has never been this warm in February.

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5. V. + 지 않을 수 없다
=> "could not help but," "there is no way but"

There is a sense of involuntary and obligatory action in this expression.

• 놀라지 않을 수 없었다.
=> There was no way that I could not have been surprised.
• 찰스는 러시아에 살아서 러시아어를 배우지 않을 수 없다.
=> Since Charles lives in Russia, he can't help but learn Russian.
• 친구의 결혼식이라 가지 않을 수 없다.
=> Because it's my friend's wedding, I can't miss it.

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 • 여름이 됐으니 날씨가 덥지 않을 수 없지.
=> Summer has come, so there is no way that the weather will not be hot.

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6. A.V. + 기(가가) 무섭게
=> "as soon as," "immediately (after)"

This idiomatic expression gives a vivid image of something happening immediately after the act
or the event in the first clause.

• 배가 부두에 닿기가 무섭게 선원들이 내려 왔다.

=> Immediately after the ship reached the pier, the crew got off (the ship).
• 집을 짓기가 무섭게 이사할 것이다.
=> As soon as they finish the house, they will move in.

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Lesson 12:

1. V. + ㄹ/을까
을까 봐
=> "(because) . . . afraid that," "in anticipation of"

This connective explains the reason for the action or the event in the main clause.

• 경치를 놓칠까 봐 잠도 안자고 창 밖을 내다보았다.

=> Afraid that I might miss the scenery, I looked out the window without sleeping.
• 이따가 비가 올까 봐 우산을 가지고 왔다.
=> Afraid that it might rain later, I brought an umbrella.
• 언니는 실수할까 봐 조심해서 말했다.
=> Afraid that she might make a mistake, my sister spoke carefully.
• 운동하고 나서 배고플까 봐 도시락을 많이 싸왔다.
=> Afraid that I might get hungry after exercising, I brought a lot for lunch.

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어/아
2. A.V. + (어 아) 있다
=> "to be in the state/place of," "to be still . . ."

This construction describes the state of being and is usually used with 오다, 가다, 앉다, 서다,
남다, 비다, 붙다, 쌓이다, and 뜨다 verbs, as in 가 있다, 서 있다, 붙어 있다, 쌓

여 있다, and 떠 있다. (See the helping verbs chart in L14, GN7.)

• 교환학생으로 한국에 와 있으면서 영어도 가르친다.

=> While I am here as an exchange student, I also teach English.
• 비서 자리가 아직 비어 있었니?
=> Is the secretarial position still vacant?
• 불교 문화가 경주에 남아 있다.
=> Buddhist culture still exists in Kyŏngju.
• 카페에 들어가니 후안이 의자에 앉아 있었다.
=> When I came into the cafe, Juan was sitting in a chair.

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3. A.V. + 느라(고
느라 고)
=> "for doing . . . ," "(in order) to do . . ."

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This connective is use

d to indicate the reason for or purpose of an action.

• 회사 일을 하느라고 바빴다.
=> I was busy working on company business.
• 급하게 나오느라고 숙제를 놓고 왔어요.
=> Because I left home in a hurry, I left the assignment behind. (Literally, "In order to
leave in a hurry, I left the assignment at home.")
• 뭐 하느라고 잠도 못 잤니?
=> Why couldn't you sleep? (Literally, "What were you doing that you could not sleep?")

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4. Idiomatic use of 을/를
를 빼고
=> "without”

-을/를 빼고 literally means "subtracting" or "taking out" but translates to "without" in English.

• 비빔밥에 고기를 빼고 주세요.

=> Please make my bibimbap without meat.
• 너를 빼고 우리가 놀러 갈 수 있겠니?
=> How can we go and have fun without you?

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5. V. + ㄴ/는는/었었/았단다
았단다
=> "(I am telling you) . . . ," "(I say) . . ."

This intimate ending indicates that the speaker is informing the listener about what is going on or
about what the facts are. It is the equivalent of saying "you know" or "I am telling you" in
American colloquial style.

• 한국전쟁에서 사람들이 많이 죽었단다.

=> Many people were killed in the Korean War, you know.
• 전라남도와 북도를 호남 지방이라고 한단다.
=> The South and North Chŏlla Provinces are known as the Honam region, you know.
• 재미있는 옛날 이야기들을 많이 알고 계신단다.
=> (I am telling you) he knows many interesting stories.

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이)라면서요
6. N. + (이 라면서요?
라면서요
=> "is it true that . . . ?," "is (what I heard) true?"
D.V. + 다면서요?
다면서요
=> "is it true that . . . ?," "is (what I heard) true?"
A.V. + ㄴ/는다면서요
는다면서요?
는다면서요
=> "is it true that . . . ?," "is (what I heard) true?"

This casual question ending asks for a confirmation of what the speaker heard or was told.

• 광주가 문화도시라면서요?
=> Is it true that Kwangju is a cultural city?
• 그 분이 선생님이라면서요?
=> Is it true that he is a teacher?
• 요즘 동부의 날씨가 춥다면서요?
=> Is it true that it is cold in the East?
• 작년엔 더 추웠다면서요?
=> Is it true that it was even colder last year?
• 그 분이 일본에 가신다면서요?
=> Is it true he is going to Japan?
• 요즘 히로세가 한국 소설책을 읽는다면서요?
=> Is it true that Hirose reads Korean fiction?
• 지난달에는 한국 시를 읽었다면서요?
=> Is it true that he read Korean poems last month?

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7. Reading mathematical terms

The basic mathematical terms, related to addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
fractions are read in the following ways.

더하기 addition

• 2+3=5
=> 이 더하기 삼은 오. (이 플러스 삼은 오)

빼기 subtraction

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 • 10 - 4 = 6
=> 십 빼기 사는 육. (십 마이너스 사는 육)

곱하기 multiplication

• 6 × 10 = 60
=> 육 곱하기 십은 육십.

나누기 division

• 100 ÷ 20 = 5
=> 백 나누기 이십은 오.

분수 common fraction

• 1/3
=> 삼분의 일
• 1 2/5
=> 일과 오 분의 이

소수 decimal fraction

• 2.34
=> 이점 삼사
• 0.5
=> 영점 오

짝수 even number

홀수 odd number

• 십에 오를 더하면 얼마예요?
=> What is 10 plus 5?
• 십과 오를 합하면 얼마예요?
=> What is 10 plus 5?
• 이십에서 십을 빼면 얼마예요?
=> What is 20 minus 10?
• 이분의 일과 삼분의 이를 합하면 얼마예요?
=> What is 1/2 plus 2/3?
• 백을 셋으로 나누면 몇이에요?
=> What is 100 divided by 3?
• 칠에 육을 곱하면 얼마예요?
=> What is 7 times 6?

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Lesson 13:

1. A.V. + (어어/아아) 두다
=> "...and keep"

Like other helping verbs, such as -보다, -버리다, and -놓다, -(어/아)두다 "to keep/put away" is
combined with another verb to indicate the "preservation" of the result of the main verb action,
often for a future use. (See the helping verbs chart in L14, GN7)

• 봐 두다
=> "to see and keep the knowledge (for future use)"
• 배워 두다
=> "to learn and keep the skill (for future use)"
• 먹어 두다
=> "to eat (in anticipation of . . .)"
• 사 두다
=> "to buy and keep"

• 이사갈 아파트를 봐 두어야겠다.

=> I must go and see the apartment that I'll be moving to (to prepare it).
• 배가 안 고팠지만 밥을 먹어 뒀다.
=> I wasn't hungry, but I ate a meal (so I would not be hungry later on).
• 주유소에 가서 차에 기름을 많이 넣어 두었다.
=> I went to a gas station and filled up the tank (so I would not run out of gas).
• 고구마를 많이 심어 두었다.
=> They planted a great many yams (to harvest later).
• 여행을 가려고 돈을 모아 뒀다.
=> I saved money to make a trip.
• 친구 생일에 주려고 선물을 사 뒀다.
=> I bought a gift (and saved it) for my friend's birthday.

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어/아
2. A.V. + (어 아) 대다
=> "to keep on doing," "to do repeatedly"

This helping verb indicates a continuing or repeated action. (See the helping verb chart in L14,
GN7.)

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 • 농담을 하고 웃어 댄다.
=> They joked and kept laughing.
• 사람들이 떠들어 댔다.
=> The people talked loudly on and on.
• 아이들이 스키 가자고 졸라 댔다.
=> The children begged on and on to go skiing.

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3. a. V. +
었/았던
았던
=> "used
to do,"
"was
doing. . .
"
b. 이)었던
N. + (이 었던
=> "used to be"

This verbal modifier indicates an activity that was performed habitually in the past or was
uncompleted.

(a)

• 내가 생각했던 문제가 해결됐다.

=> The problem I was thinking about was solved.
• 내가 다녔던 초등학교가 문을 닫았다.
=> The primary school I used to attend is closed.
• 어렸을 때 읽었던 책을 다시 읽었다.
=> I read again the book I used to read when I was young.

(b)

• 화산이었던 산은 지금도 가끔 연기가 난다.

=> Former volcanic mountains still make smoke sometimes.
• 대통령이었던 사람이 지금은 농부가 됐다.
=> The one who used be the president is now a farmer.
• 해녀였던 여자이기 때문에 수영을 잘한다.
=> Because she used to be a sea diver, she is very good at swimming.

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4. a. V. + ㄹ/을을 뿐만 아니라
=> "not only . . . but also," "as well as"
b. N. + 뿐만 아니라
=> "not only N. but also N. . ."
N. + 도
=> "not only N. but also N. . ."

This pattern indicates that both nouns or noun phrases of the sentence are of equal importance.

(a)

• 이 나라는 식물이 다를 뿐만 아니라 동물도 다르다.

=> Not only the plants but also the animals are different in this country.
• 소설을 읽을 뿐만 아니라 만화책도 좋아한다.
=> She not only reads novels but also likes comic books.

(b)

• 학생뿐만 아니라 선생님도 약속을 깜빡 잊었다.

=> Not only the student but the teacher also forgot the appointment.
• 제주도뿐만 아니라 하와이도 가봤다.
=> I have been not only to Cheju Island but also to Hawaii.

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5. a. 할 수 없이 . . .
=> "having no choice," "without an alternative"
b. 할 수 없다
=> "can't help it," "can't do"

This expression is usually preceded by a clause with -(어/아)서, -지만, -(으)므로, or 어/아도.
When it has no connected clause, it is preceded by 그래서 "so," " therefore."

(a)

• 집에 먹을게 하나도 없어서 할 수 없이 라면을 끓여 먹었어요.

=> Because there was nothing else to eat in the house, I had no choice but to boil and eat
noodles.
• 비행기표가 매진되어 할 수 없이 기차로 가야 했다.
=> Since the plane tickets were sold out, I had no choice but to take the train.

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 • 어제 차가 고장났다. 그래서 할 수 없이 집에까지 걸어갔다.
=> The car broke down yesterday. Therefore I had no choice but to walk home.

(b)

• 도와 드리고는 싶지만 지금은 너무 바빠서 할 수 없겠어요.

=> I would like to help you, but I am so busy that I cannot.
• 신혼여행을 못 가도 할 수 없어요.
=> If we are not able to go on a honeymoon, we cannot help it.

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6. V. + 게 되다
=> "it turns out that," "it happens that," "it becomes that"

This expression indicates that an action or an event takes place without the actor's or subject's
volition. It is often preceded by an explanatory or causal clause -(어/아)서, -기 때문에, as
shown in the examples:

• 직행 표가 매진 돼서 부산을 경유해서 제주도에 가게 됐다.

=> Since the nonstop tickets were sold out, it turned out that we had to go to Cheju via
Pusan.
• 제주도에 갔다가 소피를 만나게 됐다.
=> I happened to meet Sophie while in Cheju.
• 친구를 통해 샨메이를 알게 됐다.
=> I've gotten to know Shanmei through a friend.
• 잃어버린 지갑을 찾게 됐다.
=> I have gotten my purse back.
• 돈을 빌려 차를 사게 됐다.
=> It turned out that I can borrow money and buy a car.

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Lesson 14:

1. V. + ㄹ/을
을것
=> "one should/must (do)"

This ending is used for writing memos, short instructions, and to-do lists. It indicates an order or
an imperative voice.

• 오늘 방 청소 할 것
=> Clean my room today.
• 10 시에 한국에 전화할 것
=> Call Korea at ten o'clock.
• 내일 수업에 지각하지 말 것
=> Don't be late to class tomorrow.
• 기말시험에 계산기 갖고 올 것
=> Bring a calculator to the final exam.

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어/아
2. V. + (어 아) 버리다

=> "to end up doing . . . ," "to do . . . (completely)"

Attached to the main verb, this helping verb is used for emphasis. It indicates that an action was
"completely" finished or that the subject "ended up doing" it. There are a number of helping
verbs that indicate modals and aspects as shown in the chart in item 7 below.

• 아무도 안 먹어서 내가 밥 한 그릇을 다 먹어 버렸다.

=> Because no one ate any rice, I ended up eating the whole bowl.
• 재미있어서 책을 다 읽어 버렸다.
=> Because the book was so good, I finished it up.
• 전화요금이 너무 비싸서 전화를 끊어 버렸다.
=> Because the bill was too high, I cancelled telephone service.

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3. A.V. + ㄹ/을
을 만하다

=> "it is worth doing," "it is doable," "to be

deserving"

• 한국어는 배울 만하니?
=> Is Korean learnable?/Can you learn Korean?
• 그 소설은 읽을 만해.
=> The fiction is worth reading.
• 요즘 볼 만한 영화가 뭐 있을까?
=> Which movies are worth watching nowadays?
• 그 학생은 상을 받을 만 하다.
=> The student deserves an award.

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이)랑
4. N. + (이 랑

=> "and," "with"

This colloquial and dialectal expression for "together with," "and," or "with" appears after nouns.
Similar expressions are -와/과, used more in writing, and -하고, used more colloquially.

• 언니랑 동생이랑 친척집에 놀러 갔어요.

=> I went with my sisters to visit my relatives.
• 나랑 같이 놀자.
=> Play with me.
• 집에 사과랑 배랑 많다.
=> We have lots of apples and pears at home.

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들
5. Plural marker -들

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Korean nouns, unlike English nouns, do not always require that their number be marked. When
appropriate, however, -들 can be attached to adverbs and some connectives to indicate the
plurality of the subject noun.

• 재미있게들 놀아라.
=> Have a good time!
• 제주도에 신혼 여행을 많이들 가요.
=> Many people go to Cheju Island on their honeymoon.
• 그 음식을 별로들 좋아하지 않아요.
=> Not many people like the dish.
• 여기서들 기다리세요.
=> Please (you all) wait here.
• 의논을 하고들 나갔어요.
=> After discussing (something), they left.
• 오겠다고들 하지만 올 지 모르겠어요.
=> They say they'll come, but I am not sure if they will.
• 노래를 부르면서들 지나갔어요.
=> They passed by (us) singing.

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6. Epenthetic ㅅ: 사잇 시옷

=> "-'s," "of"

Many compound nouns (two nouns put together) take ㅅ after the first noun indicating their
possessive (genitive) relationship, much like "of" or "'s" in English.

동짓날 from 동지 + ㅅ + 날 winter solstice + 's + day

• 빗물
=> rainwater
• 햇빛
=> sunshine
• 빗방울
=> raindrop
• 바닷가
=> seashore

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 • 촛불
=> candlelight
• 기찻길
=> train track

Not all compound nouns in a possessive (genitive) relationship take ㅅ.

• 머리말
=> preface (not 머릿말)
• 낚시터
=> fishing place
• 담배벌레
=> tobacco hornworm

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7. Causative verbs chart

This pattern indicates a repeated action. It means "from time to time" or "now and then" when it
ends in the present tense, and it means "used to" when it ends in the past tense.

Examples

Main Verb Helping Aspects Gloss

Verb Base Verb

A.V. 어/아 버리다 completion 읽어 버리다 to finish

reading

먹어 버리다 to finish eating

A.V. 어/아 내다 willful action 받아 내다 to end up

collecting

먹어 to push off and

밀어내다 drive out

A.V. 어/아 나다 spontaneous 일어 나다 to get up

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 살아 나다 to come alive

A.V. 어/아 주다 benefactive 봐 주다 to watch for

(for someone)
사 주다 to buy for

드리다 도와 to help
드리다 someone
(HON.)

A.V. 어/아 보다 experience 입어 보다 to try on

(clothes)

써 보다 to try writing

A.V. 어/아 대다 repetition 웃어 대다 to keep

laughing

졸라 대다 to keep begging

A.V. 어/아 두다 accumulation 써 두다 to write and

keep

모아 두다 to gather and
keep

A.V. 어/아 넣다 placing into 접어 넣다 to fold and put

away

사 넣다 to buy and put

away

A.V. 어/아 놓다 placing/keeping 넣어 놓다 to place

into/put away

사 놓다 to buy and keep

A.V. 어/아 가지다 possession 집어 가지다 to pick up and

keep

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 사 가지다 to buy and keep

D.V. 어/아 지다 change of state 커지다 to grow big

& A.V. automatically / by
(some) itself 젊어지다 to get younger

써지다 to be written

열려지다 to open by
itself

A.V. 어/아 가다 1 "take" 가져 가다 to take (away

from speaker)

사 가다 to buy and take

A.V. 어/아 오다 "bring" 가져 오다 to bring (to

speaker)

잡아 오다 to catch and
bring

싸 오다 to wrap and
bring

A.V. 어/아 가다 2 "is about to" 다해 가다 to be almost

done

끝나 가다 to be about to
finish

A.V. 어/아 있다 "in the state of" 앉아 있다 is sitting

(sitting, placed) (position)

놓여 있다 is placed

A.V. 고 있다 continuation 가고 있다 is going

알고 있다 know (already)

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A.V. 고 싶다 wish 보고 싶다 want to see

놀고 싶다 want to play

D.V. 게 하다 "cause to" 밝게 하다 to make it

& A.V. bright

만들다 오게 만들다 to make

(him/her) come

D.V. ㄴ/은가 보다/ supposition / 추운가 I think it's cold.

guessing 보다.

싶다 춥지 않은가 I think it may

싶다. be cold.

A.V. 는가 보다/ 비가 오는가 It seems to be

싶다 보다. raining.

ㄹ/을까 싶다 비가 올까 (I'm afraid) it

싶다. may rain.

나 보다 비가 오나 It seems to be
보다. raining.

Lesson 15:

문형과 문법 ( Patterns and Grammar Notes )

기 versus -ㅁ
1. Nominalization with -기 ㅁ/음
음 (and -는
는 것)

To make a noun from a verb, -기 or -ㅁ/음 is used with different restrictions. Although -기 is
attached directly to a verb stem and indicates the act of doing, -ㅁ/음 is attached to a verb stem
or its tense marker to indicate the fact of doing or the state of being. -기 is often used, but -ㅁ/음
is limited in use. Their different uses are shown in the following examples:

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 동사 ㅁ/음
-ㅁ 음 기
-기
(신) 벗다 to take 신 벗음 shoes off 신 벗기 to take
off off/taking
off shoes
*방에서 신 Shoes off in 방에서 신 Taking off
벗음 the room 벗기 in a room
믿다 to 믿음 faith 믿기 to believe
believe
믿음이(We) need a 그것은 믿기 That is hard
faith.
필요하다. 힘들다. to believe.
모이다 to 모임 meeting 모이기 to meet or
gather gather
다음 모임이 When is the 다 모이기가 It's difficult
언제예요? next 어렵다. to gather
meeting? everyone.
젊다 to be 젊음 youth 젊어지기 to get young
(젊어지다) young
젊음을 They envy 젊어지기 (He)
( to get youth. exercises to
young) 부러워 하다. 위해서
be young.
운동을
한다.

* Although 신 벗음 is a verbal noun, the rest of the nouns in the examples―잠, 믿음, 모임, and
젊음―are "frozen" nouns, which have entered dictionary as regular nouns.

a. A.V. + 기 indicates an action or "doing." It also indicates the process or the method of the act.
It is often used with verbs like 좋다, 재미있다, 싫다, 나쁘다, 쉽다, 어렵다, 편하다, or
불편하다.

• 읽기 reading

한글은 읽기 쉬워요.
=> It's easy to read hangul.
• 벗기 taking off

이 신은 벗기 어려워요.
=> These shoes are difficult to take off.
• 타기 taking/riding

여기에서 버스가 타기 좋아요.

=> It's convenient/nice to take a bus here.

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The verbal nouns with -기 can be changed to the -는 것 clause, but the meaning may also
change. -는 것 indicates the fact of doing/being something.

• 한글은 읽는 것이 쉬워요.
=> It is easy to read hangul.
• 이 신은 신는 것이 어려워요.
=> These shoes are difficult to put on.
• 버스 타는 것이 좋아요.
=> I like/enjoy riding a bus / it is better to take a bus.

b. V. + ㅁ/음 indicates an abstraction of the verb from which the verbal noun is derived. In
addition to making a verbal noun, this form is used in a note or in a cryptic statement, as in these
examples:

• 오늘 수업시간에 제 15 과를 배웠음.
=> Today I/we learned Lesson 15.
• 내일 아침 왕 선생님이 동경으로 출발하심.
=> Mr./Ms. Wang leaves for Tokyo tomorrow morning.

Some ㅁ/음 verbal nouns are "frozen" as permanent nouns, as in 웃음 "laugh," 울음 "cry," 기쁨
"joy," 슬픔 "sadness," 춤 "dance," 잠 "sleep," 꿈 "dream," 도움 "help," and 어둠 "darkness."
When a frozen noun ends with its verbal noun, we have sentences like these examples, usually
written in journal notes:

• 10 시에 잠을 잠.
=> (I) went to bed at ten o'clock.
• 학교에서 두 시간 그림을 그림.
=> (I) paint two hours at school.

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어/아
2. V. + (어 아) 가지고
=> "having done. . . ," "after doing . . ."

This colloquial expression of "having done something" is similar to -ㄴ/은 후에 or -(어/아)서.

• 은행에서 돈을 찾아 가지고 나가겠어요.

=> After withdrawing money from the bank, I will go out.
• 한국어를 배워 가지고 한국 회사에 취직하겠어요.
=> After learning Korean, I will get a job in a Korean company.
• 공부를 해 가지고 와.

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 => Come after you study.

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3. V. + ㄹ/을
을 때마다
=> "whenever," "every time"

Regardless of the tense, ㄹ/을 always precedes 때마다.

• 시간이 있을 때마다 노래 연습을 해요.

=> Whenever I have time, I practice singing.
• 한국에 갈 때마다 선물을 사 가지고 갔어요.
=> Whenever I went to Korea, I took gifts.
• 할아버지께서는 세배 할 때마다 세배 돈을 주세요.
=> Every time I bow on New Year's Day, grandpa gives me money.
• 시장에 갈 때마다 과일을 사요.
=> Whenever I go to the grocery store, I buy fruit.

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4. Making passive verbs with 이, 히, 리, and 기

About 150 transitive verbs (which require a direct object) are made into their passive form using
the four suffixes 이, 히, 리, and 기. Some of the most frequently used of these verbs are
presented in the passive verbs chart below. Note that another way of making a passive statement
is using the A.V. + (어/아)지다 construction discussed in L5, GN3.

Passive verbs chart

동사 이
보다 to see 보이다 to be seen
나누다 to divide 나뉘다 to be divided
덮다 to cover 덮이다 to be covered
섞다 to mix 섞이다 to be mixed
쌓다 to pile 쌓이다 to be piled
치다 to run over 치(이)다 to be run over

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 동사 히
뽑다 to select 뽑히다 to be selected
잡다 to catch 잡히다 to be caught
박다 to peg 박히다 to be pegged
닫다 to close 닫히다 to be closed
밟다 to step on 밟히다 to be stepped on
씹다 to chew 씹히다 to be chewed
읽다 to read 읽히다 to be read

동사 리
끌다 to pull 끌리다 to be pulled
듣다 to listen 들리다 to be heard
밀다 to push 밀리다 to be pushed
열다 to open 열리다 to be open
누르다 to press down 눌리다 to be pressed
씹다 to chew 씹히다 to be chewed
읽다 to read 읽히다 to be read

동사 기
감다 to wind 감기다 to be wound
끊다 to cut 끊기다 to be cut
빼앗다 to deprive 빼앗기다 to be deprived
안다 to hold 안기다 to be held (in the arms)
쫓다 to chase 쫓기다 to be chased

Note that these suffixes overlap wih the causatives in some verbs. (See L17, GN3 and GN7.)

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5. A.V. +
ㄹ/을을
줄
알다
=> "to
know,

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 " "to
know
how"
A.V. + ㄹ/을 을 줄 모르다
=> "not to know," "not to know how"

This expression is used to indicate "knowing or not knowing how to do things."

• 피아노를 칠 줄 아세요?
=> Do you know how to play piano?
• 한국어 책을 읽을 줄 압니다.
=> I know how to read Korean books.
• 컴퓨터 고칠 줄 알아?
=> Don't you know how to fix a computer?

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6. N. + 못지 않게
=>"as good/well as," "(even) better/more than"

This construction indicates that the subject noun is as good as (or better than) or does as well as
(or better than) the noun it is compared with. The noun followed by 못지 않게 is the noun it is
compared with. (See also -만큼 in L9, GN2.)

• 이 포도주는 선전 못지 않게 맛도 좋다.
=> This wine is as good as the ads say (maybe even better).
• 디에고는 한국 사람 못지 않게 한국말을 잘한다.
=> Diego can speak Korean as well as a Korean does.
• 진 선생님 못지 않게 손 선생님도 인기가 있었다.
=> Mr./Ms. Sohn was as popular as Mr./Ms. Chin.

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