CHEMICAL SAFETY

MANAGEMENT
DSH 103
Course Objectives:
› To provide an understanding of the chemical safety
management concepts
› To provide knowledge and skills in chemical safety
management
› Upon completion of the course, students should:
- have acquired useful knowledge in chemical safety
management.
- able to recognize and identify control measures for a
variety of potentially hazardous occupational exposures
at workplace

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Scope and Content
› Introduction to Chemical Safety
› Fundamental of Toxicology
› Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
› Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Chemical Hazardous
Substances

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Introduction to Chemical Safety
1. Chemical Fundamentals.
2. Systems of Measurement.
3. Waste Disposal Management.
4. Cradle to Grave Concept

DSH 103 -CHEMICAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT-1

Introduction to Chemical Safety
1. Chemical Fundamentals.

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 2 million Chemicals 10.5 b

• Production/Process 19.5 b
Chemicals
• Laboratory
Chemicals
• Maintenance
Chemicals
• Other
Chemicals(Waste,
Office, Clinical,
Domestic,
Pesticides, etc. DSH 103 -CHEMICAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT-1
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“chemical” means—
(a) a substance which is a chemical element and its compounds in the
natural state or obtained by any manufacturing process, including
any additive necessary to preserve its stability and any impurity
deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which
may be separated without affecting the stability of the element
and its compounds, or changing its composition; and
(b) a chemical mixture which is a mixture or solution composed of
two or more substances which do not react,
for use at a place of work, including an alloy;
- occupational safety and health (classification, labelling and safety
data sheet of hazardous chemicals) regulations 2013

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Atoms
Atoms have a small central nucleus surrounded by even
smaller particles called electrons. The nucleus is
positively charged, and the electrons are negatively
charged.

Atoms are joined together by chemical bonds, which

involve the electrons found around the nucleus of the
atom. Covalent bonds and ionic bonds are two types of
chemical bond.
During a chemical reaction, reactants are changed into
products. Chemical symbols and formulae are used to
represent substances in symbol equations. Molecular
formulas show the number of each type of atom in a
molecule, while displayed formulas show the atoms and
bonds in a molecule

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Elements
Any given element is made of atoms of just one particular sort. The
atoms of any element are different to the atoms of any other element.
So iron is made from a different sort of atom to sulfur, and carbon atoms
are different to oxygen atoms.

Chemical symbols
The atoms of each element are represented by chemical symbols. These
usually consist of one or two different letters but three letters are
sometimes used for newly discovered elements.
The first letter in a chemical symbol is always an UPPER CASE letter. The
other letters are always lower case. So the symbol for magnesium is Mg,
and not mg, MG or mG.
Every element has its own chemical symbol. For example, iron is Fe,
sulfur is S, sodium is Na and oxygen is O
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The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements,
ordered by their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), electron
configurations, and recurring chemical properties. The table also shows four
rectangular blocks: s-, p- d- and f-block. In general, within one row (period)
the elements are metals on the lefthand side, and non-metals on the
righthand side.

The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups. Six
groups (columns) have names as well as numbers: for example, group 17
elements are the halogens; and group 18, the noble gases. The periodic table
can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements,
and predict the properties of new elements yet to be discovered or
synthesized. The periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing
chemical behavior, and is widely used in chemistry and other sciences

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G
ro
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
u
p

P
er
io
d

1 2
1 H He
1.008 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.38 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
(223) (226) (265) (268) (271) (270) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)

Alkali metals Lanthanides

Alkaline earth metals Actinides

Transition metals Nonmetals

Post-transition metals Halogens

Metalloid Noble gases

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Chemical formulas
A compound consists of two or more atoms from different elements chemically joined together.
There are two types of chemical bond:
• covalent bonds
• ionic bonds.
Covalent bonds
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons. The atoms involved are non-metals
such as carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. They join together to form molecules.
The animation shows a covalent bond being formed between a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom
to form a molecule of hydrogen chloride:
Ionic bonds
Atoms can lose or gain electrons in chemical reactions. When they do this they form charged
particles called ions.
• hydrogen atoms and metal atoms can lose electrons to form positively charged ions.
• non-metal atoms can gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
Ionic bonds are the forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a compound.

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CHEMICAL HAZARDS
› What is a Chemical Hazard?

– Answer: Any chemical that can cause illness, injury, or

an emergency.

› Chemical Hazards
– Physical
– Health

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Chemical Hazards

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1
 Chemical Hazards-Physical

› Pyrophoric
› Flammable Chemicals
› Combustible Chemicals
› Oxidizers

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› Chemicals that may easily ignite, burn or serve as a
fuel for fire
-flash point below 100 F
› Some common examples
- Acetone
- Ethyl Alcohol
- Toluene
- Gasoline
- LPG

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• Always covered with a layer of combustible vapor
• Flash Point- Lowest temperature to form flammable
mixture with air
• Auto-ignition temperature- ignition without external heat
source
• Flammable or explosive limits
(LFL/LEL-UFL/UEL)
• Physical Properties-boiling point, etc

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• Flammable Gases/Vapors
Flammable Limits(LEL/LFL-UEL/UFL)
EG. Methane-(LEL 5%-UEL 15% by volume in air)

0%(LEL) 100%(LEL) (UEL)

Too
Combustible
Too Rich
Lean

0%(Vol)
5%(Vol) 15%(Vol) 100%(Vol)

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Forms of Chemical Hazards

• Solids, powders,
• Liquids,
• Gases, Vapors, Mists
• Dusts, and Fumes.

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Forms of Chemical Hazards

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Chemical Hazards - Health Effects-Route of Entry
• Chemical can cause
injury/illness in several ways
- INHALATION
( breathing in )

- ABSORPTION
( skin/eyes contact )

- INGESTION
( swallowing )
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Chemical Hazards - Health Effects
› Irritants: Inflame skin tissue on contact.
› Corrosives: Destroy skin tissue at point of contact.
› Sensitizers: Cause allergic reactions.- e.g. formaldehyde
› Target-Organ Chemicals: Damage specific body organs and
systems.
› Reproductive Hazards: Change genetic information in egg or
sperm cells and/or damage fetus after conception.
› Carcinogens: Cause cancer.

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Chemical Hazards - Health Effects

 Irritants- e.g. solvents,

acetone, chlorinated
compounds
 Corrosives – e.g. acids ,
alkalis
(Visible destruction, or
irreversible damage to body
tissue including eyes?

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Target-Organ Chemicals

 Hepatotoxins - Chemicals which produce liver

damage
 Signs and Symptoms: Jaundice, liver
enlargement
 Chemicals: Carbon Tetrachloride, nitrosamines

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 Target-Organ Chemicals

› Nephrotoxins- Chemicals which produce

kidney damage

› Signs and Symptoms: Edema

› Chemicals: Halogenated Hydrocarbons,

uranium

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Target-Organ Chemicals

 Neurotoxins - Chemicals which

produce their primary toxic
effects on the nervous system
 Signs and Symptoms: Narcosis,
behavioral changes, decreased
motor function
 Chemicals: Mercury, carbon
disulfide, lead

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Target-Organ Chemicals

 Agents which act on the blood -

Decrease hemoglobin function,
deprive the body tissues of
oxygen
 Signs and Symptoms: Cyanosis,
loss of consciousness
 Chemicals: Carbon monoxide,
cyanides

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Target-Organ Chemicals

 Agents which damage the lungs

- Chemicals which damage
pulmonary tissue
 Signs and Symptoms: Cough,
tightness in the chest, loss of
breath
 Chemicals: Asbestos, silica

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Target-Organ Chemicals

 Reproductive toxins (e.g.

Mutagen, Teratogen) -
Chemicals which damage
reproductive capabilities
 Includes chromosomal damage
(mutations) and damage to
fetuses (teratogenesis)
 Signs and Symptoms: Birth
defects, sterility
 Chemicals: Lead, Heavy metals

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What’s Next?

 You have learned what are

chemical hazards
 Anticipation,
Recognition/Identification
 Assessment/Measurement of
Risks
 Control Measures
 Monitoring/Review

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