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WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: Mathematics
LET Competencies:
1. Simplifying expressions involving series of operations
2. Solve problems involving
a. GFC and LCMF
b. prime and composite
c. divisibility
d. inverse and partitive proportions
e. compound interest
INTEGERS
The set of integers (also called the signed numbers) is the union of the set of counting numbers { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…},
– – – – –
the set of their opposites { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…} and zero {0}. It is usually denoted by Z. Thus,
Z = {… –5, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}
The set of positive integers is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}.
– – – – –
The set of negative integers is {… 5, 4, 3, 2, 1}.
The integer zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.
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Multiplication and Division
1. To multiply/divide two integers with like signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix positive sign.
+ + + +
( 5) x ( 29) = │ 5│ x │ 29│ (–28) x (–21) = │ –28│ x │–21│
= 5 x 29 = 28 x 21
+ +
= 145 = 588
– – – –
(+125) ÷ (+5) = │+125│ ÷ │+5│ ( 861) ÷ ( 123) = │ 861│ ÷ │ 123│
= 125 ÷ 5 = 861 ÷ 123
+ +
= 25 = 7
2. To multiply/divide two integers with unlike signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix the negative sign.
– + – + + – + –
( 32) x ( 14) = │ 32│ x │ 14│ ( 15) x ( 31) = │ 15│ x │ 31│
= 32 x 14 = 15 x 31
– –
= 448 – = –465
( 2706) (+11) = │ 2706│ │+11│ (+2184) ( 12) = /+2184/ / 12/
– –
= 2706 ÷ 11 = 2184 ÷ 12
– –
= 246 = 182
–
+/Even Odd x Even Odd
Even Even Odd Even Even Even
Odd Odd Even Odd Even Odd
Example:
Which of the following numbers are prime, composite, or neither?
a) 53 prime
b) 421 prime
c) 24,638 composite
d) 43,101 composite
e) 1 neither
Example:
Find the prime factorization of 300.
300
5 60
10 6
5 2 2 3
2 2
the prime factors of 300: 5 x 5 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 5 x 2 x 3
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Factors and Multiples
If a and b are whole numbers and a 0, then a is a factor of b if and only if there is a whole number c such that ac = b.
If a is a factor of b, we can also say that a divides b (a b), or b is a multiple of a. Every number has a finite set of factors
(or divisors) and an infinite set of multiples.
Examples:
Classify each of the following as true or false.
a) –3 is a factor of 12. true
b) 03 false
c) 30 true
d) 2 is a multiple of 8. false
e) for all integers a, 1a. true
ab
[a, b] = and when (a, b) = 1, then [a, b] = a x b
(a, b)
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility Properties
a) If a number divides each of two other numbers, then it divides their sum.
If ab and ac, then a(b + c).
b) If a number divides one of two numbers but not the other, then it will not divide their sum.
If ab and a ł c, then a ł (b + c) .
c) If one number divides another number, then it will divide the product of that number with any other
whole number.
If ab, then abk.
Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if the number ends with an even number (0,2,4,6,8).
Example: 158 and 5792 are divisible by 2 since the numbers end with 8 and 2
respectively which are both even numbers.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 2301 is divisible by 3 since the sum of its digits 2+3+0+1 = 6 is
divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 4.
Example: 2900, 3136, and 745084 are divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the number ends with 0 or 5.
Example: 1015, 2890, and 802525 are divisible by 5.
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A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 1350 and 201564 are divisible by 6 because they are both divisible by
2 and by 3.
A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice the unit digit and the
number formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 7.
Example: 2191 is divisible by 7, since
2191 219
– 2 (twice 1)
217 21
–14 (twice 7)
7 divisible by 7
A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 8.
Example: 413000, 6739048, and 9013816 are divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 13 if the sum of four times the unit digits and the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible be 13.
Example: 195 is divisible by 13, since
195 19
+ 20 (four times 5)
39 is divisible by 13.
For any two equal ratios a/b and c/d, a/b = c/d is called a proportion. This is also written as a:b = c:d. In this
form, a and d are called extremes and b and c are called the means, and the rule states that “the product of the m eans
equals the product of the extremes.” This can also be written as; if a : b = c : d, then ad = bc.
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Example:
If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360
students, how many teachers are there?
Let x be the number of teachers,
1 x
or 1 : 18 = x : 360
18 360
18x = 360
x = 20 teachers
PARTITIVE PROPORTION
If a quantity q is to be partitioned into p1, p2, p3, . . . p n, so that the partitions are in the ratio a1 : a2 : a3 : . . . : an,
then the size of the kth partition may be computed as follows:
q
Pk = a1 a2 a3 ... an ak
Example:
Joshua divides his day into leisure, sleep, and work. In the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. How many hours does he spend
working?
24
P3 = 3 = 12 hours.
1 2 3
DIRECT PROPORTION
If the ratio of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are directly proportional.
y1 y2 y1 y2
y1 = kx1 and y2 = kx2, then k and k , therefore
x1 x2 x1 x2
Example:
Junior paid 125php for 14 chocolate candies. How much would 25 of such chocolate candies cost?
125 x
14 25 → 14x = 125(25) = 223.21php
INVERSE PROPORTION
If the product of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are inversely proportional
x1 x2
x1y1 = k and x2y2 = k, then x1y1 = x2y2 or
y2 y1
Example:
It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will be needed to build it in 15 days?
20 x
→ 15x = 20(60) = 1 200 → x = 80 men
15 60
COMPUTING INTEREST
Simple Interest ( Simple Interest = Prt )
Simple interest is an interest computed on the srcinal principal. The srcinal amount deposited or borrowed is
called the principal. The percent used to determine the interest is called the interest rate. Interest rates are given for
specific periods of time such as years, months or days.
Example:
Christian opens a savings account that pays simple interest at the rate of 5¼% per year. If he deposits 2 000php
and makes no other deposits, find the interest and the final amount for 90 days.
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I. Basic Ideas
The undefined terms, point, line, and plane are geometric ideas and they are visually represented by a tiny dot, a thin
wire, and a smooth flat surface, respectively. Points are labeled by means of capital letters, lines by naming any two of its
points, and planes by naming at least three of its points. The subsets of a line are ray, segment, and the line itself.
A
.
.
B. A. B. A. B.
Line Ray Line
AB AB AB
For every two different points there is exactly one line that contains both points.
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane.
Any three points lie in at least one plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
An infinite number of planes may pass through a given line.
Further:
Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection is a point.
Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one plane containing both.
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both.
II. ANGLES
If two rays have a common endpoint, but do not lie on the same line, then their union is an angle. Their common end
point is called its vertex and the two rays are called its sides. The following are angles:
A point may be on the angle, in the interior or neither on the angle nor in its interior called the exterior.
P. P. P.
The unit of measure for an angle is called a degree. An angle is measured with a protractor.
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Kinds of Angles
1. Acute Angle. An acute is an angle whose measure is less than 90.
2. Right Angle. A right angle is one that measures 90. It is usually represented by a small square at
the vertex. Two lines that intersect and form right angles are called perpendicular ( ) lines.
3. Obtuse Angle. This is an angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180.
Remarks:In plane Geometry, an angle is simply a set of points. This should be distinguished from the angles
in trigonometry where we speak of directed angles. When we use directed angles, we a llow “zero angles” and “straight angles”. In
the study of directed angles, we seldom use the degree as a unit measure. Instead, we use the radian.
An angle bisector is a ray in the interior of the angle dividing it into two congruent parts.
2. On the edge of a half-plane, take points, M, K, A such that A is between M and K. Take ray AT so that m TAK = 35. In the
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Solutions:
Since 3 and m6 are vertical angles, then these angles are congruent. Thus, if m3 = 141, therefore, m6 = 141 .
5. In the figure below, the measures of angles 1, 2, and 3 are in the ratio 1:2:3, respectively. Find the measure of each angle.
Solution:
Adding the terms of the ratio 1,2, and 3 gives 6.
6. Find the measure of an angle whose measure is 40 more than the measure of its supplement.
Solution: A B
Let x = the measure of the supplement of the angle
x + 40 = the measure of the angle H C
x + (x + 40) = 140
2x = 140 F G
x = 70 and x + 40 = 100
Thus, the measure of the angle is 110.
E D
IV. PARALLEL LINES
Facts about parallel lines:
1. Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect
2. Skew lines are noncoplanar and nonintersecting lines.
Examples:
a.) In the parallelepiped above, name all the lines that contain the edges parallel to AB .
b.) Name all the lines containing the edges that are skew to EF .
Solutions:
a.) The lines parallel to AB are FG , HC and ED
b.) The lines that are skew to EF are AB , HC , BG and CD .
3. A transversal is a line that intersects two coplanar lines at two different points.
1 2
4 3
3
5
5 6
8 7
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4 and 5; 3 and 6 are angles 1 and 5; 2 and 6; 4 and 8; 3
on the same side of the transversal and 7 are corresponding angles
Principle 2: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Principle 3: If parallel lines are cut buy a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.
Principle 4: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Principle 5: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the same-side interior angles are supplementary.
Principle 6: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 7: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 8: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent, then two lines are parallel.
Principle 9: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of same-side interior angles are supplementary then two lines are
parallel.
Principle 10: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the same line.
Examples:
A. Use the given information to decide which lines are parallel. Justify your answers with a principle for parallel lines.
1. 6 9
1 2
2. 4 8 a
3. m3 + m8 = 180 4 3
4. m5 + m7 = 180
12
b
5. 10 11
5
6. 2 10 9 8 6 7 c
10 11
Solutions: d e
B. In the figure at the right, find the value of x given s║t cut by a transversal l
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1. m 2 = 2x, m3 = 4x l
Thus, 6x = 120
x = 20
V. TRIANGLES
Triangles may also be classified according to the kinds of angles they have.
1. Right triangle. A triangle having one right angle.
Right Acute
Obtuse
Some Theorems about Triangles
1. Isosceles Triangle Theorem. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are congruent.
Conversely, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent
2. Every equilateral triangle is equiangular and conversely.
3. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
1. . An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment or ray that bisects an angle and extends to the opposite
Angle bisector of a triangle
side.
2. Median of a triangle
. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
5. Altitude of obtuse triangle . In an obtuse triangle, the two altitudes fall outside the triangle.
6. The altitudes to the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
7. The altitudes of an equilateral triangle are congruent.
a 3
45
a
3. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs. a c
b
a2 + b2 = c2
1 3 4
m4 = m1 + m2
5. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the 2
measure of either remote interior angle.
1 3 4
m4 > m1
m4 > m2
6. Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than a c
the length of the third side.
b
a+b>c
Examples:
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1. Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the
adjoining figure
a c
a b c
a. 3 ____ ____
b. ____ ____ 6 2
b
a=b
Solutions:
By Theorem 1, a) b = 3 and c = 3 2 b) a = 6 and b = 6
Solutions:
By Theorem 2, a) a = 4 and c = 8 b) a = 5 and b = 5 3 .
3. A pole is braced up by wires tied to its top portion from pegs on the ground
each 6 ft from the foot of the pole. If a wire is 16 ft long, how tall is the pole?
Solution:
c2 a2 b2
2 2 2
16 6 b
2 2 2
b 16 6
b 2 256 36
b 2 220 14.83
4. Find the measures of the labeled angles in the marked figure at the right.
Solutions:
mx 60; my 120; mz 30; mw 30
Given two triangles. There are four ways to show that they are congruent using only three pairs of corresponding congruent
parts:
. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
SAS Congruence Postulate
corresponding two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
ASA Congruence Postulate . If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SSS Congruence Postulate . If the three sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to the corresponding three sides
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SAA Congruence Theorem. . If a side and two angles adjacent angles of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding side and two adjacent angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
If two triangles are congruent by SAS, ASA, SSS, or SAA, then their remaining corresponding parts are
Corresponding Parts Principle.
also congruent
Examples:
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Each pair of marked triangles are congruent by the indicated congruence postulate.
60 60
32 32
ASA SAS
65
95
95
65
SAA SSS
From the triangle congruence postulates, any two right triangles may be congruent by any of the following principles:
LL Congruence.Two right triangles are congruent if the two legs of one are congruent, respectively, to the
corresponding two legs of the other. (By SAS)
LA Congruence.Two right triangles are congruent if a leg and an adjacent acute angle of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding leg and an adjacent acute angle of the other. (By ASA; by SAA if the acute
angles are not adjacent)
HL Congruence.Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding hypotenuse and a leg of the other. (By Transitivity)
40
40
Thus, the distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to the line.
Similar Triangles
Similarity Postulates:
1. AA Similarity.If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the
triangles are similar.
2. SAS Similarity.If an angle of one triangle is congruent to a corresponding angle of another triangle and the sides that
include these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
3. SSS Similarity.If all the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the lengths of the corresponding sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar.
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4. Midsegment Theorem for Triangles. A
D E
B C
AB AC
AD AE
6. Similarity in a right triangle. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two triangles that are each
similar to the srcinal triangle and to each other.
7. Given a right triangle and the altitude to the hypotenuse. (a) The altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric
mean of the segments into which it separates the hypotenuse. (b) Each leg is the geometric mean of the
hypotenuse and the segment adjacent to the leg.
AD CD
CD BD A B
2
D
Hence, CD AD BD Finally,
AD AC BD BC
Moreover, .
AC AB BC BA
1. Two angles of ABC have measures, 45 and 15, while two angles of DEF have measures 120 and 45. Are the
triangles similar? By what Similarity theorem or definition?
x 12 PS 12
15 9
PS (15)(12) 9 20
T
P R
4. In the marked figure at the right, C
AD = 8 and DB = 18. Find CD.
Solution:
(CD)2 AD BD
(CD)2 8 18 A B
CD = 12 D
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QUADRILATERALS
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, and all four sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
square.
If both pairs of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
If one and only one pair of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a trapezoid.
THEOREMS ON QUADRILATERALS
Recall: The distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to
the line.
The distance between any two parallel lines is the distance from any point of one to the other.
3. In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
Application:
6. The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half as long.
7. A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are congruent.
8. A rectangle is a parallelogram all of whose angles are congruent.
9. A square is a rectangle all of whose sides are congruent.
10. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it is a rectangle.
11. In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
12. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other and are perpendicular, then the
quadrilateral is a rhombus.
CIRCLES
Definition
Let P be a point in a given plane, and r be a positive number. The circle with center P and
radius is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from P is r.
Definition
Let P be a point, and let r be a positive number. The sphere
with center P and radius r is the set of all points of space whose
distance from P is r.
Two or more spheres or two or more circles with t he same center are called concentric.
A chord of a circle is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
A line which intersects a circle in two points is called a secant of the circle.
A chord of a sphere is a segment whose endpoints lie on the sphere.
A diameter of a circle or sphere is a chord containing the center.
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The interior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is less than the
radius.
The exterior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is greater
than the radius.
Definition
A tangent to a circle is a line (in the same plane) which intersects the circle in one and only one point. This point
is called the point of tangency.
4. Every tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
5. The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
6. The segment from the center of a circle to the midpoint of a chord which is not a diameter is perpendicular to
the chord.
7. In the plane of a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center.
8. In the same circle or in congruent circles, chords equidistant from the center are congruent.
9. In the same circle or in congruent circles, any two congruent chords are equidistant from the center.
10. If the line and the circle are coplanar, and line intersects the interior of the circle, then it intersects the circle in
two and only two points.
Definition
Two circles are tangent if they are tangent to the same line at the same point. If two tangent circles are coplanar,
and their centers are on the same side of their common tangent, then their internally tangent. If two tangent circles
if two tangents are coplanar, and their canters are on opposite sides of their common
tangent, then their externally tangent
ARCS OF CIRCLES
In the adjoining circle at the right, P is the center. The set of points (darkened) on the circle in the interior of
APB is the minor arc AB . The remaining set of points on the circle is the major arc AB . A and B are the endpoints
of the arcs.
Definition
A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
Definition
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Definition
1. The degree measure of an arc is the measure of the corresponding central angle.
2. The degree measure of a semicircle is 180.
Definition
Definition
An angle intercepts an arc if
1. The end points of the arc lie on the angle,
2. All other points of the arc are in the interior of the angle, and
3. Each side of the angle contains an end point of the arc.
1. The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
3. Every two angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Definitions
A triangle is inscribed in a circle if the vertices of the triangle lie on the circle. If each side of the triangle is
tangent to the circle, then the quadrilateral is circumscribed about the circle.
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Theorems
1. The volume of the prism is the product of the altitude and the area of the base.
2. The volume of a triangular pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
3. The volume of a pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
4. The volume of a circular cylinder is the product of its altitude
and the area of its base.
5. The volume of a circular cone is one-third the product
of its altitude and the area of its base.
TRANSFORMATIONS
Starting point
If you cut out ΔDEF and place it onto ΔABC, they should have the same size and shape. The movement may be a slide, a flip,
or a turn.
Look at the kite at the right. If we fold the kite over BD , there is a one-
to-one correspondence between the points of the kite. A C, points along AB
Transformation
is a one-to-one correspondence between points in the plane such that each point P is associated with a
A transformation
'
unique point P , called the imageof P .
Transformations that preserve the size and shape of geometric figures are called isometries(iso means “same” and metry
means “measure”) orrigid motions .
Types of isometries: translation, rotation and reflection.
Translation
Translation is a transformation that acts like a “slide”.
Example:
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Definition
Translation
Suppose that A and B are points in the plane. The translationassociated with directed line segment AB , denoted TAB , is
'
the transformation that maps each point P to the point P such that PP' is equivalent to AB .
'
Directed segment PP' is equivalent to AB so that PP ' ║ AB and P P = AB. Thus quadrilateral
'
P P BA is a parallelogram, since it has a pair of opposite sides that are parallel and congruent. We can imagine that P is “slid”
by the translation TAB in the direction from A to B for a distance equal to AB.
Rotation
This is an isometry that corresponds to turning the plane around a fixed point.
Example
' ' '
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A B C .
Solution:
' ' ' '
We can turn ABC 180º around point P, the midpoint of segment BB to coincide with A B C .
To define rotation, we need the concept of a directed angle. An angle ABC is said to be a directed angle if it satisfies
the following properties:
b) If the direction of the turn is counterclockwise, the measure of the directed angle
is the positive number
mABC. If the direction is clockwise, the measure is the negative number mABC. The directed angle
ABC is denoted by ABC.
For the directed angle by ABC, ray BA is called the initial side and ray BC is called the terminal side.
Definition
Rotation
The rotationwith center O and angle with measure a, denoted RO,a , is the
'
transformation that maps each point P other than O to the point P such that
'
1. The measure of directed angle POP is a, and
2. OP OP'
Point O is mapped to itself by RO,a .
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Reflection
This isometry corresponds to flipping the plane over a fixed line.
Example:
' ' '
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A B C
Solution:
'
Reflection
A transformation that “flips” the plane over a fixed line is called a reflection.
Definition
Suppose that a line l is a line in the plane. The reflection in line l, denoted by Mt , is the
transformation that maps points as follows:
'
1. Each point P not on line l is mapped to the point P such that l is the
'
perpendicular bisector of segment PP .
2. Each point Q on line l is mapped to itself.
Examples of transformations
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Philippine Normal University
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for year 2015
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
FOCUS: Basic Algebra
LET COMPETENCIES:
1. Perform operations on Algebraic Expressions
2. Simplify a given algebraic expression with series of operations
3. Apply the Laws of Exponents in Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Expressions
4. Factor polynomials
5. Use factoring in simplifying rational expressions
6. Perform operations on Rational Expressions
7. Perform operations on Radical Numbers
8. Identify the domain and/or the range of a given function
9. Identify/ describe the graph of a function
10. Solve problems on
a) Linear equations
b) Systems of linear equations
11. Compute the value of a function f(n), where n is a counting number
I. Algebraic Expressions
A mathematical phrase that contains a variable is an open phrase. A number phrase is an expression
that does not contain a variable. It is also referred to as a numerical expression. The English phrase ‘a certain
number added to 5’ may be translated to the open phrase ‘n + 5’ where n stands for a certain number. The
English phrase ‘seven added to 5’ may be translated to the number phrase ‘7 + 5’.
x
Expressions like 8 + 2, 12 – 2, 5 x 2, and 20 ÷ 2 are some number phrases for the number 10. Expressions like
5
, - 2a, 2n + 8, 2(l + w) are examples of open phrases. Another name for open phrase is algebraic expression.
An expression composed of constants, variables, grouping symbols, and operation symbols, is called an
algebraic expression. It is the result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing (except by 0), or taking roots
on any combination of constants and variables.
2 x3 1 1
Example a) 2 x 2 3x b. 2 x x 4x2 2x 5 d) 2
1
c)
3 x x
A. Polynomials
A term of a polynomial is a constant, a variable or the product of a constant and one or more variables
raised to whole number exponents. The constant preceding the variable in each term is called coefficient of
3 2
the variable. In 3x 15x 2 , the coefficient of x is 3, and the coefficient of x is –15. In algebra, a number is
3 2
1
d) 8 x 3 y e) 4r s 2 f) x 8 x 11x 5
3 2 3 4 2
B. Degree of a Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial. A
term containing more than one variable has degree equal to the sum of all the exponents appearing on the
variables in the term. The degree of a polynomial in more than one variable is the highest degree of all the
terms appearing in the polynomial. If a monomial consists of a constant term then the expression is called
constant polynomial . The degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
Examples:
1) The degree of the polynomial 6 x 3 y 2 3 xy is 5.
2) The degree of the polynomial 4 x 2 5 x 3 is 2.
3) The degree of the polynomial 2 x 5 x y 7 y is 3.
2 2
C. Like Terms
If two terms contain the same powers of the same variables, they are called like terms or similar
terms. For example, 3x and 5 x are like terms, whereas 3x and 2 x are not like terms. Other examples
2 2 2 3
Examples: Evaluate.
x y x y yx 3y
1) for x = 12 & y = 8 2) for x = 2 & y = 4
4 4 2 x
12 8 12 8 42 3( 4)
= =
4 4 2 2
20 4 6 12
= = 5 + 1 = =3+6
4 4 2 2
24 18
= =6 = =9
4 2
F. Operations on Algebraic Expressions
H. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Involving Grouping Symbols
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D. Quotient Law
If m and n are integers and m > n, and a 0, then
am
a mn
an
If m and n are integers and m < n, and a 0, then
am 1
an anm
If m and n are integers and m = n, and a 0, then
am
amn a0 1
an
Examples:
29 x 4 1 1 1
1) 4
29 4 25 32 2) 2
2 ( 4 )
2 4
2 x x x x2
The product of the sum and difference of t wo terms is obtained by subtracting the product of
the last terms from the product of th e first terms, and is called the difference of two squares
(DTS).
Examples:
a) a
b a b a 2 b 2 b) 3a
5b 3a 5b 9a 2 25b 2
The square of a binomial is the sum of the square of the first term, twice the product of the two
terms, and the square of the last term.
a b 2 a 2 2 a b b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
a b 2 a 2 2 a b b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
The product of the binomials ax by and cx dy where a, b, c, & d are real numbers, is
cx dy by cx dy .
equal to ax
the square of the first term of the binomial, the middle term of the trinomial is the negative of the product of
the two terms of the binomial, and the third term of the trinomial is the square of the second term of the
binomial, is equal to the product of the first terms plus or minus the product of the last terms of the
binomial and trinomial factors.
Cube of a Binomial
The cube of a binomial a b is equal to a b a b a b or a b .
3
Factoring is the reverse of multiplying. To factor an expression means to write an equivalent expression
that is a product of two or more expressions.
2) Factoring the Difference of Two Squares (DTS)
For a binomial to be a difference of two squares, two conditions must hold.
1. The given binomial is a difference of two terms.
2. The two terms must be perfect squares.
Examples:
Factor
a) 4 x 25, b) 36 x 25 y
2 8 6
Procedure:
2
a
b2 a b a b
a) 4 x 2 25 = (2 x)2 - (5) = (2 x + 5) (2 x - 5)
2
2 2
a b
a
b
a b
b) 36 x 25 y = (6 x ) - (5 y 3 ) 2 = (6 x 4 + 5 y 3 ) (6 x 4 - 5 y 3 )
8 6 4 2
In the polynomial x bx c , recall that c is the constant term. If that c is not a perfect square, the
trinomial cannot be factoredusing perfect square trinomial type. It may, however, be possible to factor it as
the product of two different binomials.
Some points to consider in factoring x 2 bx c , where b and c are constants.
a) If the sign of the constant term is positive, look for its factors whose sum is the numerical
coefficient of the middle. The signs of these factors must be the same. The sign of the middle
term becomes the signs of the factors of the constant term.
6) Factoring by Grouping
When the given expression is a multinomial, it may be factored by grouping.
Examples:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6 b) x 2 xy y b
2 2 2
Procedure:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6
There is no factor common to all the terms other than 1. We can, however, group the terms as
(6 x 3 9 x 2 ) and (4 x 6) and factor these separately.
= (6 x 9 x ) (4 x 6)
3 2
Grouping the terms
= 3x (2 x 3) 2(2 x 3)
2
Factoring each binomial
= 2 x 3 3x 2
2
Factoring out the common factor (2x –3)
b) x 2 xy y b
2 2 2
The terms do not have any common factor other than 1 but the terms can be grouped as
( x 2 2 xy y 2 ) and b 2 . Both groups can be expressed as squares. Thus, x y
b 2 2
= x y b 2
2
Rewriting the expression as DTS.
= x y
b x y b Factoring the DTS
= x y b x y b Simplifying each factor
Examples: Factor
a) x 4 64 b) 4 x 37 x y 49 y
4 2 2 4
Procedure:
a) x 4 64
If the given expression is a binomial whose terms are perfect squares and positive, these two terms can
be considered as the first and last terms of the perfect square trinomial. It means that in the binomial x 4 64 ,
the middle term is missing. The middle term (mt) can be found by using the formula:
mt = 2 ft lt
where ft is the first term and lt is the last term.
Using the formula,
mt = 2 x 64 = 2 x 8 16 x
4 2 2
So,
= x 4 64 0 Additive Identity Property
= x 4 16 x 2 64 16 x 2 16 x 2 16 x 2 0
= ( x 16 x 64) (16 x )
4 2 2
Grouping the terms
= x2 8 4x
2 2
Rewriting the expression as DTS
= x 8
4 x x 8 4 x
2 2
Factoring the DTS
x 4 64 x 2 4 x
8 x 2 4 x 8 Simplifying and arranging the terms
b) 4 x 37 x y 49 y
4 2 2 4
In the expression 4 x 37 x y 49 y , the first and last terms are squares . For the given to be a PST,
4 2 2 4
4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 = 4 x 4 28x 2 y 2 49 y 4 9 x 2 y 2
= (4 x 28x y 49 y ) (9 x y )
4 2 2 4 2 2
Grouping the terms
= 2x 7 y
2
3xy
2 2 3
Rewriting the expression as DTS
2 2
= 2 x 7 y 3xy 2 x 7 y 3xy Factoring the DTS
2 2
4 x 37 x y 49 y = 2 x 3xy 7 y 2 x 3
xy 7 y 2 Simplifying & arranging the terms
4 2 2 4 2 2 2
a a ( a ) a ( a ) a
1)
b b b (b) b (b)
a a ( a ) a a ( a )
2)
b b b (b) b (b)
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Examples:
x x ( x) x
a.
y x ( y x) ( y x ) x y
y 3 x3 ( y 3 x3 ) ( x3 y 3 )
b.
x y x y x y
A rational expression is said to be in lowest or simplest form if the numerator and denominator are
relatively prime. The process of reducing fractions to their simplest form is dividing both numerator and
denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).
Examples:
35 a 4b 2
1) Reduce to lowest terms.
42 a 3b 3
Solution:
57aa a abb
4 2
35a b 5a
42a b 3 3
23 7 a a a b b b 6b
Or
35a b 7a b
4 2 3 2
5a
42a 3b 3 7a 3b 2 6b
3 2
where the greatest common factor (GCF)between the numerator and the denominator is 7 a b .
x3 x2 6 x
2) Reduce to lowest term.
x3 3x 2 2 x
Solution:
We will first factor the members of the given fraction and then proceed as above.
x3 x 2 6 x x( x 2 x 6)
Common factoring by x
x 3x 2 x
3 2
x( x 2 3x 2)
x3
= Canceling x and (x – 2)
x 1
3x 2
3) Reduce to simplest form.
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
Solution:
3x 2
= Given
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
1
= Canceling (3x – 2)
x 1
Examples:
9a 2b3 20c 6d 4 4b3c5 2
1)
4b 6c 4 18a 3d 2 5c 7 d 3 ad
a 2 4b 2 8a 4b a 2 4ab 3b 2
2)
2a 7 ab 3b
2 2
2a 4b a 2 ab 2b 2
2( a b )
= Canceling common factors and get the product
ab
a c a d ad
b) Quotient of fractions:
b d b c bc
To obtain the quotient of two rational expressions, we multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
Examples:
2 4 3 3
100a b 60a b
1) 3
30bc 42ac 4
Solution:
100a 2b 4 42ac 4
= Getting the reciprocal of the divisor
30bc 3 60a 3b3
then proceed to multiplication
7c
= Canceling the common factors of the numerators and the
3
denominators and simplify the result.
x 2 3x 2 x2 x 2
2) Divide by
2 x 3x 1
2
2 x 2 3x 2
Solution:
( x 2)( x 1) ( x 2)(2 x 1)
= Factoring and multiplying the dividend by the
(2 x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
reciprocal of the divisor
x2
= Canceling common factors
x 1
Examples:
2x 1 7 x 5 9x 3
a) Find .
6x 1 6x 1 6x 1
Solution:
2x 1 7 x 5 9x 3
= Writing the rational expressions as a single
6x 1
fraction with a common denominator
(2 x 7 x 9 x) (1 5 3)
= Collecting like terms in the numerator
6x 1
1
= Performing the indicated operations in the
6x 1
numerator
2 3x 8y
b) Express in simplest form.
3x 2 y 3x 2 2 xy 9x2 4 y2
Solution:
2 3x 8y
= Factoring the
(3 x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y ) (3x 2 y )(3x 2 y)
denominators
Make the rational expressions similar by getting the LCD, divide the LCD by the
given denominator and multiply the quotient by the given numerator
2 x(3x 2 y ) 3x(3x 2 y) 8 y ( x)
=
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
6 x 2 4 xy 9 x 2 6 xy 8 xy
= Getting the products in the
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
numerators
( x)(3x 2 y )
= Factoring the numerator
( x)(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y)
1
= Reducing the result to
(3 x 2 y )
simplest form
Examples:
x2
y
y
1) Simplify the complex rational expression .
y2
x
x
Solution:
y2 x2
y y2 x2 y2 x2
=
y x
2 2
y x
x
y 2 x2 x x
= Canceling common factors
y y 2 x2 y
and then multiplying
the dividend by the reciprocal
of the divisor.
Radicals
1
If n is a positive integer and a is a real number for which a n is defined, then the expression
1
n n
a is called a radical, and a = an .
The number a is called the radicand. The number n is called the index of the radical. Remember that
1
n
a = a n . So n
a is the positive nth root of a when n is even and a is positive, whereas n
a is the real nth root
of a when n is odd and a is any real number. The expressions 4 , 4 16 , and 2 are not real numbers
6
because there are no even roots of negative numbers in the real number system.
m
Whenever the exponent of a base is in rational form where n 0, the expression can always be
n
expressed in radical form.
a) a 4 b) a 2
c) 8 3
Solution:
3 5 2
= (2 a )5
4 3
a) a 4 = a3 b) a 2
c) 8 3 = 82
a) 36 = 36 2 b) 3
8 = (8) 3 c)
3
a6 = a 3
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Product Rule for Radicals.
6
a) 4
32 b. 12 x c) 3
54 x5 y 9
Solution:
a) 4
32 = 4
16 4
2 = 4
24 4
2 = 24 2
b) 12 x 6 = 4 x
6
2 3 2
3 = 2 (x ) 3 = 2 x3 3
c) 3 5 9
54 x y = 3 27 x y
3 9
3
2x = 2 3 3
3 x y
3 9
3 3
2 x 2 = 3xy3 2 x 2
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Quotient Rule for Radicals.
3
8x 3 y 5 24 y 5
a) b) 3
27 12 5
Solution:
8 x3 y 5 3
8x3 y 3 y 2 3
(2) x y y
3 3 3 2
2 xy3 y 2
a) 3
27 3
3
3
3 3
8 3y y
3 2 3 3 2 2
24 y 5 3 3
2 y y 2 y3 y
b) 3
125 3
5 3 5 5
Solution:
2 15
2
10 10 6 60 2 15 15
a)
6 6 6 6 2
6 6 3
3
24 x 2 y 4 3
24 x 2 y 4 3
2x2 y2 3
48 x 4 y 6 3
23 6 x3 xy 6 2 xy 2 3 6 x
b) = y3 6 x
3
4 xy 3
4 xy 3
2x y
2 2 3
8x y
3 3 3 3
2 x y
3 3
2 xy
c) To rationalize letter c, use the conjugate of the two-term denominator as the multiplier of both numerator
and denominator of the given expression.
2 1 3 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 )
(1 3) 1 3
1 3 1 3 1 3
2
1 3 2
Find:
3
54 x3 y 4
3 4
1) 2 x 3 - 4 x 2 + 5 18 x 2) 3
16 x y - 3
Procedure:
3 2 3
1) 2x - 4 x + 5 18 x Given
= 2x x -2
2 x + 5 3 2x x
2 2 2 2
Product rule for radicals
= x 2 x - 2x + 15x 2 x Simplifying each radical
= 15x- 2x
2x Adding like radicals
3 4
2) 3
16 x 3 y 4 - 3
54 x y Given
= 3
2 2 x y y -
3 3 3 3
3 2 x y y
3 3 3
Product rule for radicals
= 2 xy 3 2 y - 3xy 3 2 y Simplifying each radical
= xy3 2 y Adding like radicals
2) Multiplication of Radicals
The product rule for radicals, n ab = n a n b , allows multiplication of radicals with the same index.
Examples: Find the product of the radicals in simplest form.
1) 2 6 4 3 2) 3
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) 3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 - 5)
Procedure:
1) 2 6 4 3 = 8 18 8 2 32 (8)(3) 2 24 2
3 3
2) 3
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) = a2 2 a3 = 3
a 2 2a
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3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 -
2
5) = 4 3 - 5 2 = 4(3) – 5 = 12 – 5 = 7
For any rational number a except 0, and for all whole numbers m,
m 1
a
am
To simplify algebraic expressions with negative exponents, mean to express the given expression into
an equivalent quantity where the exponents become positive.
9x 4 y 9 y 4x (3 y 2 x)(3 y 2 x) 3y 2x
2 4
x2 y 4 4 2 2 2 2
b) 1 2
3x 2 y 2
x y 4
3xy 2 x y
4 2 2
xy (3 y 2 x)
2 2
xy 2
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates.
The range is the set of second coordinates. Relations are often defined by equations with no domain
stated. If the domain is not stated, we agree that the domain consists of all real numbers that, when
substituted for the independent variable, produce real n umbers for the dependent variable .
Example 1:
The table of values below shows the relation between the distance of the movie projector from the
screen and the size of a motion picture on the screen.
Distance 1 2 3 4
Screen Size 1 4 9 16
The numbers in the table above could be written as ordered pairs (x, y) where x is the
First member or first coordinate and y is the second member or second coordinate. We can express these
numbers as the set of ordered pairs.
A function is a relation that assigns to each member of the domain exactly one member of
the range. It is a set of ordered pairs of real numbers x , y in which no two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first coordinate. The set of all permissible values of x is called the domain of the
function, and the set of all resulting values of y is called the range of the function.
Example 3:
Let f be the function defined by f x, y y x 3 . Find the domain and range of the function.
2
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers. Since the expression x 2 is nonnegative, the smallest value
that y can take is 3 (when x 0 ). Hence the range is is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3 or
y y3 .
Example 4:
x
Find the domain and range of the function defined by f x, y y .
x 1
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is x R x 1. To determine the range,
y
express x in terms of y, that is x . From this result, y cannot be equal to 1 . Therefore the range of
y 1
function is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is y R y 1
B. Values of Functions
The symbol f x (read " f of x" or " f at x" ) denotes the particular value of the function that
corresponds to the given value of x . The variable x is called the independent variable while the variable y is
called the dependent variable because y is usually expressed in terms of x when their relationship is given in
the form of an equation. If there is an equation that is a function, we may replace y in the equation with f x
, since f x represents y . For example, if the given function is y 3 x 1 , we may write it as f x 3 x 1 .
To evaluate a function for a specific value of x , replace each x in the function with the given value, and
then perform the indicated operation/s.
f 2 34 10 2 f 2 12 8 f 2 4
In the example, the ordered pair 2, 4 belongs to the function f , in symbols 2, 4 f . We also say that 4 is
the image of 2 under f , and 2 is the pre-image of 4 under f .
a) f 0 b) f 2 c) f 2 h
d) f 3h
2
e) f x h
VII. Equations
Definition
An equation is a mathematical sentence that uses an equal sign to state that two expressions
represent the same number or are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 3 2 5 b) 3x 4 2 x 5 c) x 2 9 0
Solution set
The set of all solutions to an equation is called the solution set to the equation.
1) Solving Equations
To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions. The most basic method for solving equations
involves the properties of equality.
Properties of Equality
For any rational numbers a, b and c,
a) a a is always true Reflexive Property
b) If a b , then b a Symmetry Property
c) If a b , b c , then a c . Transitive Property
d) Adding the same number to both
sides of the equation does not
change the solution set of the
equation. In symbols, if a b ,
then a c b c . Addition Property
e) Multiplying both sides of the
equation by the same nonzero
number does not change the
solution set of the equation.
In symbols, if a b then
ac bc . Multiplication Property
Equations that have the same solution set are called equivalent equations. Using the properties of
equality, we can derive equations equivalent to the srcinal equation. The equations 2 x 4 10 and
x 21 4 x are eq uivalent equations because 7 satisfies both equations.
2) Types of Equations
Identity is an equation that is satisfied by every number by which both sides of the
equation are defined. The number of solutions is infinite.
Examples: a) 23 x 1 6 x 2 b) x 1 x 1 c) x 1
x
Both equations 23 x 1 6 x 2 and x 1 x 1 are considered identities because both sides of each
x
equation are identical. They can be satisfied by any real numbers. The equation 1 can be satisfied by all
x
0
real numbers except 0 because is undefined.
0
The only value that makes equation 3x 4 2 x 5 true is – 1. While x 9 0 has the solution set 3, 3.
2
Examples: a) x x 2 b) 5 3 x 6 4 x 9 7 x
Simplifying either of the two equations using only the properties of equality will yield an equation that is false.
A. Linear Equations
Definition
An equation is linear if the variables occur as first powers only, there are no products of
variables, and no variable is in a denominator. The graph of the linear equation is a straight line. A
linear equation is also called a first-degree equation.
Examples:
2x x
a) y 4 x 2 c) 3x 2 5 x 4 e. 5 1
3 2
b) 2 x 5 9 d) 4 x 2 y 0
x 21 4 x Given
x 21 4 x 21 4 x 4 x 21 Addition Property
3x 21 Combining like terms
1 1
3x 21 Multiplication Property by
3 3
x=7
3 5
2 x 4 3 Multiply the equation by 2x.
x 2x
6 8x 5 6 x Distributive property
6 8x (6) (6 x) 5 6 x (6) (6 x) Addition property
2 x 1 Combining like terms
1
2 x 1 Multiplication property
2
1 1
x= Solution set is { }.
2 2
Decimals may be removed from an equation before solving. Multiply by a power of 10 large enough to
make all decimal numbers whole numbers. If you multiply by 10, you move the decimal point in all terms one
place to the right. If you multiply by 100, you move the decimal point in all terms two places to the right.
Solution: Because the highest number of decimal places is 2 in the term 0.75x, we multiply the equation by
100, thus
100( x 0.1x 0.75x 4.5) Multiply the equation by 100
100x 10x 75x 450 Distributive Property
100x 10 x (75x) 75x 450 (75x) Addition property
15x 450 Combining like terms
1
15 x 450 Multiplication property
15
x = 30 Solution set is {30}
1) Number-Related problems
Example:
There are two numbers whose sum is 50. Three times the first is 5 more than twice the second. What
4) Work-Related Problems
Example:
5) Investment-Related Problems
Example:
Gary invested P50,000, part of it at 6% and the other part at 8%. The annual interest on the 6%
investment was P480 more than that from the 8% investment. How much was invested at each rate?
6) Digit-Related Problems
Example:
The tens digit of a certain number is 3 less than the units digit. The sum of the digits is 11. What is the
number?
7) Geometry-Related Problems
Example:
The length of a rectangular piece of property is one meter longer than twice the width. If the perimeter
of the property is 302 meters, find the length and width.
8) Mixture-Related Problems
Example:
What amounts (in ounce) of 50% and 75% pure silver must be mixed to produce a solution of 15 ounces
with 70% pure silver?
B. Systems of Equations
Definition:
Any collection
system involves of two orthen
two variables, morethe
equations taken as
set of ordered onethat
pairs is called a system
satisfy of equations
all of the equations.isIf the
the
solution set of the system.
1) A system of equations that has one or more solutions is called consistent. The graphs of the
equations either intersect at a point or coincide. The set of coordinates of the intersection is
the solution set of the system.
a) Consistent Independent is a system of linear equations with only one point as its solution. The graphs of the
equations in the system intersect at one point only.
Example:
a) Find the solution set x y 6 and x y 2 by using the substitution method.
Procedure:
The second equation states that x and y 2 are equal, thus in the first equation, we can replace x
with y 2 .
xy 6 Equation 1
y2 y 6 Replace x in equation 1 with y 2
Since this equation now has only one variable, we can solve for y .
2y 4
y2
The solution set of the system is {4, 2}. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) The sum of two numbers is 115. Their difference is 21. Find the numbers.
Procedure: (By Elimination Method)
st nd
Let x = 1 number (greater number) & y = 2 number (smaller number)
Formulate the equations:
Equation 1: x y 115
Equation 2: x y 21
Here, the elimination method can be done by adding the equations or by subtracting one equation
from the other. Thus,
x y 115 Equation 1
+
x y 21 Equation 2
2 x 136
From the sum, compute for the value of the retained variable x .
x 68 MPE
The numbers are 68 and 47. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) A system of equations that has infinitely many solutions is called consistent dependent. The graphs of the
equations coincide. The equations in the system are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 2 y 2 x Equation 1 b) 3 y 1 2( x 3)
x 2y 4 Equation 2 3 y 2 x 3
Expressing y as a function of x in each of the equations in each system gives equal expressions.
Graphing can also show dependence between the two equations in each system. The graphs of the equations
will coincide.
2) A system of equations that has no solution is called inconsistent. The graphs of the equations do not
intersect or are parallel. The solution set is an empty set.
Examples:
a) 2 x 3 y 6 Equation 1 b) 4 y 5x 7
3y 2x 3 Equation 2 4 y 5 x 12
Solving the system by elimination or by substitution will result into the inequality of two constants
where both variables are dropped. The elimination of both variables implies that no solution can be obtained.
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: MATHEMATICS
LET Competencies
Solve for the roots of a given quadratic equation
Solve problems on quadratic equations
Determine an equation given a set of roots which are imaginary/complex numbers
Perform operations involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Solve for the solution set of a given inequality
n
Determine the rth term of the expansion (a + b)
Solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric progressions
Solve problems involving variations
Determine the number of positive and negative roots of a given polynomial
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0 where a 0, a ,b, and c are constants, is a quadratic equation.
2
Examples:
The following are quadratic equations:
2
1. 3x + 4x + 5 = 0
2. 2x2 - 21x = 0
2
3. 5x - 25 = 0
(x + 5) (x – 3) = 0
(x + 5) = 0 (x – 3) = 0
Solving the resulting linear equations,
x=-5 x=3
2
2. Quadratic Formula (Use this method if ax + bx + c is not factorable)
The quadratic formula is
b b 2 4a c
x
2a
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| Mathematics Major [4]
Example: Solve 3x2 – 2x – 7 = 0
Substitute a = 3 b = -2 c = -7 in the quadratic formula,
2 ( 2) 2 4(3)(7)
x
2(3)
1 22
x
3
BINOMIAL FORMULA
n
To obtain the terms of the binomial expansion (a + b) , we use the binomial formula:
n n n 1 n ( n 1)a n 2 b 2 n ( n 1)(n 2)a n 3 b 3 n 1 n
(a + b) = a na b 2! 3! ... na b b
n
THE rth TERM OF THE EXPANSION (a + b)
n (n 1)(n 2)...(n r 2)a n r 1 b r 1
rth term =
( r 1)!
Example:
8
Find the fifth term of (2a – 3b)
n=8 r=5 n–r+2=5
(8)(7)(6)(5)( 2a ) 4 (5b) 4
5th term =
4!
th 4 4
5 term = 90, 720 a b
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
x
f (x) = b , where b and x are real numbers and b> 0,b ‡ 1.
Examples:
The following are examples of exponential functions
1. f(x) = 2x
2. f(x) = 32x - 2
4 x 3
1
3. f(x) =
2
The exponential functions f (x) = bx and g(x) = by where x and y are real numbers, b> 0, b 1 , satisfy the
following properties
x y x+y
1. b b = b
x y
2. b = b , if and only if x = y
-x 1
3. b =
bx
4. If b>1, and x< y, then bx < by
x y
5. If 0 < b < 1 and x < y, then b > b
2
| Mathematics Major [4]
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation where the unknown quantity appears in an exponent is called an exponential equation.
Examples:
The following are exponential equations:
x-3
1.
2. 60
5 ==22
x-3 3x-2
2x – 6x+3 4x+5
3. 6 =2
To solve an exponential equation is to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
Example 1: Solve for x in 64 = 8x-2
Solution:
Rewriting the given equation, we have
82 = 8x-2
Since the bases are equal, the exponents must be equal. Thus,
2=x–2
4=x
Hence, x = 4
Therefore x = -3 x = -1.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The equation f(x) = logb x, where b 1 , x> 0 and b> 0 is called a logarithmic function.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic functions:
1. f(x) = log2 (3x -2)
2. f(x) = log2 x
3. f(x) = log8 (6x -3)
Note:
1. If the base of the logarithm is not indicated it is understood that the base is 10.
2. If the base of the logarithm is the number e, then it is called a natural logarithm and it is written as
f(x) = ln x.
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
A logarithmic equation is an equation that contains logarithm.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic equations
1. log3 81 = 4
2. log2 8 = 3
3. log2 16 = 4
4. log 100 = 2
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| Mathematics Major [4]
y
The logarithmic equation y = logb x can be written in exponential form as b = x and vice-versa.
Log3 81 = 4 34 = 81
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
x
2. logb x – logb y = logb
y
Example:
3x 5
log3 (3x -5) – log3 5x = log3
5x
3. logb xn = nlogb x
Example:
log2 x3 = 3 log2 x
To solve a logarithmic equation means to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
x2
log log(x 2)
x
Since the logarithmic of both sides of the equation are equ al, then we have
x2
x2
x
x(x + 2) = x + 2
2
x +x-2=0
(x + 2) (x-1) = 0
x = -2 x = 1
Thus, x = 1
Example 2
Solve for x in log( x – 4) + log(x – 3) = log 30
Solution
Rewriting the given equation, we obtain
log(x – 4)(x – 3) = log 30
(x – 4) (x – 3) = 30
2
x - 7x + 12 = 30
x2 - 7x -18 = 0
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| Mathematics Major [4]
(x – 9) (x + 2) = 0
x = 9 x= -2
Thus, x = 9.
INEQUALITIES
Any relation expressed using the symbols <, >, > or < is called an inequality.
An absolute inequality is an inequality which is always true. A conditional inequality is one which is true only for
certain values of the variable involved.
1. 4 > 3 is an absolute inequality
2. x > 3 is a conditional inequality
PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES
Let a, b, c, & d be real numbers. The following hold.
1. Trichotomy Property
a > b or a < b or a = b
2. a > b if a - b > 0
a < b if a – b < 0
3.
a. If a> 0 and b> 0, then a + b> 0 and ab>0.
b. If a < 0 and b < 0, then a+b< 0 and ab> 0
4. Transitivity
5. Addition Property
6. Multiplication Property
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
To solve an inequality means to find the value of the unknown that will make th e inequality true.
Examples:
1. Solve the inequality 4x + 3 < x + 8
Solution:
4x
4x +
– x3 << 8x +
–38
3x < 5
5
x<
3
x(3x – 5) < 0
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| Mathematics Major [4]
Case I
x > 0 and 3x – 5 < 0
x > 0 and 3x < 5
5
x > 0 and x <
3
5
Thus, 0 < x <
3
Case II
x < 0 and 3x – 5 . 0
x < 0 and 3x > 5
5
x < 0 and x >
Case I
x + 4 < 0 and x – 1 > 0
x < –4 and x > 1
Case II
Thus, x = ( -4, 1)
Example:
For the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, …, the first term is 1, the second term is 3, and so on and so forth.
Example:
The sum of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7,… denoted by 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +… is a series.
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant d is added to the previous term to get the next is called an arithmetic sequence.
The constant d is called the common difference.
Examples:
Example 1
th
Find the 20 term of the sequence 4, 14, 24, 34,…
Solution:
Here t1 = 4, n = 20, d = 10
Thus,
Solution:
Here t1 =13, n = 50, d = -3
Thus,
t50 = t1 + (n – 1) (d)
= 13 + (50 – 1) (-3)
= 13 + (49) (-3)
t50 = 134
ARITHMETIC SERIES
n
Sn= ( t 1 t 2 ) or
2
n
Sn = [(2t1 + (n – 1)d]
2
Example 2:
How many multiples of 4 are there between 15 and 94?
Solution:
Here= t16,
1 t =n 92, d=4
Thus,
tn = t1 + (n – 1)d
92 = 16 + (n – 1) 4
92 = 16 + 4n – 4
80 = 4n
20 = n
So, there are 20 numbers which are multiples of 4 between 15 and 94.
7
| Mathematics Major [4]
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant r is multiplied by the previous term to get th e next term is called a g eometric
sequence. The constant r is called the common ratio.
Example:
1. The sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,… is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is 2.
8 1
2. The sequence 24, 8, , … is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is .
3 3
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
The function defined by the equation
n n-1 n-2 2
f(x) = a0x +a1x + a2x + . . .+ an-2x + an-1x + an
where n is a nonnegative integer and a0, a1, . . .,an are constants, a0, 0 is a polynomial function in x of degree n.
The zeros or roots of f(x) are the numbers x such that f(x) = 0.
8
| Mathematics Major [5]
WHAT TO EXPECT
CONCENTRATION: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Trigonometry
LET Competencies:
1. Show mastery of the basic terms, concepts and operations in Trigonometry involving
Angles
Trigonometric ratios
Conversion (degree to radian and vice-versa)
Pythagorean Theorem
2. Solve, evaluate and manipulate symbolic and numerical problems in Trigonometry by applying
fundamental principles and processes.
1. Angles In General
An angle is formed by two rays with the same endpoint. The common endpoint is called the
vertex of the angle and the rays are called the sides of the angle.
O
A
Figure 1
In Figure 1, the vertex of the angle (read as theta) is labeled O. A and B are points on each
side of . Angle can also be denoted by AOB, where the letter associated with the vertex is written
between the letters associated with the points on each side.
We can think of as having been formed by rotating side OA about the vertex to side OB. In
this case, we shall call side OA theinitial side of and side OB the terminal side of .
When the rotation from the initial side takes place in a counterclockwise direction, the angle
formed is considered a positive angle. If the rotation is in clockwise direction, the angle formed is a
negative angle.
2. Degree Measure
One way to measure the size of anangle is with degree measure. The angle formed by rotating
a ray through one complete rotation has a measure of 360 degrees, written as 360.
1
| Mathematics Major [8]
1
One degree (1), then, is of a full rotation. Likewise, 180 is one-half of a full rotation, and 90 is
36 0
half of that (or a quarter of a rotation). Angles that measure 90 are called right angles, while angles that
measure 180 are called straight angles. Angles that measure between 0 and 90 are called acute angles,
while angles that measure between 90 and 180 are called obtuse angles.
A central angle in a circle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle. In a circle, a central
angle that cuts off an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle has a measure of 1 radian (rad).
s
O
r
Figure 2
3. Conversions
To convert degrees to radians, we consider the fact that 1 rad
180
180
To convert radians to degrees, we consider the fact that 1 rad =
We note the following:
1. If the unit of measure of an angle is not indicated, then it is understood to be in radians.
2. 1 rad is approximately 57, thus, 1 rad is much larger than 1 degree.
Example 1.
1.1 Convert 60 to radians.
Solution: Note that 1 rad, so to convert from degrees to radians, we multiply by . Thus, we have
180 18 0
60 60 rad rad
180 3
When our answer is in terms of , we are writing an exact value. If we wanted an approximation, we
would replace with 3.1416.
3.1416
Exact value 0.7854 Approximate value
4 4
z
x
X
Z
y
Figure 3
Right triangle XZY (symbolized as right XZY) with right angle Z is drawn in Figure 3. Its hypotenuse is z
while its legs are x and y.
We now state the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean Theorem: In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides (called legs).
If C = 90, then
c c2 = a2 + b2
a
A
C
b
Figure 4
Example 3. Solve for x in the right triangle in Figure 4.
x
9
C A
12
Figure 4
x 13
C A
x+7
Solution: By applying the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
Figure 5
( 7) 132 2 2
x x
3
| Mathematics Major [8]
x 2 14 x 49 x 2 169
2 x 2 14 x 120 0
x 2 7 x 60 0
( x 12)( x 5) 0
x+ 12 = 0 or x-5=0
x = -12 or x=5
Our only solution is x = 5. We do not accept x = -12 because x is the length of a side of triangle ACB and
therefore, its value cannot be negative.
5. Trigonometric Functions
If is an angle in standard position, and the point ( x, y) is any point on the terminal side of other than
the srcin, then the six trigonometric functions of are defined as follows:
y
The sine of : sin
r
x
The cosine of : cos
r
y
The tangent of : tan ; x0
x
x
The cotangent of : cot ; y0
y
r
The secant of : sec ; x0
x
r
The cosecant of : csc ; y0
y
2 2 2
where r = x + y or r x 2 y 2 . That is, r is the distance of the point (x, y) from the srcin.
Example 5. Find the six trigonometric functions of if is in standard position and the point (2, -3) is on
the terminal side of .
(-2,3)
Figure 6
Solution: Using the values x = -2 and y = 3, we solve for r.
2 2
r x y 13
Applying the definition for the six trigonometric functions, we have
y 3 x 13
sin
cot
r 13 y 3
x 2 r 13
cos
sec
r 13 x 2
y 3 x 2
ta n csc
x 2 y 3
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| Mathematics Major [8]
side adjacent to hypotenuse
cos sec
c = 6 cm
b = 3 cm
B C
a = 3 3 cm
side opposite B
Solution: The sine ratio is . The length of the side opposite B
hypotenuse
is 3 cm., and the hypotenuse is 6 cm. Therefore, we have
side opposite B 3
sin B 0.5
hypotenuse 6
Example 7. In right XYZ with right angle Z, mX = 25 and y = 10 units. Solve the triangle.
Solutions: First, we draw the triangle.
X
z=?
y = 10 units
Y Z
x=?
x x
. By substitution, we have tan 25
0
Now, ta n X
y 10
x 10 tan 250
x 4.66
y 10
Similarly, sin Y . Thus, sin 65
0
z z
z 10
sin 65 0
10
z
0.906
z 11.04
5
| Mathematics Major [6]
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Analytic Geometry
LET Competencies:
This material includes a brief review of the basic terms concerning lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses,
and hyperbolas.
A straight line is represented by an equation of the first degree in one or two variables, while the circle,
parabola, ellipse and hyperbola are represented by equations of the second degree in two variables.
6. Segment division
Given segment AB with A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2).
B. The Circle
1. Definition. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the plane.
The fixed point is called thecenter, and the distance from the center to any point of the circle is called
the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius is equal tor.
3. Line tangent to a circle
A line tangent to a circle touches the circle at exactly one point called the point of tangency. The
tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, at the point of tangency.
C. Conic Section
A conic section or simply conic, is defined as the graph of a second-degree equation in x and y.
In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its distance
from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the
focus of the
conic, the fixed line is called thedirectrix of the conic, and the constant ratio is called theeccentricity, usually
denoted by e.
D. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called thefocus and the fixed line is the
directrix.
2. Equation
a) Theand Graph of
equation ofaa Parabola
parabola with vertex at the srcin and focus at (a,0) is y2 = 4ax . The parabola
opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left ifa < 0.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the srcin and focus at (0,a) is x2 = 4ay. The parabola
opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward ifa < 0.
c) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h + a, k) is (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h).
The parabola opens to the right ifa > 0 and opens to the left ifa < 0.
d) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h, k + a) is (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k).
e) The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward ifa < 0.
f) Standard form: (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) or (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
g) General form: y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The
parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
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| Mathematics Major [6]
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix (and therefore
perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is4a, and the endpoints of the latus rectum are
(a, -2a) and (a, 2a).
Px
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the C
parabola is the srcin, the focus is F(a,o),
the directrix is the line containing LL' ,
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is
O F(a, 0) x
the line containing CC ' .
C’
L'
y – 4/3 = 0 L
y
x1=0
O
x y2=0
P(x,y) V(3,2)
F(0,-4/3) F(5,2)
2 16
The graph of x y.
3
The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).
E. Ellipse
1. Definition. An ellipse is the set ofall points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances ofP from two
fixed points F’ and F on the plane is constant.Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the
2 x2 y2
minor axis are at (0, b) and b a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2
b) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the
2 x2 y2
minor axis are at ( b, 0) and b a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
b2 a2
c) If the center is at (h, k), at (h a, k), the foci are at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is2a, (h, k a), the foci are at (h, k c),
2
b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b
the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h a 2 c 2 , then
2 2
( y k) ( x h)
the equation is 1.
a2 b2
3. Parts of an Ellipse.
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse shown with center at O, vertices at
V’(-a,0) and
V(a,0), foci atF’(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis at B’(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus
2 2
b b
rectum at G’ (-c, ) and G(-c, )
a a
2 2
b b
and the other at H’ ( c, ) and G(c, ).
a a
B(0,b)
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )
B’(0,-b)
a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the intersection of
the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the fociand intersecting the ellipse at its
vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints are the vertices of the
ellipse. In the figure, V 'V is the major axis and has length of 2a units.
c) The minor axis s i the perpendicular bisector of themajor axis and whose endpoints are bothon the
ellipse. In the figure, B' B is the minor axis and has length 2b units.
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis. G' G and H ' H
2
2b
are the latus rectum, each with a length of .
a
y
(0, 3)
(-4, 9 )
(2,6)
5 (4, 9 )
5 (8,5)
(-6,4)
(-5,0) (-4,0) (4,0) (5,0)
O x (2,1)
(-8 1)
, (12 1)
,
(-4,- 9 ) (4,- 9 )
5 O x
5
(0, -3)
(8,3)
(2,-4)
4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above are both
horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.
F. The Hyperbola
1. Definition. A hyperbola isthe set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each point
on the set from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
a) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the minor
x2 y2
axis are at (0, b) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2
b) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the minor
2 x2 y2
axis are at ( b, 0) and b c 2 a 2 , then the equation is
1.
b2 a2
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h a, k), the foci are
at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h,k b),the principal axis is horizontal and
( x h) 2 ( y k )2
b2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 2
1.
a b2
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h, k a), the foci are
2 2 2
at (h,k c), the endpoints of2 the minor2 axis are at (h b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b c a ,
( y k) ( x h)
then the equation is 1
a2 b2
2. Parts of a hyperbola.
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O, vertices at
V’(-
2
b
a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F’(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum atG’ (-c, ) and G(-c,
a
2 2 2
b b b
) and the other at H’ (c, ) and H(c, ).
a a a
2 2
(c, ba ) B(0,b) (c, ba )
V’(-a,0)
x
F’(-c,0) O V(a,0) F(c,0)
2 2
(c, ba ) B’(0,-b) (c, ba )
y
b b
y x y x
a a
(0,b) P
x
(-a,0) O (a,0)
(0,-b)
These two diagonal lines are said to be the asymptotes of the curve, and are helpful in sketching the graph of a
x2 y2 b b
hyperbola. The equations of the asymptotes associated with 1 are y x and y x . Similarly,
a2 b2 a a
y2 x2 a a
the equations of the asymptotes associated with 1 are y x and y x .
a2 b2 b b
y y
(6,9)
3y x 0
(0,3)
F (-6,0) (-3,0)
’ O (3,0) F(6,0) x
O x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9) F (0,-6)
’
CALCULUS
Theorems
We use theon Limits of
following Functions
theorems to evaluate limits of functions:
1. Uniqueness Theorem: If the limit of a function exists, then it is unique. That is, if
lim f ( x ) L1 and lim f ( x ) L2 , then L1 L2 .
xa x a
2. If m, b R , then lim( mx b) ma b
xa
4. lim x a
xa
f ( x) L1
5.3 lim
x a
provided L2 0
g ( x) L2
6. If lim f ( x ) L and n Z then
xa
6.2 lim n
f ( x) n
L with the restriction that if n is even, L 0.
x a1
constant, then
1
| Mathematics Major [7]
10.1 lim[ f ( x ) h( x)]
x a
10.4 if c 0, lim[ f ( x) h( x )]
xa
10.5 if c 0, lim[ g ( x) h( x )]
xa
c c
11. If p Z , c R then lim 0 and lim 0
x xp x xp
2
11. If f ( x) cot[g ( x)], then f ' ( x) g ' ( x) csc [ g ( x)]
12. If f ( x) sec[g ( x)], then f ' ( x) g ' ( x) sec[g ( x)] tan[g ( x)]
13. If f ( x) csc[g ( x)], then f ' ( x) g ' ( x) csc[g ( x)] cot[g ( x)]
14. If f ( x) e then f ' ( x) e
g ( x) g ( x)
g ' ( x)
15. If f ( x) a where a is any constant not equal to 0, then f ' ( x) a
g ( x) g ( x)
ln(a) g ' ( x)
1
16. If f ( x) ln[g ( x)] then f ' ( x) g ' ( x)
g ( x)
x n 1
c, n 1
4. If n is a rational number , x dx n 1
n
ln x c, n 1
5. sin udu cos u c
2
| Mathematics Major [7]
13. sec udu ln sec u tan u c
14. csc udu ln csc u cot u c
u n 1
c , n 1
15. u du n 1
n
ln u c, n 1
16. eu du eu c
1
a du ln a a c
u u
17.
A f ( x)dx
a
2. Area (A) bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) for all
x [a , b]
A [f2 ( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
V [f ( x )]2 dx
a
2. Ring Method
The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) ,
where f1(x) > f2(x) for all x [a , b], is revolved about the x-axis
V [ f1( x )]2 [ f2 ( x )]2 dx
a
3. Shell Method
3.1 The region bounded by the curve y f ( x ) , the x-axis and
the lines x a and x b , is revolved about the y-axis.
b
V 2 xf ( x )dx
a
3.2 The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) , where f1(x) > f2(x) for
all x [a , b], is revolved about the y-axis
V 2 x[f1( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
3
Geometry
Basic
and
Measurement Algebra
Arithmetic
and Advanced
Mathematics Major Business
Mathematics
Algebra
COMPLEX NUMBERS
25
COMPLEXNUMBERS RADICALS
RADICALS ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA ALGEBRA
1 4
If x³ is Number
an odd number
Theory and y³ The green neon lights
NUMBER flash every 4
THEORY
is an even number, which of seconds; the blue, every 5
the ff. is/are TRUE ? seconds; the red, every 6 seconds.
I. x³ - y³ is an even number If all the lights flash together at 8:00
II. x³ + y³ is an odd number PM, at what time will they flash
III. x³ y³ is an even number together again?
IV. x³ - y³ + 1 is an odd number
Answer: 840
301
A farmer has enough feeds for In how many years will P50,000
72 ducks for 14 days. If he grow to P60,000. If it is
sells 16 ducks, how long will invested at 6% compounded
the feeds last? monthly?
FRACTION FRACTION
A water tank is 5/6 full. If 1/3 of
the water was used for cleaning
If 2/5 of x is 20, what is 1/2 of x? the car, what part of the tank
has water?
25 5/9
210
84
1:3
2100, 1400, 840
Arithmetic and Business Mathematics Arithmetic and Business Mathematics
Half of the people in the room left.
One-fourth of the remaining What number when increased by
started to dance, there were then 90% of itself equals 133?
12 people who are not dancing.
Find the srcinal number of the
people in the room.
Answer: 32 Answer: 70
PERCENT
An employee spends about The srcinal price of a pair
PERCENT
P3,332 a month. This sum is of jogging pants was
70% of his monthly salary. P300. What was the rate
How much does he receive a of discount after paying
month? P195?
P4,760 35%
2400 L
2080
PERCENT
There are 1400 pupils in Kaiba FRACTION/ PERCENT
Central School. Of these
students, 12.5% are in Grade VI If the length of the rectangle is
reduced by 1/5 and width is also
and 20%
Grade V. of
Howthemany
rest are in are
pupils reduced by 1/5, what percent of
there in Grade V? the srcinal area is the new area
of the rectangle?
64%
245
Plane and Solid Geometry
Arithmetic and Business Mathematics
Measurement
In the Education Dept., 3/5 are
BSED students and the rest are A mile is about 1.609 km. How
BEED students. Of these BSED many meters is a mile longer
students, 1/3 are Math majors. If than a kilometer?
there are 20 Math majors, how
many BEED students are there?
Answer: ¼ cm Answer: 21 cm
Answer: 25π or
Answer: 135° 78.54 sq.m.
Plane and Solid Geometry Plane and Solid Geometry
Measurement Measurement
Answer: 64 Answer: 20
Answer: 4 Answer: 12
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
If Maria can address a box envelopes Mario sold five pigs and four goats for
in 5 hours and Jane can address P21,000. Selling the animals at the
the same box of envelopes in 10 same , Ben sold three pigs and 2
hours, how many minutes will it take goats for P12,000. What is the
Maria and Jane working together to selling price of each animal?
address all envelopes in the box?
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Answer: 3 Answer: 3
Basic Trigonometry Trigonometry
Trigonometry Trigonometry
Answer: 2π Answer:
Trigonometry Trigonometry
From a point level with 1000 ft. away If in ΔABC, sin A = 3/5, then what is
from the base of a monument, the the value of sin B?
angle of elevation to the top of the
monument is 35°. Determine the
height in the nearest feet.
Trigonometry Trigonometry
In ΔABC, C s a right triangle and If the ratio of sec x to csc x is
tan A = 1. What is the value of sin A
1:4 then the ratio of tan x to
+ cos A?
cot x is
Find the exact value of tan Find the nearest feet the
- 5π/3. height of the flagpole which
cast a shadow 44.8 ft. long
when the angle of elevation
of the sun is 36°?
Answer: 1 Answer: 2x - y = -4
Basic Calculus Basic Calculus
Answer: Answer:
Evaluate Evaluate
Answer: Answer:
| Mathematics Major [1]
Philippine Normal University
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for Year 2015
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: Mathematics
LET Competencies:
1. Simplifying expressions involving series of operations
2. Solve problems involving
a. GFC and LCMF
b. prime and composite
c. divisibility
d. inverse and partitive proportions
e. compound interest
INTEGERS
The set of integers (also called the signed numbers) is the union of the set of counting numbers { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…},
– – – – –
the set of their opposites { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…} and zero {0}. It is usually denoted by Z. Thus,
Z = {… –5, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}
The set of positive integers is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}.
– – – – –
The set of negative integers is {… 5, 4, 3, 2, 1}.
The integer zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.
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| Mathematics Major [1]
Multiplication and Division
1. To multiply/divide two integers with like signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix positive sign.
+ + + +
( 5) x ( 29) = │ 5│ x │ 29│ (–28) x (–21) = │ –28│ x │–21│
= 5 x 29 = 28 x 21
+ +
= 145 = 588
– – – –
(+125) ÷ (+5) = │+125│ ÷ │+5│ ( 861) ÷ ( 123) = │ 861│ ÷ │ 123│
= 125 ÷ 5 = 861 ÷ 123
+ +
= 25 = 7
2. To multiply/divide two integers with unlike signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix the negative sign.
– + – + + – + –
( 32) x ( 14) = │ 32│ x │ 14│ ( 15) x ( 31) = │ 15│ x │ 31│
= 32 x 14 = 15 x 31
– –
= 448 – = –465
( 2706) (+11) = │ 2706│ │+11│ (+2184) ( 12) = /+2184/ / 12/
– –
= 2706 ÷ 11 = 2184 ÷ 12
– –
= 246 = 182
–
+/Even Odd x Even Odd
Even Even Odd Even Even Even
Odd Odd Even Odd Even Odd
Example:
Which of the following numbers are prime, composite, or neither?
a) 53 prime
b) 421 prime
c) 24,638 composite
d) 43,101 composite
e) 1 neither
Example:
Find the prime factorization of 300.
300
5 60
10 6
5 2 2 3
2 2
the prime factors of 300: 5 x 5 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 5 x 2 x 3
2
| Mathematics Major [1]
Factors and Multiples
If a and b are whole numbers and a 0, then a is a factor of b if and only if there is a whole number c such that ac = b.
If a is a factor of b, we can also say that a divides b (a b), or b is a multiple of a. Every number has a finite set of factors
(or divisors) and an infinite set of multiples.
Examples:
Classify each of the following as true or false.
a) –3 is a factor of 12. true
b) 03 false
c) 30 true
d) 2 is a multiple of 8. false
e) for all integers a, 1a. true
ab
[a, b] = and when (a, b) = 1, then [a, b] = a x b
(a, b)
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility Properties
a) If a number divides each of two other numbers, then it divides their sum.
If ab and ac, then a(b + c).
b) If a number divides one of two numbers but not the other, then it will not divide their sum.
If ab and a ł c, then a ł (b + c) .
c) If one number divides another number, then it will divide the product of that number with any other
whole number.
If ab, then abk.
Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if the number ends with an even number (0,2,4,6,8).
Example: 158 and 5792 are divisible by 2 since the numbers end with 8 and 2
respectively which are both even numbers.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 2301 is divisible by 3 since the sum of its digits 2+3+0+1 = 6 is
divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 4.
Example: 2900, 3136, and 745084 are divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the number ends with 0 or 5.
Example: 1015, 2890, and 802525 are divisible by 5.
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| Mathematics Major [1]
A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 1350 and 201564 are divisible by 6 because they are both divisible by
2 and by 3.
A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice the unit digit and the
number formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 7.
Example: 2191 is divisible by 7, since
2191 219
– 2 (twice 1)
217 21
–14 (twice 7)
7 divisible by 7
A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 8.
Example: 413000, 6739048, and 9013816 are divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 13 if the sum of four times the unit digits and the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible be 13.
Example: 195 is divisible by 13, since
195 19
+ 20 (four times 5)
39 is divisible by 13.
For any two equal ratios a/b and c/d, a/b = c/d is called a proportion. This is also written as a:b = c:d. In this
form, a and d are called extremes and b and c are called the means, and the rule states that “the product of the m eans
equals the product of the extremes.” This can also be written as; if a : b = c : d, then ad = bc.
4
| Mathematics Major [1]
Example:
If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360
students, how many teachers are there?
Let x be the number of teachers,
1 x
or 1 : 18 = x : 360
18 360
18x = 360
x = 20 teachers
PARTITIVE PROPORTION
If a quantity q is to be partitioned into p1, p2, p3, . . . p n, so that the partitions are in the ratio a1 : a2 : a3 : . . . : an,
then the size of the kth partition may be computed as follows:
q
Pk = a1 a2 a3 ... an ak
Example:
Joshua divides his day into leisure, sleep, and work. In the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. How many hours does he spend
working?
24
P3 = 3 = 12 hours.
1 2 3
DIRECT PROPORTION
If the ratio of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are directly proportional.
y1 y2 y1 y2
y1 = kx1 and y2 = kx2, then k and k , therefore
x1 x2 x1 x2
Example:
Junior paid 125php for 14 chocolate candies. How much would 25 of such chocolate candies cost?
125 x
14 25 → 14x = 125(25) = 223.21php
INVERSE PROPORTION
If the product of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are inversely proportional
x1 x2
x1y1 = k and x2y2 = k, then x1y1 = x2y2 or
y2 y1
Example:
It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will be needed to build it in 15 days?
20 x
→ 15x = 20(60) = 1 200 → x = 80 men
15 60
COMPUTING INTEREST
Simple Interest ( Simple Interest = Prt )
Simple interest is an interest computed on the srcinal principal. The srcinal amount deposited or borrowed is
called the principal. The percent used to determine the interest is called the interest rate. Interest rates are given for
specific periods of time such as years, months or days.
Example:
Christian opens a savings account that pays simple interest at the rate of 5¼% per year. If he deposits 2 000php
and makes no other deposits, find the interest and the final amount for 90 days.
5
| Mathematics Major [2]
I. Basic Ideas
The undefined terms, point, line, and plane are geometric ideas and they are visually represented by a tiny dot, a thin
wire, and a smooth flat surface, respectively. Points are labeled by means of capital letters, lines by naming any two of its
points, and planes by naming at least three of its points. The subsets of a line are ray, segment, and the line itself.
A
.
.
B. A. B. A. B.
Line Ray Line
AB AB AB
For every two different points there is exactly one line that contains both points.
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane.
Any three points lie in at least one plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
An infinite number of planes may pass through a given line.
Further:
Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection is a point.
Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one plane containing both.
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both.
II. ANGLES
If two rays have a common endpoint, but do not lie on the same line, then their union is an angle. Their common end
point is called its vertex and the two rays are called its sides. The following are angles:
A point may be on the angle, in the interior or neither on the angle nor in its interior called the exterior.
P. P. P.
The unit of measure for an angle is called a degree. An angle is measured with a protractor.
1
| Mathematics Major [2]
Kinds of Angles
1. Acute Angle. An acute is an angle whose measure is less than 90.
2. Right Angle. A right angle is one that measures 90. It is usually represented by a small square at
the vertex. Two lines that intersect and form right angles are called perpendicular ( ) lines.
3. Obtuse Angle. This is an angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180.
Remarks:In plane Geometry, an angle is simply a set of points. This should be distinguished from the angles
in trigonometry where we speak of directed angles. When we use directed angles, we a llow “zero angles” and “straight angles”. In
the study of directed angles, we seldom use the degree as a unit measure. Instead, we use the radian.
An angle bisector is a ray in the interior of the angle dividing it into two congruent parts.
2. On the edge of a half-plane, take points, M, K, A such that A is between M and K. Take ray AT so that m TAK = 35. In the
2
| Mathematics Major [2]
Solutions:
Since 3 and m6 are vertical angles, then these angles are congruent. Thus, if m3 = 141, therefore, m6 = 141 .
5. In the figure below, the measures of angles 1, 2, and 3 are in the ratio 1:2:3, respectively. Find the measure of each angle.
Solution:
Adding the terms of the ratio 1,2, and 3 gives 6.
6. Find the measure of an angle whose measure is 40 more than the measure of its supplement.
Solution: A B
Let x = the measure of the supplement of the angle
x + 40 = the measure of the angle H C
x + (x + 40) = 140
2x = 140 F G
x = 70 and x + 40 = 100
Thus, the measure of the angle is 110.
E D
IV. PARALLEL LINES
Facts about parallel lines:
1. Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect
2. Skew lines are noncoplanar and nonintersecting lines.
Examples:
a.) In the parallelepiped above, name all the lines that contain the edges parallel to AB .
b.) Name all the lines containing the edges that are skew to EF .
Solutions:
a.) The lines parallel to AB are FG , HC and ED
b.) The lines that are skew to EF are AB , HC , BG and CD .
3. A transversal is a line that intersects two coplanar lines at two different points.
1 2
4 3
3
5
5 6
8 7
1 2 1 2
| Mathematics Major [2]
4 and 5; 3 and 6 are angles 1 and 5; 2 and 6; 4 and 8; 3
on the same side of the transversal and 7 are corresponding angles
Principle 2: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Principle 3: If parallel lines are cut buy a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.
Principle 4: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Principle 5: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the same-side interior angles are supplementary.
Principle 6: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 7: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 8: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent, then two lines are parallel.
Principle 9: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of same-side interior angles are supplementary then two lines are
parallel.
Principle 10: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the same line.
Examples:
A. Use the given information to decide which lines are parallel. Justify your answers with a principle for parallel lines.
1. 6 9
1 2
2. 4 8 a
3. m3 + m8 = 180 4 3
4. m5 + m7 = 180
12
b
5. 10 11
5
6. 2 10 9 8 6 7 c
10 11
Solutions: d e
B. In the figure at the right, find the value of x given s║t cut by a transversal l
4
| Mathematics Major [2]
1. m 2 = 2x, m3 = 4x l
Thus, 6x = 120
x = 20
V. TRIANGLES
Triangles may also be classified according to the kinds of angles they have.
1. Right triangle. A triangle having one right angle.
Right Acute
Obtuse
Some Theorems about Triangles
1. Isosceles Triangle Theorem. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are congruent.
Conversely, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent
2. Every equilateral triangle is equiangular and conversely.
3. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
1. . An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment or ray that bisects an angle and extends to the opposite
Angle bisector of a triangle
side.
2. Median of a triangle
. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
5. Altitude of obtuse triangle . In an obtuse triangle, the two altitudes fall outside the triangle.
6. The altitudes to the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
7. The altitudes of an equilateral triangle are congruent.
a 3
45
a
3. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs. a c
b
a2 + b2 = c2
1 3 4
m4 = m1 + m2
5. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the 2
measure of either remote interior angle.
1 3 4
m4 > m1
m4 > m2
6. Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than a c
the length of the third side.
b
a+b>c
Examples:
6
| Mathematics Major [2]
1. Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the
adjoining figure
a c
a b c
a. 3 ____ ____
b. ____ ____ 6 2
b
a=b
Solutions:
By Theorem 1, a) b = 3 and c = 3 2 b) a = 6 and b = 6
Solutions:
By Theorem 2, a) a = 4 and c = 8 b) a = 5 and b = 5 3 .
3. A pole is braced up by wires tied to its top portion from pegs on the ground
each 6 ft from the foot of the pole. If a wire is 16 ft long, how tall is the pole?
Solution:
c2 a2 b2
2 2 2
16 6 b
2 2 2
b 16 6
b 2 256 36
b 2 220 14.83
4. Find the measures of the labeled angles in the marked figure at the right.
Solutions:
mx 60; my 120; mz 30; mw 30
Given two triangles. There are four ways to show that they are congruent using only three pairs of corresponding congruent
parts:
. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
SAS Congruence Postulate
corresponding two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
ASA Congruence Postulate . If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SSS Congruence Postulate . If the three sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to the corresponding three sides
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SAA Congruence Theorem. . If a side and two angles adjacent angles of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding side and two adjacent angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
If two triangles are congruent by SAS, ASA, SSS, or SAA, then their remaining corresponding parts are
Corresponding Parts Principle.
also congruent
Examples:
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| Mathematics Major [2]
Each pair of marked triangles are congruent by the indicated congruence postulate.
60 60
32 32
ASA SAS
65
95
95
65
SAA SSS
From the triangle congruence postulates, any two right triangles may be congruent by any of the following principles:
LL Congruence.Two right triangles are congruent if the two legs of one are congruent, respectively, to the
corresponding two legs of the other. (By SAS)
LA Congruence.Two right triangles are congruent if a leg and an adjacent acute angle of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding leg and an adjacent acute angle of the other. (By ASA; by SAA if the acute
angles are not adjacent)
HL Congruence.Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding hypotenuse and a leg of the other. (By Transitivity)
40
40
Thus, the distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to the line.
Similar Triangles
Similarity Postulates:
1. AA Similarity.If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the
triangles are similar.
2. SAS Similarity.If an angle of one triangle is congruent to a corresponding angle of another triangle and the sides that
include these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
3. SSS Similarity.If all the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the lengths of the corresponding sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar.
8
| Mathematics Major [2]
4. Midsegment Theorem for Triangles. A
D E
B C
AB AC
AD AE
6. Similarity in a right triangle. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two triangles that are each
similar to the srcinal triangle and to each other.
7. Given a right triangle and the altitude to the hypotenuse. (a) The altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric
mean of the segments into which it separates the hypotenuse. (b) Each leg is the geometric mean of the
hypotenuse and the segment adjacent to the leg.
AD CD
CD BD A B
2
D
Hence, CD AD BD Finally,
AD AC BD BC
Moreover, .
AC AB BC BA
1. Two angles of ABC have measures, 45 and 15, while two angles of DEF have measures 120 and 45. Are the
triangles similar? By what Similarity theorem or definition?
x 12 PS 12
15 9
PS (15)(12) 9 20
T
P R
4. In the marked figure at the right, C
AD = 8 and DB = 18. Find CD.
Solution:
(CD)2 AD BD
(CD)2 8 18 A B
CD = 12 D
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| Mathematics Major [2]
QUADRILATERALS
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, and all four sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
square.
If both pairs of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
If one and only one pair of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a trapezoid.
THEOREMS ON QUADRILATERALS
Recall: The distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to
the line.
The distance between any two parallel lines is the distance from any point of one to the other.
3. In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
Application:
6. The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half as long.
7. A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are congruent.
8. A rectangle is a parallelogram all of whose angles are congruent.
9. A square is a rectangle all of whose sides are congruent.
10. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it is a rectangle.
11. In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
12. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other and are perpendicular, then the
quadrilateral is a rhombus.
CIRCLES
Definition
Let P be a point in a given plane, and r be a positive number. The circle with center P and
radius is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from P is r.
Definition
Let P be a point, and let r be a positive number. The sphere
with center P and radius r is the set of all points of space whose
distance from P is r.
Two or more spheres or two or more circles with t he same center are called concentric.
A chord of a circle is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
A line which intersects a circle in two points is called a secant of the circle.
A chord of a sphere is a segment whose endpoints lie on the sphere.
A diameter of a circle or sphere is a chord containing the center.
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| Mathematics Major [2]
The interior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is less than the
radius.
The exterior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is greater
than the radius.
Definition
A tangent to a circle is a line (in the same plane) which intersects the circle in one and only one point. This point
is called the point of tangency.
4. Every tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
5. The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
6. The segment from the center of a circle to the midpoint of a chord which is not a diameter is perpendicular to
the chord.
7. In the plane of a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center.
8. In the same circle or in congruent circles, chords equidistant from the center are congruent.
9. In the same circle or in congruent circles, any two congruent chords are equidistant from the center.
10. If the line and the circle are coplanar, and line intersects the interior of the circle, then it intersects the circle in
two and only two points.
Definition
Two circles are tangent if they are tangent to the same line at the same point. If two tangent circles are coplanar,
and their centers are on the same side of their common tangent, then their internally tangent. If two tangent circles
if two tangents are coplanar, and their canters are on opposite sides of their common
tangent, then their externally tangent
ARCS OF CIRCLES
In the adjoining circle at the right, P is the center. The set of points (darkened) on the circle in the interior of
APB is the minor arc AB . The remaining set of points on the circle is the major arc AB . A and B are the endpoints
of the arcs.
Definition
A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
Definition
11
| Mathematics Major [2]
Definition
1. The degree measure of an arc is the measure of the corresponding central angle.
2. The degree measure of a semicircle is 180.
Definition
Definition
An angle intercepts an arc if
1. The end points of the arc lie on the angle,
2. All other points of the arc are in the interior of the angle, and
3. Each side of the angle contains an end point of the arc.
1. The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
3. Every two angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Definitions
A triangle is inscribed in a circle if the vertices of the triangle lie on the circle. If each side of the triangle is
tangent to the circle, then the quadrilateral is circumscribed about the circle.
12
| Mathematics Major [2]
Theorems
1. The volume of the prism is the product of the altitude and the area of the base.
2. The volume of a triangular pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
3. The volume of a pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
4. The volume of a circular cylinder is the product of its altitude
and the area of its base.
5. The volume of a circular cone is one-third the product
of its altitude and the area of its base.
TRANSFORMATIONS
Starting point
If you cut out ΔDEF and place it onto ΔABC, they should have the same size and shape. The movement may be a slide, a flip,
or a turn.
Look at the kite at the right. If we fold the kite over BD , there is a one-
to-one correspondence between the points of the kite. A C, points along AB
Transformation
is a one-to-one correspondence between points in the plane such that each point P is associated with a
A transformation
'
unique point P , called the imageof P .
Transformations that preserve the size and shape of geometric figures are called isometries(iso means “same” and metry
means “measure”) orrigid motions .
Types of isometries: translation, rotation and reflection.
Translation
Translation is a transformation that acts like a “slide”.
Example:
13
| Mathematics Major [2]
Definition
Translation
Suppose that A and B are points in the plane. The translationassociated with directed line segment AB , denoted TAB , is
'
the transformation that maps each point P to the point P such that PP' is equivalent to AB .
'
Directed segment PP' is equivalent to AB so that PP ' ║ AB and P P = AB. Thus quadrilateral
'
P P BA is a parallelogram, since it has a pair of opposite sides that are parallel and congruent. We can imagine that P is “slid”
by the translation TAB in the direction from A to B for a distance equal to AB.
Rotation
This is an isometry that corresponds to turning the plane around a fixed point.
Example
' ' '
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A B C .
Solution:
' ' ' '
We can turn ABC 180º around point P, the midpoint of segment BB to coincide with A B C .
To define rotation, we need the concept of a directed angle. An angle ABC is said to be a directed angle if it satisfies
the following properties:
b) If the direction of the turn is counterclockwise, the measure of the directed angle
is the positive number
mABC. If the direction is clockwise, the measure is the negative number mABC. The directed angle
ABC is denoted by ABC.
For the directed angle by ABC, ray BA is called the initial side and ray BC is called the terminal side.
Definition
Rotation
The rotationwith center O and angle with measure a, denoted RO,a , is the
'
transformation that maps each point P other than O to the point P such that
'
1. The measure of directed angle POP is a, and
2. OP OP'
Point O is mapped to itself by RO,a .
14
| Mathematics Major [2]
Reflection
This isometry corresponds to flipping the plane over a fixed line.
Example:
' ' '
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A B C
Solution:
'
Reflection
A transformation that “flips” the plane over a fixed line is called a reflection.
Definition
Suppose that a line l is a line in the plane. The reflection in line l, denoted by Mt , is the
transformation that maps points as follows:
'
1. Each point P not on line l is mapped to the point P such that l is the
'
perpendicular bisector of segment PP .
2. Each point Q on line l is mapped to itself.
Examples of transformations
15
| Mathematics Major [3]
Philippine Normal University
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for year 2015
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
FOCUS: Basic Algebra
LET COMPETENCIES:
1. Perform operations on Algebraic Expressions
2. Simplify a given algebraic expression with series of operations
3. Apply the Laws of Exponents in Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Expressions
4. Factor polynomials
5. Use factoring in simplifying rational expressions
6. Perform operations on Rational Expressions
7. Perform operations on Radical Numbers
8. Identify the domain and/or the range of a given function
9. Identify/ describe the graph of a function
10. Solve problems on
a) Linear equations
b) Systems of linear equations
11. Compute the value of a function f(n), where n is a counting number
I. Algebraic Expressions
A mathematical phrase that contains a variable is an open phrase. A number phrase is an expression
that does not contain a variable. It is also referred to as a numerical expression. The English phrase ‘a certain
number added to 5’ may be translated to the open phrase ‘n + 5’ where n stands for a certain number. The
English phrase ‘seven added to 5’ may be translated to the number phrase ‘7 + 5’.
x
Expressions like 8 + 2, 12 – 2, 5 x 2, and 20 ÷ 2 are some number phrases for the number 10. Expressions like
5
, - 2a, 2n + 8, 2(l + w) are examples of open phrases. Another name for open phrase is algebraic expression.
An expression composed of constants, variables, grouping symbols, and operation symbols, is called an
algebraic expression. It is the result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing (except by 0), or taking roots
on any combination of constants and variables.
2 x3 1 1
Example a) 2 x 2 3x b. 2 x x 4x2 2x 5 d) 2
1
c)
3 x x
A. Polynomials
A term of a polynomial is a constant, a variable or the product of a constant and one or more variables
raised to whole number exponents. The constant preceding the variable in each term is called coefficient of
3 2
the variable. In 3x 15x 2 , the coefficient of x is 3, and the coefficient of x is –15. In algebra, a number is
3 2
1
d) 8 x 3 y e) 4r s 2 f) x 8 x 11x 5
3 2 3 4 2
B. Degree of a Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial. A
term containing more than one variable has degree equal to the sum of all the exponents appearing on the
variables in the term. The degree of a polynomial in more than one variable is the highest degree of all the
terms appearing in the polynomial. If a monomial consists of a constant term then the expression is called
constant polynomial . The degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
Examples:
1) The degree of the polynomial 6 x 3 y 2 3 xy is 5.
2) The degree of the polynomial 4 x 2 5 x 3 is 2.
3) The degree of the polynomial 2 x 5 x y 7 y is 3.
2 2
C. Like Terms
If two terms contain the same powers of the same variables, they are called like terms or similar
terms. For example, 3x and 5 x are like terms, whereas 3x and 2 x are not like terms. Other examples
2 2 2 3
Examples: Evaluate.
x y x y yx 3y
1) for x = 12 & y = 8 2) for x = 2 & y = 4
4 4 2 x
12 8 12 8 42 3( 4)
= =
4 4 2 2
20 4 6 12
= = 5 + 1 = =3+6
4 4 2 2
24 18
= =6 = =9
4 2
F. Operations on Algebraic Expressions
H. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Involving Grouping Symbols
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D. Quotient Law
If m and n are integers and m > n, and a 0, then
am
a mn
an
If m and n are integers and m < n, and a 0, then
am 1
an anm
If m and n are integers and m = n, and a 0, then
am
amn a0 1
an
Examples:
29 x 4 1 1 1
1) 4
29 4 25 32 2) 2
2 ( 4 )
2 4
2 x x x x2
The product of the sum and difference of t wo terms is obtained by subtracting the product of
the last terms from the product of th e first terms, and is called the difference of two squares
(DTS).
Examples:
a) a
b a b a 2 b 2 b) 3a
5b 3a 5b 9a 2 25b 2
The square of a binomial is the sum of the square of the first term, twice the product of the two
terms, and the square of the last term.
a b 2 a 2 2 a b b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
a b 2 a 2 2 a b b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
The product of the binomials ax by and cx dy where a, b, c, & d are real numbers, is
cx dy by cx dy .
equal to ax
the square of the first term of the binomial, the middle term of the trinomial is the negative of the product of
the two terms of the binomial, and the third term of the trinomial is the square of the second term of the
binomial, is equal to the product of the first terms plus or minus the product of the last terms of the
binomial and trinomial factors.
Cube of a Binomial
The cube of a binomial a b is equal to a b a b a b or a b .
3
Factoring is the reverse of multiplying. To factor an expression means to write an equivalent expression
that is a product of two or more expressions.
2) Factoring the Difference of Two Squares (DTS)
For a binomial to be a difference of two squares, two conditions must hold.
1. The given binomial is a difference of two terms.
2. The two terms must be perfect squares.
Examples:
Factor
a) 4 x 25, b) 36 x 25 y
2 8 6
Procedure:
2
a
b2 a b a b
a) 4 x 2 25 = (2 x)2 - (5) = (2 x + 5) (2 x - 5)
2
2 2
a b
a
b
a b
b) 36 x 25 y = (6 x ) - (5 y 3 ) 2 = (6 x 4 + 5 y 3 ) (6 x 4 - 5 y 3 )
8 6 4 2
In the polynomial x bx c , recall that c is the constant term. If that c is not a perfect square, the
trinomial cannot be factoredusing perfect square trinomial type. It may, however, be possible to factor it as
the product of two different binomials.
Some points to consider in factoring x 2 bx c , where b and c are constants.
a) If the sign of the constant term is positive, look for its factors whose sum is the numerical
coefficient of the middle. The signs of these factors must be the same. The sign of the middle
term becomes the signs of the factors of the constant term.
6) Factoring by Grouping
When the given expression is a multinomial, it may be factored by grouping.
Examples:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6 b) x 2 xy y b
2 2 2
Procedure:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6
There is no factor common to all the terms other than 1. We can, however, group the terms as
(6 x 3 9 x 2 ) and (4 x 6) and factor these separately.
= (6 x 9 x ) (4 x 6)
3 2
Grouping the terms
= 3x (2 x 3) 2(2 x 3)
2
Factoring each binomial
= 2 x 3 3x 2
2
Factoring out the common factor (2x –3)
b) x 2 xy y b
2 2 2
The terms do not have any common factor other than 1 but the terms can be grouped as
( x 2 2 xy y 2 ) and b 2 . Both groups can be expressed as squares. Thus, x y
b 2 2
= x y b 2
2
Rewriting the expression as DTS.
= x y
b x y b Factoring the DTS
= x y b x y b Simplifying each factor
Examples: Factor
a) x 4 64 b) 4 x 37 x y 49 y
4 2 2 4
Procedure:
a) x 4 64
If the given expression is a binomial whose terms are perfect squares and positive, these two terms can
be considered as the first and last terms of the perfect square trinomial. It means that in the binomial x 4 64 ,
the middle term is missing. The middle term (mt) can be found by using the formula:
mt = 2 ft lt
where ft is the first term and lt is the last term.
Using the formula,
mt = 2 x 64 = 2 x 8 16 x
4 2 2
So,
= x 4 64 0 Additive Identity Property
= x 4 16 x 2 64 16 x 2 16 x 2 16 x 2 0
= ( x 16 x 64) (16 x )
4 2 2
Grouping the terms
= x2 8 4x
2 2
Rewriting the expression as DTS
= x 8
4 x x 8 4 x
2 2
Factoring the DTS
x 4 64 x 2 4 x
8 x 2 4 x 8 Simplifying and arranging the terms
b) 4 x 37 x y 49 y
4 2 2 4
In the expression 4 x 37 x y 49 y , the first and last terms are squares . For the given to be a PST,
4 2 2 4
4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 = 4 x 4 28x 2 y 2 49 y 4 9 x 2 y 2
= (4 x 28x y 49 y ) (9 x y )
4 2 2 4 2 2
Grouping the terms
= 2x 7 y
2
3xy
2 2 3
Rewriting the expression as DTS
2 2
= 2 x 7 y 3xy 2 x 7 y 3xy Factoring the DTS
2 2
4 x 37 x y 49 y = 2 x 3xy 7 y 2 x 3
xy 7 y 2 Simplifying & arranging the terms
4 2 2 4 2 2 2
a a ( a ) a ( a ) a
1)
b b b (b) b (b)
a a ( a ) a a ( a )
2)
b b b (b) b (b)
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Examples:
x x ( x) x
a.
y x ( y x) ( y x ) x y
y 3 x3 ( y 3 x3 ) ( x3 y 3 )
b.
x y x y x y
A rational expression is said to be in lowest or simplest form if the numerator and denominator are
relatively prime. The process of reducing fractions to their simplest form is dividing both numerator and
denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).
Examples:
35 a 4b 2
1) Reduce to lowest terms.
42 a 3b 3
Solution:
57aa a abb
4 2
35a b 5a
42a b 3 3
23 7 a a a b b b 6b
Or
35a b 7a b
4 2 3 2
5a
42a 3b 3 7a 3b 2 6b
3 2
where the greatest common factor (GCF)between the numerator and the denominator is 7 a b .
x3 x2 6 x
2) Reduce to lowest term.
x3 3x 2 2 x
Solution:
We will first factor the members of the given fraction and then proceed as above.
x3 x 2 6 x x( x 2 x 6)
Common factoring by x
x 3x 2 x
3 2
x( x 2 3x 2)
x3
= Canceling x and (x – 2)
x 1
3x 2
3) Reduce to simplest form.
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
Solution:
3x 2
= Given
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
1
= Canceling (3x – 2)
x 1
Examples:
9a 2b3 20c 6d 4 4b3c5 2
1)
4b 6c 4 18a 3d 2 5c 7 d 3 ad
a 2 4b 2 8a 4b a 2 4ab 3b 2
2)
2a 7 ab 3b
2 2
2a 4b a 2 ab 2b 2
2( a b )
= Canceling common factors and get the product
ab
a c a d ad
b) Quotient of fractions:
b d b c bc
To obtain the quotient of two rational expressions, we multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
Examples:
2 4 3 3
100a b 60a b
1) 3
30bc 42ac 4
Solution:
100a 2b 4 42ac 4
= Getting the reciprocal of the divisor
30bc 3 60a 3b3
then proceed to multiplication
7c
= Canceling the common factors of the numerators and the
3
denominators and simplify the result.
x 2 3x 2 x2 x 2
2) Divide by
2 x 3x 1
2
2 x 2 3x 2
Solution:
( x 2)( x 1) ( x 2)(2 x 1)
= Factoring and multiplying the dividend by the
(2 x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
reciprocal of the divisor
x2
= Canceling common factors
x 1
Examples:
2x 1 7 x 5 9x 3
a) Find .
6x 1 6x 1 6x 1
Solution:
2x 1 7 x 5 9x 3
= Writing the rational expressions as a single
6x 1
fraction with a common denominator
(2 x 7 x 9 x) (1 5 3)
= Collecting like terms in the numerator
6x 1
1
= Performing the indicated operations in the
6x 1
numerator
2 3x 8y
b) Express in simplest form.
3x 2 y 3x 2 2 xy 9x2 4 y2
Solution:
2 3x 8y
= Factoring the
(3 x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y ) (3x 2 y )(3x 2 y)
denominators
Make the rational expressions similar by getting the LCD, divide the LCD by the
given denominator and multiply the quotient by the given numerator
2 x(3x 2 y ) 3x(3x 2 y) 8 y ( x)
=
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
6 x 2 4 xy 9 x 2 6 xy 8 xy
= Getting the products in the
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
numerators
( x)(3x 2 y )
= Factoring the numerator
( x)(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y)
1
= Reducing the result to
(3 x 2 y )
simplest form
Examples:
x2
y
y
1) Simplify the complex rational expression .
y2
x
x
Solution:
y2 x2
y y2 x2 y2 x2
=
y x
2 2
y x
x
y 2 x2 x x
= Canceling common factors
y y 2 x2 y
and then multiplying
the dividend by the reciprocal
of the divisor.
Radicals
1
If n is a positive integer and a is a real number for which a n is defined, then the expression
1
n n
a is called a radical, and a = an .
The number a is called the radicand. The number n is called the index of the radical. Remember that
1
n
a = a n . So n
a is the positive nth root of a when n is even and a is positive, whereas n
a is the real nth root
of a when n is odd and a is any real number. The expressions 4 , 4 16 , and 2 are not real numbers
6
because there are no even roots of negative numbers in the real number system.
m
Whenever the exponent of a base is in rational form where n 0, the expression can always be
n
expressed in radical form.
a) a 4 b) a 2
c) 8 3
Solution:
3 5 2
= (2 a )5
4 3
a) a 4 = a3 b) a 2
c) 8 3 = 82
a) 36 = 36 2 b) 3
8 = (8) 3 c)
3
a6 = a 3
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Product Rule for Radicals.
6
a) 4
32 b. 12 x c) 3
54 x5 y 9
Solution:
a) 4
32 = 4
16 4
2 = 4
24 4
2 = 24 2
b) 12 x 6 = 4 x
6
2 3 2
3 = 2 (x ) 3 = 2 x3 3
c) 3 5 9
54 x y = 3 27 x y
3 9
3
2x = 2 3 3
3 x y
3 9
3 3
2 x 2 = 3xy3 2 x 2
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Quotient Rule for Radicals.
3
8x 3 y 5 24 y 5
a) b) 3
27 12 5
Solution:
8 x3 y 5 3
8x3 y 3 y 2 3
(2) x y y
3 3 3 2
2 xy3 y 2
a) 3
27 3
3
3
3 3
8 3y y
3 2 3 3 2 2
24 y 5 3 3
2 y y 2 y3 y
b) 3
125 3
5 3 5 5
Solution:
2 15
2
10 10 6 60 2 15 15
a)
6 6 6 6 2
6 6 3
3
24 x 2 y 4 3
24 x 2 y 4 3
2x2 y2 3
48 x 4 y 6 3
23 6 x3 xy 6 2 xy 2 3 6 x
b) = y3 6 x
3
4 xy 3
4 xy 3
2x y
2 2 3
8x y
3 3 3 3
2 x y
3 3
2 xy
c) To rationalize letter c, use the conjugate of the two-term denominator as the multiplier of both numerator
and denominator of the given expression.
2 1 3 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 )
(1 3) 1 3
1 3 1 3 1 3
2
1 3 2
Find:
3
54 x3 y 4
3 4
1) 2 x 3 - 4 x 2 + 5 18 x 2) 3
16 x y - 3
Procedure:
3 2 3
1) 2x - 4 x + 5 18 x Given
= 2x x -2
2 x + 5 3 2x x
2 2 2 2
Product rule for radicals
= x 2 x - 2x + 15x 2 x Simplifying each radical
= 15x- 2x
2x Adding like radicals
3 4
2) 3
16 x 3 y 4 - 3
54 x y Given
= 3
2 2 x y y -
3 3 3 3
3 2 x y y
3 3 3
Product rule for radicals
= 2 xy 3 2 y - 3xy 3 2 y Simplifying each radical
= xy3 2 y Adding like radicals
2) Multiplication of Radicals
The product rule for radicals, n ab = n a n b , allows multiplication of radicals with the same index.
Examples: Find the product of the radicals in simplest form.
1) 2 6 4 3 2) 3
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) 3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 - 5)
Procedure:
1) 2 6 4 3 = 8 18 8 2 32 (8)(3) 2 24 2
3 3
2) 3
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) = a2 2 a3 = 3
a 2 2a
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3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 -
2
5) = 4 3 - 5 2 = 4(3) – 5 = 12 – 5 = 7
For any rational number a except 0, and for all whole numbers m,
m 1
a
am
To simplify algebraic expressions with negative exponents, mean to express the given expression into
an equivalent quantity where the exponents become positive.
9x 4 y 9 y 4x (3 y 2 x)(3 y 2 x) 3y 2x
2 4
x2 y 4 4 2 2 2 2
b) 1 2
3x 2 y 2
x y 4
3xy 2 x y
4 2 2
xy (3 y 2 x)
2 2
xy 2
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates.
The range is the set of second coordinates. Relations are often defined by equations with no domain
stated. If the domain is not stated, we agree that the domain consists of all real numbers that, when
substituted for the independent variable, produce real n umbers for the dependent variable .
Example 1:
The table of values below shows the relation between the distance of the movie projector from the
screen and the size of a motion picture on the screen.
Distance 1 2 3 4
Screen Size 1 4 9 16
The numbers in the table above could be written as ordered pairs (x, y) where x is the
First member or first coordinate and y is the second member or second coordinate. We can express these
numbers as the set of ordered pairs.
A function is a relation that assigns to each member of the domain exactly one member of
the range. It is a set of ordered pairs of real numbers x , y in which no two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first coordinate. The set of all permissible values of x is called the domain of the
function, and the set of all resulting values of y is called the range of the function.
Example 3:
Let f be the function defined by f x, y y x 3 . Find the domain and range of the function.
2
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers. Since the expression x 2 is nonnegative, the smallest value
that y can take is 3 (when x 0 ). Hence the range is is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3 or
y y3 .
Example 4:
x
Find the domain and range of the function defined by f x, y y .
x 1
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is x R x 1. To determine the range,
y
express x in terms of y, that is x . From this result, y cannot be equal to 1 . Therefore the range of
y 1
function is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is y R y 1
B. Values of Functions
The symbol f x (read " f of x" or " f at x" ) denotes the particular value of the function that
corresponds to the given value of x . The variable x is called the independent variable while the variable y is
called the dependent variable because y is usually expressed in terms of x when their relationship is given in
the form of an equation. If there is an equation that is a function, we may replace y in the equation with f x
, since f x represents y . For example, if the given function is y 3 x 1 , we may write it as f x 3 x 1 .
To evaluate a function for a specific value of x , replace each x in the function with the given value, and
then perform the indicated operation/s.
f 2 34 10 2 f 2 12 8 f 2 4
In the example, the ordered pair 2, 4 belongs to the function f , in symbols 2, 4 f . We also say that 4 is
the image of 2 under f , and 2 is the pre-image of 4 under f .
a) f 0 b) f 2 c) f 2 h
d) f 3h
2
e) f x h
VII. Equations
Definition
An equation is a mathematical sentence that uses an equal sign to state that two expressions
represent the same number or are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 3 2 5 b) 3x 4 2 x 5 c) x 2 9 0
Solution set
The set of all solutions to an equation is called the solution set to the equation.
1) Solving Equations
To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions. The most basic method for solving equations
involves the properties of equality.
Properties of Equality
For any rational numbers a, b and c,
a) a a is always true Reflexive Property
b) If a b , then b a Symmetry Property
c) If a b , b c , then a c . Transitive Property
d) Adding the same number to both
sides of the equation does not
change the solution set of the
equation. In symbols, if a b ,
then a c b c . Addition Property
e) Multiplying both sides of the
equation by the same nonzero
number does not change the
solution set of the equation.
In symbols, if a b then
ac bc . Multiplication Property
Equations that have the same solution set are called equivalent equations. Using the properties of
equality, we can derive equations equivalent to the srcinal equation. The equations 2 x 4 10 and
x 21 4 x are eq uivalent equations because 7 satisfies both equations.
2) Types of Equations
Identity is an equation that is satisfied by every number by which both sides of the
equation are defined. The number of solutions is infinite.
Examples: a) 23 x 1 6 x 2 b) x 1 x 1 c) x 1
x
Both equations 23 x 1 6 x 2 and x 1 x 1 are considered identities because both sides of each
x
equation are identical. They can be satisfied by any real numbers. The equation 1 can be satisfied by all
x
0
real numbers except 0 because is undefined.
0
The only value that makes equation 3x 4 2 x 5 true is – 1. While x 9 0 has the solution set 3, 3.
2
Examples: a) x x 2 b) 5 3 x 6 4 x 9 7 x
Simplifying either of the two equations using only the properties of equality will yield an equation that is false.
A. Linear Equations
Definition
An equation is linear if the variables occur as first powers only, there are no products of
variables, and no variable is in a denominator. The graph of the linear equation is a straight line. A
linear equation is also called a first-degree equation.
Examples:
2x x
a) y 4 x 2 c) 3x 2 5 x 4 e. 5 1
3 2
b) 2 x 5 9 d) 4 x 2 y 0
x 21 4 x Given
x 21 4 x 21 4 x 4 x 21 Addition Property
3x 21 Combining like terms
1 1
3x 21 Multiplication Property by
3 3
x=7
3 5
2 x 4 3 Multiply the equation by 2x.
x 2x
6 8x 5 6 x Distributive property
6 8x (6) (6 x) 5 6 x (6) (6 x) Addition property
2 x 1 Combining like terms
1
2 x 1 Multiplication property
2
1 1
x= Solution set is { }.
2 2
Decimals may be removed from an equation before solving. Multiply by a power of 10 large enough to
make all decimal numbers whole numbers. If you multiply by 10, you move the decimal point in all terms one
place to the right. If you multiply by 100, you move the decimal point in all terms two places to the right.
Solution: Because the highest number of decimal places is 2 in the term 0.75x, we multiply the equation by
100, thus
100( x 0.1x 0.75x 4.5) Multiply the equation by 100
100x 10x 75x 450 Distributive Property
100x 10 x (75x) 75x 450 (75x) Addition property
15x 450 Combining like terms
1
15 x 450 Multiplication property
15
x = 30 Solution set is {30}
1) Number-Related problems
Example:
There are two numbers whose sum is 50. Three times the first is 5 more than twice the second. What
4) Work-Related Problems
Example:
5) Investment-Related Problems
Example:
Gary invested P50,000, part of it at 6% and the other part at 8%. The annual interest on the 6%
investment was P480 more than that from the 8% investment. How much was invested at each rate?
6) Digit-Related Problems
Example:
The tens digit of a certain number is 3 less than the units digit. The sum of the digits is 11. What is the
number?
7) Geometry-Related Problems
Example:
The length of a rectangular piece of property is one meter longer than twice the width. If the perimeter
of the property is 302 meters, find the length and width.
8) Mixture-Related Problems
Example:
What amounts (in ounce) of 50% and 75% pure silver must be mixed to produce a solution of 15 ounces
with 70% pure silver?
B. Systems of Equations
Definition:
Any collection
system involves of two orthen
two variables, morethe
equations taken as
set of ordered onethat
pairs is called a system
satisfy of equations
all of the equations.isIf the
the
solution set of the system.
1) A system of equations that has one or more solutions is called consistent. The graphs of the
equations either intersect at a point or coincide. The set of coordinates of the intersection is
the solution set of the system.
a) Consistent Independent is a system of linear equations with only one point as its solution. The graphs of the
equations in the system intersect at one point only.
Example:
a) Find the solution set x y 6 and x y 2 by using the substitution method.
Procedure:
The second equation states that x and y 2 are equal, thus in the first equation, we can replace x
with y 2 .
xy 6 Equation 1
y2 y 6 Replace x in equation 1 with y 2
Since this equation now has only one variable, we can solve for y .
2y 4
y2
The solution set of the system is {4, 2}. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) The sum of two numbers is 115. Their difference is 21. Find the numbers.
Procedure: (By Elimination Method)
st nd
Let x = 1 number (greater number) & y = 2 number (smaller number)
Formulate the equations:
Equation 1: x y 115
Equation 2: x y 21
Here, the elimination method can be done by adding the equations or by subtracting one equation
from the other. Thus,
x y 115 Equation 1
+
x y 21 Equation 2
2 x 136
From the sum, compute for the value of the retained variable x .
x 68 MPE
The numbers are 68 and 47. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) A system of equations that has infinitely many solutions is called consistent dependent. The graphs of the
equations coincide. The equations in the system are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 2 y 2 x Equation 1 b) 3 y 1 2( x 3)
x 2y 4 Equation 2 3 y 2 x 3
Expressing y as a function of x in each of the equations in each system gives equal expressions.
Graphing can also show dependence between the two equations in each system. The graphs of the equations
will coincide.
2) A system of equations that has no solution is called inconsistent. The graphs of the equations do not
intersect or are parallel. The solution set is an empty set.
Examples:
a) 2 x 3 y 6 Equation 1 b) 4 y 5x 7
3y 2x 3 Equation 2 4 y 5 x 12
Solving the system by elimination or by substitution will result into the inequality of two constants
where both variables are dropped. The elimination of both variables implies that no solution can be obtained.
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: MATHEMATICS
LET Competencies
Solve for the roots of a given quadratic equation
Solve problems on quadratic equations
Determine an equation given a set of roots which are imaginary/complex numbers
Perform operations involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Solve for the solution set of a given inequality
n
Determine the rth term of the expansion (a + b)
Solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric progressions
Solve problems involving variations
Determine the number of positive and negative roots of a given polynomial
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0 where a 0, a ,b, and c are constants, is a quadratic equation.
2
Examples:
The following are quadratic equations:
2
1. 3x + 4x + 5 = 0
2. 2x2 - 21x = 0
2
3. 5x - 25 = 0
(x + 5) (x – 3) = 0
(x + 5) = 0 (x – 3) = 0
Solving the resulting linear equations,
x=-5 x=3
2
2. Quadratic Formula (Use this method if ax + bx + c is not factorable)
The quadratic formula is
b b 2 4a c
x
2a
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| Mathematics Major [4]
Example: Solve 3x2 – 2x – 7 = 0
Substitute a = 3 b = -2 c = -7 in the quadratic formula,
2 ( 2) 2 4(3)(7)
x
2(3)
1 22
x
3
BINOMIAL FORMULA
n
To obtain the terms of the binomial expansion (a + b) , we use the binomial formula:
n n n 1 n ( n 1)a n 2 b 2 n ( n 1)(n 2)a n 3 b 3 n 1 n
(a + b) = a na b 2! 3! ... na b b
n
THE rth TERM OF THE EXPANSION (a + b)
n (n 1)(n 2)...(n r 2)a n r 1 b r 1
rth term =
( r 1)!
Example:
8
Find the fifth term of (2a – 3b)
n=8 r=5 n–r+2=5
(8)(7)(6)(5)( 2a ) 4 (5b) 4
5th term =
4!
th 4 4
5 term = 90, 720 a b
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
x
f (x) = b , where b and x are real numbers and b> 0,b ‡ 1.
Examples:
The following are examples of exponential functions
1. f(x) = 2x
2. f(x) = 32x - 2
4 x 3
1
3. f(x) =
2
The exponential functions f (x) = bx and g(x) = by where x and y are real numbers, b> 0, b 1 , satisfy the
following properties
x y x+y
1. b b = b
x y
2. b = b , if and only if x = y
-x 1
3. b =
bx
4. If b>1, and x< y, then bx < by
x y
5. If 0 < b < 1 and x < y, then b > b
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| Mathematics Major [4]
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation where the unknown quantity appears in an exponent is called an exponential equation.
Examples:
The following are exponential equations:
x-3
1.
2. 60
5 ==22
x-3 3x-2
2x – 6x+3 4x+5
3. 6 =2
To solve an exponential equation is to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
Example 1: Solve for x in 64 = 8x-2
Solution:
Rewriting the given equation, we have
82 = 8x-2
Since the bases are equal, the exponents must be equal. Thus,
2=x–2
4=x
Hence, x = 4
Therefore x = -3 x = -1.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The equation f(x) = logb x, where b 1 , x> 0 and b> 0 is called a logarithmic function.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic functions:
1. f(x) = log2 (3x -2)
2. f(x) = log2 x
3. f(x) = log8 (6x -3)
Note:
1. If the base of the logarithm is not indicated it is understood that the base is 10.
2. If the base of the logarithm is the number e, then it is called a natural logarithm and it is written as
f(x) = ln x.
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
A logarithmic equation is an equation that contains logarithm.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic equations
1. log3 81 = 4
2. log2 8 = 3
3. log2 16 = 4
4. log 100 = 2
3
| Mathematics Major [4]
y
The logarithmic equation y = logb x can be written in exponential form as b = x and vice-versa.
Log3 81 = 4 34 = 81
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
x
2. logb x – logb y = logb
y
Example:
3x 5
log3 (3x -5) – log3 5x = log3
5x
3. logb xn = nlogb x
Example:
log2 x3 = 3 log2 x
To solve a logarithmic equation means to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
x2
log log(x 2)
x
Since the logarithmic of both sides of the equation are equ al, then we have
x2
x2
x
x(x + 2) = x + 2
2
x +x-2=0
(x + 2) (x-1) = 0
x = -2 x = 1
Thus, x = 1
Example 2
Solve for x in log( x – 4) + log(x – 3) = log 30
Solution
Rewriting the given equation, we obtain
log(x – 4)(x – 3) = log 30
(x – 4) (x – 3) = 30
2
x - 7x + 12 = 30
x2 - 7x -18 = 0
4
| Mathematics Major [4]
(x – 9) (x + 2) = 0
x = 9 x= -2
Thus, x = 9.
INEQUALITIES
Any relation expressed using the symbols <, >, > or < is called an inequality.
An absolute inequality is an inequality which is always true. A conditional inequality is one which is true only for
certain values of the variable involved.
1. 4 > 3 is an absolute inequality
2. x > 3 is a conditional inequality
PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES
Let a, b, c, & d be real numbers. The following hold.
1. Trichotomy Property
a > b or a < b or a = b
2. a > b if a - b > 0
a < b if a – b < 0
3.
a. If a> 0 and b> 0, then a + b> 0 and ab>0.
b. If a < 0 and b < 0, then a+b< 0 and ab> 0
4. Transitivity
5. Addition Property
6. Multiplication Property
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
To solve an inequality means to find the value of the unknown that will make th e inequality true.
Examples:
1. Solve the inequality 4x + 3 < x + 8
Solution:
4x
4x +
– x3 << 8x +
–38
3x < 5
5
x<
3
x(3x – 5) < 0
5
| Mathematics Major [4]
Case I
x > 0 and 3x – 5 < 0
x > 0 and 3x < 5
5
x > 0 and x <
3
5
Thus, 0 < x <
3
Case II
x < 0 and 3x – 5 . 0
x < 0 and 3x > 5
5
x < 0 and x >
Case I
x + 4 < 0 and x – 1 > 0
x < –4 and x > 1
Case II
Thus, x = ( -4, 1)
Example:
For the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, …, the first term is 1, the second term is 3, and so on and so forth.
Example:
The sum of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7,… denoted by 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +… is a series.
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant d is added to the previous term to get the next is called an arithmetic sequence.
The constant d is called the common difference.
Examples:
Example 1
th
Find the 20 term of the sequence 4, 14, 24, 34,…
Solution:
Here t1 = 4, n = 20, d = 10
Thus,
Solution:
Here t1 =13, n = 50, d = -3
Thus,
t50 = t1 + (n – 1) (d)
= 13 + (50 – 1) (-3)
= 13 + (49) (-3)
t50 = 134
ARITHMETIC SERIES
n
Sn= ( t 1 t 2 ) or
2
n
Sn = [(2t1 + (n – 1)d]
2
Example 2:
How many multiples of 4 are there between 15 and 94?
Solution:
Here= t16,
1 t =n 92, d=4
Thus,
tn = t1 + (n – 1)d
92 = 16 + (n – 1) 4
92 = 16 + 4n – 4
80 = 4n
20 = n
So, there are 20 numbers which are multiples of 4 between 15 and 94.
7
| Mathematics Major [4]
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant r is multiplied by the previous term to get th e next term is called a g eometric
sequence. The constant r is called the common ratio.
Example:
1. The sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,… is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is 2.
8 1
2. The sequence 24, 8, , … is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is .
3 3
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
The function defined by the equation
n n-1 n-2 2
f(x) = a0x +a1x + a2x + . . .+ an-2x + an-1x + an
where n is a nonnegative integer and a0, a1, . . .,an are constants, a0, 0 is a polynomial function in x of degree n.
The zeros or roots of f(x) are the numbers x such that f(x) = 0.
8
| Mathematics Major [5]
WHAT TO EXPECT
CONCENTRATION: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Trigonometry
LET Competencies:
1. Show mastery of the basic terms, concepts and operations in Trigonometry involving
Angles
Trigonometric ratios
Conversion (degree to radian and vice-versa)
Pythagorean Theorem
2. Solve, evaluate and manipulate symbolic and numerical problems in Trigonometry by applying
fundamental principles and processes.
1. Angles In General
An angle is formed by two rays with the same endpoint. The common endpoint is called the
vertex of the angle and the rays are called the sides of the angle.
O
A
Figure 1
In Figure 1, the vertex of the angle (read as theta) is labeled O. A and B are points on each
side of . Angle can also be denoted by AOB, where the letter associated with the vertex is written
between the letters associated with the points on each side.
We can think of as having been formed by rotating side OA about the vertex to side OB. In
this case, we shall call side OA theinitial side of and side OB the terminal side of .
When the rotation from the initial side takes place in a counterclockwise direction, the angle
formed is considered a positive angle. If the rotation is in clockwise direction, the angle formed is a
negative angle.
2. Degree Measure
One way to measure the size of anangle is with degree measure. The angle formed by rotating
a ray through one complete rotation has a measure of 360 degrees, written as 360.
1
| Mathematics Major [8]
1
One degree (1), then, is of a full rotation. Likewise, 180 is one-half of a full rotation, and 90 is
36 0
half of that (or a quarter of a rotation). Angles that measure 90 are called right angles, while angles that
measure 180 are called straight angles. Angles that measure between 0 and 90 are called acute angles,
while angles that measure between 90 and 180 are called obtuse angles.
A central angle in a circle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle. In a circle, a central
angle that cuts off an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle has a measure of 1 radian (rad).
s
O
r
Figure 2
3. Conversions
To convert degrees to radians, we consider the fact that 1 rad
180
180
To convert radians to degrees, we consider the fact that 1 rad =
We note the following:
1. If the unit of measure of an angle is not indicated, then it is understood to be in radians.
2. 1 rad is approximately 57, thus, 1 rad is much larger than 1 degree.
Example 1.
1.1 Convert 60 to radians.
Solution: Note that 1 rad, so to convert from degrees to radians, we multiply by . Thus, we have
180 18 0
60 60 rad rad
180 3
When our answer is in terms of , we are writing an exact value. If we wanted an approximation, we
would replace with 3.1416.
3.1416
Exact value 0.7854 Approximate value
4 4
z
x
X
Z
y
Figure 3
Right triangle XZY (symbolized as right XZY) with right angle Z is drawn in Figure 3. Its hypotenuse is z
while its legs are x and y.
We now state the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean Theorem: In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides (called legs).
If C = 90, then
c c2 = a2 + b2
a
A
C
b
Figure 4
Example 3. Solve for x in the right triangle in Figure 4.
x
9
C A
12
Figure 4
x 13
C A
x+7
Solution: By applying the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
Figure 5
( 7) 132 2 2
x x
3
| Mathematics Major [8]
x 2 14 x 49 x 2 169
2 x 2 14 x 120 0
x 2 7 x 60 0
( x 12)( x 5) 0
x+ 12 = 0 or x-5=0
x = -12 or x=5
Our only solution is x = 5. We do not accept x = -12 because x is the length of a side of triangle ACB and
therefore, its value cannot be negative.
5. Trigonometric Functions
If is an angle in standard position, and the point ( x, y) is any point on the terminal side of other than
the srcin, then the six trigonometric functions of are defined as follows:
y
The sine of : sin
r
x
The cosine of : cos
r
y
The tangent of : tan ; x0
x
x
The cotangent of : cot ; y0
y
r
The secant of : sec ; x0
x
r
The cosecant of : csc ; y0
y
2 2 2
where r = x + y or r x 2 y 2 . That is, r is the distance of the point (x, y) from the srcin.
Example 5. Find the six trigonometric functions of if is in standard position and the point (2, -3) is on
the terminal side of .
(-2,3)
Figure 6
Solution: Using the values x = -2 and y = 3, we solve for r.
2 2
r x y 13
Applying the definition for the six trigonometric functions, we have
y 3 x 13
sin
cot
r 13 y 3
x 2 r 13
cos
sec
r 13 x 2
y 3 x 2
ta n csc
x 2 y 3
4
| Mathematics Major [8]
side adjacent to hypotenuse
cos sec
c = 6 cm
b = 3 cm
B C
a = 3 3 cm
side opposite B
Solution: The sine ratio is . The length of the side opposite B
hypotenuse
is 3 cm., and the hypotenuse is 6 cm. Therefore, we have
side opposite B 3
sin B 0.5
hypotenuse 6
Example 7. In right XYZ with right angle Z, mX = 25 and y = 10 units. Solve the triangle.
Solutions: First, we draw the triangle.
X
z=?
y = 10 units
Y Z
x=?
x x
. By substitution, we have tan 25
0
Now, ta n X
y 10
x 10 tan 250
x 4.66
y 10
Similarly, sin Y . Thus, sin 65
0
z z
z 10
sin 65 0
10
z
0.906
z 11.04
5
| Mathematics Major [6]
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Analytic Geometry
LET Competencies:
This material includes a brief review of the basic terms concerning lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses,
and hyperbolas.
A straight line is represented by an equation of the first degree in one or two variables, while the circle,
parabola, ellipse and hyperbola are represented by equations of the second degree in two variables.
6. Segment division
Given segment AB with A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2).
B. The Circle
1. Definition. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the plane.
The fixed point is called thecenter, and the distance from the center to any point of the circle is called
the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius is equal tor.
3. Line tangent to a circle
A line tangent to a circle touches the circle at exactly one point called the point of tangency. The
tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, at the point of tangency.
C. Conic Section
A conic section or simply conic, is defined as the graph of a second-degree equation in x and y.
In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its distance
from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the
focus of the
conic, the fixed line is called thedirectrix of the conic, and the constant ratio is called theeccentricity, usually
denoted by e.
D. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called thefocus and the fixed line is the
directrix.
2. Equation
a) Theand Graph of
equation ofaa Parabola
parabola with vertex at the srcin and focus at (a,0) is y2 = 4ax . The parabola
opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left ifa < 0.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the srcin and focus at (0,a) is x2 = 4ay. The parabola
opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward ifa < 0.
c) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h + a, k) is (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h).
The parabola opens to the right ifa > 0 and opens to the left ifa < 0.
d) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h, k + a) is (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k).
e) The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward ifa < 0.
f) Standard form: (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) or (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
g) General form: y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The
parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
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| Mathematics Major [6]
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix (and therefore
perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is4a, and the endpoints of the latus rectum are
(a, -2a) and (a, 2a).
Px
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the C
parabola is the srcin, the focus is F(a,o),
the directrix is the line containing LL' ,
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is
O F(a, 0) x
the line containing CC ' .
C’
L'
y – 4/3 = 0 L
y
x1=0
O
x y2=0
P(x,y) V(3,2)
F(0,-4/3) F(5,2)
2 16
The graph of x y.
3
The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).
E. Ellipse
1. Definition. An ellipse is the set ofall points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances ofP from two
fixed points F’ and F on the plane is constant.Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the
2 x2 y2
minor axis are at (0, b) and b a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2
b) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the
2 x2 y2
minor axis are at ( b, 0) and b a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
b2 a2
c) If the center is at (h, k), at (h a, k), the foci are at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is2a, (h, k a), the foci are at (h, k c),
2
b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b
the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h a 2 c 2 , then
2 2
( y k) ( x h)
the equation is 1.
a2 b2
3. Parts of an Ellipse.
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse shown with center at O, vertices at
V’(-a,0) and
V(a,0), foci atF’(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis at B’(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus
2 2
b b
rectum at G’ (-c, ) and G(-c, )
a a
2 2
b b
and the other at H’ ( c, ) and G(c, ).
a a
B(0,b)
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )
B’(0,-b)
a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the intersection of
the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the fociand intersecting the ellipse at its
vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints are the vertices of the
ellipse. In the figure, V 'V is the major axis and has length of 2a units.
c) The minor axis s i the perpendicular bisector of themajor axis and whose endpoints are bothon the
ellipse. In the figure, B' B is the minor axis and has length 2b units.
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis. G' G and H ' H
2
2b
are the latus rectum, each with a length of .
a
y
(0, 3)
(-4, 9 )
(2,6)
5 (4, 9 )
5 (8,5)
(-6,4)
(-5,0) (-4,0) (4,0) (5,0)
O x (2,1)
(-8 1)
, (12 1)
,
(-4,- 9 ) (4,- 9 )
5 O x
5
(0, -3)
(8,3)
(2,-4)
4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above are both
horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.
F. The Hyperbola
1. Definition. A hyperbola isthe set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each point
on the set from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
a) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the minor
x2 y2
axis are at (0, b) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2
b) If the center is at the srcin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the minor
2 x2 y2
axis are at ( b, 0) and b c 2 a 2 , then the equation is
1.
b2 a2
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h a, k), the foci are
at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h,k b),the principal axis is horizontal and
( x h) 2 ( y k )2
b2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 2
1.
a b2
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h, k a), the foci are
2 2 2
at (h,k c), the endpoints of2 the minor2 axis are at (h b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b c a ,
( y k) ( x h)
then the equation is 1
a2 b2
2. Parts of a hyperbola.
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O, vertices at
V’(-
2
b
a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F’(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum atG’ (-c, ) and G(-c,
a
2 2 2
b b b
) and the other at H’ (c, ) and H(c, ).
a a a
2 2
(c, ba ) B(0,b) (c, ba )
V’(-a,0)
x
F’(-c,0) O V(a,0) F(c,0)
2 2
(c, ba ) B’(0,-b) (c, ba )
y
b b
y x y x
a a
(0,b) P
x
(-a,0) O (a,0)
(0,-b)
These two diagonal lines are said to be the asymptotes of the curve, and are helpful in sketching the graph of a
x2 y2 b b
hyperbola. The equations of the asymptotes associated with 1 are y x and y x . Similarly,
a2 b2 a a
y2 x2 a a
the equations of the asymptotes associated with 1 are y x and y x .
a2 b2 b b
y y
(6,9)
3y x 0
(0,3)
F (-6,0) (-3,0)
’ O (3,0) F(6,0) x
O x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9) F (0,-6)
’
CALCULUS
Theorems
We use theon Limits of
following Functions
theorems to evaluate limits of functions:
1. Uniqueness Theorem: If the limit of a function exists, then it is unique. That is, if
lim f ( x ) L1 and lim f ( x ) L2 , then L1 L2 .
xa x a
2. If m, b R , then lim( mx b) ma b
xa
4. lim x a
xa
f ( x) L1
5.3 lim
x a
provided L2 0
g ( x) L2
6. If lim f ( x ) L and n Z then
xa
6.2 lim n
f ( x) n
L with the restriction that if n is even, L 0.
x a1
constant, then
1
| Mathematics Major [7]
10.1 lim[ f ( x ) h( x)]
x a
10.4 if c 0, lim[ f ( x) h( x )]
xa
10.5 if c 0, lim[ g ( x) h( x )]
xa
c c
11. If p Z , c R then lim 0 and lim 0
x xp x xp
2
11. If f ( x) cot[g ( x)], then f ' ( x) g ' ( x) csc [ g ( x)]
12. If f ( x) sec[g ( x)], then f ' ( x) g ' ( x) sec[g ( x)] tan[g ( x)]
13. If f ( x) csc[g ( x)], then f ' ( x) g ' ( x) csc[g ( x)] cot[g ( x)]
14. If f ( x) e then f ' ( x) e
g ( x) g ( x)
g ' ( x)
15. If f ( x) a where a is any constant not equal to 0, then f ' ( x) a
g ( x) g ( x)
ln(a) g ' ( x)
1
16. If f ( x) ln[g ( x)] then f ' ( x) g ' ( x)
g ( x)
x n 1
c, n 1
4. If n is a rational number , x dx n 1
n
ln x c, n 1
5. sin udu cos u c
2
| Mathematics Major [7]
13. sec udu ln sec u tan u c
14. csc udu ln csc u cot u c
u n 1
c , n 1
15. u du n 1
n
ln u c, n 1
16. eu du eu c
1
a du ln a a c
u u
17.
A f ( x)dx
a
2. Area (A) bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) for all
x [a , b]
A [f2 ( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
V [f ( x )]2 dx
a
2. Ring Method
The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) ,
where f1(x) > f2(x) for all x [a , b], is revolved about the x-axis
V [ f1( x )]2 [ f2 ( x )]2 dx
a
3. Shell Method
3.1 The region bounded by the curve y f ( x ) , the x-axis and
the lines x a and x b , is revolved about the y-axis.
b
V 2 xf ( x )dx
a
3.2 The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) , where f1(x) > f2(x) for
all x [a , b], is revolved about the y-axis
V 2 x[f1( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
3
Geometry
Basic
and
Measurement Algebra
Arithmetic
and Advanced
Mathematics Major Business
Mathematics
Algebra
COMPLEX NUMBERS
25
COMPLEXNUMBERS RADICALS
RADICALS ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA ALGEBRA
1 4
If x³ is Number
an odd number
Theory and y³ The green neon lights
NUMBER flash every 4
THEORY
is an even number, which of seconds; the blue, every 5
the ff. is/are TRUE ? seconds; the red, every 6 seconds.
I. x³ - y³ is an even number If all the lights flash together at 8:00
II. x³ + y³ is an odd number PM, at what time will they flash
III. x³ y³ is an even number together again?
IV. x³ - y³ + 1 is an odd number
Answer: 840
301
A farmer has enough feeds for In how many years will P50,000
72 ducks for 14 days. If he grow to P60,000. If it is
sells 16 ducks, how long will invested at 6% compounded
the feeds last? monthly?
FRACTION FRACTION
A water tank is 5/6 full. If 1/3 of
the water was used for cleaning
If 2/5 of x is 20, what is 1/2 of x? the car, what part of the tank
has water?
25 5/9
210
84
1:3
2100, 1400, 840
Arithmetic and Business Mathematics Arithmetic and Business Mathematics
Half of the people in the room left.
One-fourth of the remaining What number when increased by
started to dance, there were then 90% of itself equals 133?
12 people who are not dancing.
Find the srcinal number of the
people in the room.
Answer: 32 Answer: 70
PERCENT
An employee spends about The srcinal price of a pair
PERCENT
P3,332 a month. This sum is of jogging pants was
70% of his monthly salary. P300. What was the rate
How much does he receive a of discount after paying
month? P195?
P4,760 35%
2400 L
2080
PERCENT
There are 1400 pupils in Kaiba FRACTION/ PERCENT
Central School. Of these
students, 12.5% are in Grade VI If the length of the rectangle is
reduced by 1/5 and width is also
and 20%
Grade V. of
Howthemany
rest are in are
pupils reduced by 1/5, what percent of
there in Grade V? the srcinal area is the new area
of the rectangle?
64%
245
Plane and Solid Geometry
Arithmetic and Business Mathematics
Measurement
In the Education Dept., 3/5 are
BSED students and the rest are A mile is about 1.609 km. How
BEED students. Of these BSED many meters is a mile longer
students, 1/3 are Math majors. If than a kilometer?
there are 20 Math majors, how
many BEED students are there?
Answer: ¼ cm Answer: 21 cm
Answer: 25π or
Answer: 135° 78.54 sq.m.
Plane and Solid Geometry Plane and Solid Geometry
Measurement Measurement
Answer: 64 Answer: 20
Answer: 4 Answer: 12
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
If Maria can address a box envelopes Mario sold five pigs and four goats for
in 5 hours and Jane can address P21,000. Selling the animals at the
the same box of envelopes in 10 same , Ben sold three pigs and 2
hours, how many minutes will it take goats for P12,000. What is the
Maria and Jane working together to selling price of each animal?
address all envelopes in the box?
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Answer: 3 Answer: 3
Basic Trigonometry Trigonometry
Trigonometry Trigonometry
Answer: 2π Answer:
Trigonometry Trigonometry
From a point level with 1000 ft. away If in ΔABC, sin A = 3/5, then what is
from the base of a monument, the the value of sin B?
angle of elevation to the top of the
monument is 35°. Determine the
height in the nearest feet.
Trigonometry Trigonometry
In ΔABC, C s a right triangle and If the ratio of sec x to csc x is
tan A = 1. What is the value of sin A
1:4 then the ratio of tan x to
+ cos A?
cot x is
Find the exact value of tan Find the nearest feet the
- 5π/3. height of the flagpole which
cast a shadow 44.8 ft. long
when the angle of elevation
of the sun is 36°?
Answer: 1 Answer: 2x - y = -4
Basic Calculus Basic Calculus
Answer: Answer:
Evaluate Evaluate
Answer: Answer:
Mathematics | Prof. R. Diaz
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for Year 2012
Area: Mathematics
DAY 1
2. A blue neon light blinks every 4 seconds. A red one blinks every 5 seconds while a
green one blinks every 6 seconds. How many times will they blink together in one
hour?
A. once C. 20 times
B. 10 times D. 60 times
Solution:
To find the number of seconds it takes for the neon lights to blink together, look for the least common multiple of 4, 5 and
6. Find the LCM using the prime factorization method.
2 2
LCM 4: 2 x2 =2 4: 2
5: 5 = 5 5: 5
6: 2x3=2x3 6: 2 x 3
2
2 x 3 x 5 = 60
Multiply all the prime factors in each column with the highest exponent.
2
2 x 5 x 3 = 60
The LCM is 60. It means that the three neon lights blink together every 60 seconds or every minute. Since there are 60 minutes in
one hour, the neon lights will blink together 60 times in one hour (Option D).
Options A, C and D are multiples of 3 and 9. Options B is a multiple of 3 but not of 9. The answer is B.
4. The distance between two towns on a given map is 2¾ cm. If ½cm in the map is
equal to 6km, find the actual distance between the two towns.
A. 18 km C. 36 km
B. 33 km D. 42 km
Solution A: ½ cm: 6 km = 2 ¾ cm : N
Product of means = Product of extremes
2 ¾ cm x 6 km = ½ cm x N
11 cm x 6 km = ½ cm x N
4
33 cm km = ½ cm x N
2
33
2km = N
2
33 km = N
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Solution B:
2 cm = ½ cm + ½ cm + ½ cm + ½ cm
¾ cm = ½ cm + ¼ cm
5. Margo paid P400 for a blouse. If the blouse was sold at 20% discount, what was its
srcinal price?
A. P80 C. P500
B. P480 D. P540
Solution:
Sale price = Original price (N) – discount
P400 = N – 0.20 N
P400 = 0.80 N
400
=N
0.80
P500 = N The answer is option C.
2
6. The area of a rectangle is 117 cm . Find its perimeter if its length is 13 cm.
A. 9 cm C. 44 cm
B. 30 cm D. 54 cm
Solution:
Area of a rectangle = length x width.
Since the length is 13 cm and the area is 117 sq. cm.
W = A = 117 = 9 cm
L 13
Now, we solve for the perimeter.
P = 21 + 2w
= 2 (13cm) + 2 (9cm)
= 26 cm + 18 cm
= 44 cm
The answer is option C.
8. In a sequence of starts and stops, an elevator travels from the first floor to the fifth
floor and then to the second floor. From there, the elevator travels to the fourth floor
and then to the third floor. If the floors are 3 meters apart, how far has the elevator
traveled?
A. 18 m C. 30 m
B. 27 m D. 45 m
9. 14.3 is equal to
A. 0.143 x 100 C. 143 100
B. 14.3 x 100 D. 0.143 x 1000
10. Which of the following has the greatest value?
A. 0.351 C. 3/10
B. 35/100 D. 3/9
11. Which of the following numbers is greater than -3/2?
A. -4/3 C. -7/4
B. -3 D. -2
12. Simplify 1/3 + 2/5 – 2/6.
A. 1/14 C. 2/3
B. 1/5 D. 2/5
13. Find the product: (2 ½ ) (5/7) (2/5)
A. 0 C. 1
B. 5/14 D. 5/7
14. Simplify: 2(-3)2 – (-4) (5) - 2
A. -4 C. 28
B. 14 D. 10
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15. Dante is working on a hill 78 meters above the sea level, while directly underneath.
Mark is working in a tunnel 38 meters below the sea level. What is the distance
between Dante and Mark?
A. 116 cm C. -42 m
B. 42m D. -116m
16. How much would 215 boxes of paper clips cost if each box costs P6.75?
A. P1,250.75 C. P1,451.25
B. P1,355,25 D. P1,455.75
17. What is the least common multiple of 9.8 and 18?
A. 36 C. 72
B. 54 D. 144
18. A group of young people from four countries gathered together for an international
workshop: 60 from Manila, 48 from Jakarta, 54 from Kuala Lumpur and 42 from
Bangkok. The participants will form discussion groups with equal number of
members from each country in each group. What is the greatest number of discussion
groups that can be formed?
A. 6 C. 18
B. 12 D. 24
19. What are the two digits which when inserted in the blank spaces will make 934__ __
divisible by 8?
A. 3 and 4 C. 5 and 0
B. 3 and 0 D. 0 and 0
20. Which of the following is NOT true about the sum of two consecutive odd integers?
A. it is even C. it is only divisible by 12
B. it is divisible by 4 D. it is always divisible by 1
21. The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in a class is 2:3. If there 40
students in the class, how many boys are there?
A. 8 C. 18
B. 16 D. 24
22. Mrs. Jimenez paid P94.50 for 3 ½ dozens of eggs. How much would 2 dozens of
such eggs cost?
A. 50.50 C. 55.00
B. 54.00 D. 56.00
23. Arthur divides his day into leisure, sleep and work in the ratio 1:2:3. How many
hours does he spend working?
A. 4 hr C. 10 hr
B. 8 hr D. 12 hr
24. It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will needed to build it
in 15 days?
A. 5 C. 100
B. 80 D. 120
25. Which of these is a correct proportion?
A. 3: 5 = 5: 10 C. 11/2 : 2 = 5:7
B. 7:10 = 15:18 D. 4:9 = 2: 4 ½
26. Express 24% in fraction form.
A. ¼ C. 12/51
B. 5/8 D. 6/25
27. How much larger than 20% of 950 is 40% of 600?
A. 50 C. 60
B. 54 D. 68
28. Which of the following is true?
A. 12% < 0.8 C. 40% > 0.4
B. 30% = 0.03 D. 25% = 0.5
29. In a class of 40 students, 40% are boys. How many are girls?
A. 16 C. 22
B. 18 D. 24
30. John took two hours to construct a model boat. He spend 75% of that time reading
the instructions. How much time did he actually spend on the construction of the
boat?
A. 25 min C. 60 min
B. 30 min D. 75 min
31. In a examination, 24% of the students failed in math and 33% in Science. If 9% of
the students failed in both subjects, find the percent of students who passed in both
subjects.
A. 43% C. 52%
B. 48% D. 81%
33. The introductory price of a certain item was P12. What is the percent increase in the
price of the item if two years later its price is P42?
A. 150% C. 250%
B. 200% D. 300%
34. The outer diameter of a metal pipe is 3 ¼ cm and the inner diameter is 2 ¾ cm. Find
the thickness of the pipe.
A. ½ cm C. 1/8 cm
B. ¼ cm D. ¾ cm
35. How many pieces of ribbon, each 75 cm long, could be cut from a roll containing 18
meters of ribbon?
A. 12 C. 18
B. 16 D. 24
36. Laura jogs at least 1500 meters everyday on a circular track. If the track has a
diameter of 80 meters, about how many rounds does Laura jog everyday?
A. 15 C. 9
B. 12 D. 6
37. If a peso coin weighs 15 grams, about how much money will you have if you have a
kilogram of 1-peso coins?
A. P6 C. P660
B. P66 D. P6, 600
38. A right cylindrical can is to hold exactly 3 liters of water. What should the height of
the can be if the radius is 10cm?
A. 3.25 cm C. 9.55 cm
B. 6.4 cm D. 12.35 cm
40. Apo weighs one third as much as her mother Angela. If Apo weights 43.5 lbs., how
much does Angela weight?
A. 62.5 lbs. C. 130.5 lbs.
B. 95.7 lbs. D. 150 lbs.
41. If the perimeter of a rectangle is 72 cm and its length is 6cm longer than its width.
What is its length?
A. 14 cm C. 19 cm
B. 17 cm D. 21 cm
42. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:3. What are the numbers if their sum is 84?
A. 36 and 48 C. 24 and 63
B. 36 and 24 D. 12 and 36
43. A boat travels 8 kph in still water. If it can travel a given distance upstream in 5
hours and the same distance downstream in 3 hours, what is the rate of the current?
A. 2 kph C. 6 kph
B. 5 kph D. 9 kph
45. Lucille is 4 times as old as Nicole. Six years from now, she will be twice as old as
Nicole. How old are they now?
A.. Lucille 12;
– Nicole -3 C. Lucille – 3, Nicole – 12
B. Lucille – 16; Nicole 4– D. Lucille -4l Nicole – 16
A
C D
11. Bebot buys a refrigerator for P7 920. She pays 1/3 of the price in cash and the
balance in 12 equal monthly installments. How much will she pay each month?
A. P300 C. P400
B. P350 D. P440
12. Mang Oskar delivers 210 kg of vegetables to two distributors. If 2/5 of the vegetables goes to Manang Linda, how many
kilograms of vegetables does the other distributor receive?
A. 84 C. 126
B. 116 D. 132
13. A 210-cm stick is cut so that one part is ¾ of the other. How long is the shorter segment?
A. 120 C. 80
B. 90 D. 70
14. For the rest of the day, Bus A passes by Station 3 every 45 minutes, while Bus B passes by Station 3 every 1 hour and 15 minutes.
What time will both bells ring at the same time again?
A. 9.15 C. 10:45
B. 10:30 D. 11:45
15. Find the GCF of 12, 32 and 56.
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 56
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16. Two bells ring at 8 A.M. For the rest of the day, one bell rings every half hour
whereas the other rings every 45 minutes. What time will both bells ring at the same
time again?
A. 9:00 AM C. 9:30 AM
B. 9:45 AM D. 10:00 AM
17. Which of the following numbers give a remainder of 2 when divided by 5 and a remainder of 1 when divided by 4?
A. 7 C. 17
B. 12 D. 31
18. What number can be inserted in the blank space so that 59___172 is divisible by 6?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 7
19. Jeff had fewer than 100 blocks. When he made four equal rows, he had three left over, and with nine equal rows, he had none
left over. How many blocks did Jeff have?
A. 54 C. 72
B. 63 D. 91
20. How many prime numbers are less than 31?
A. 9 C. 12
B. 10 D. 13
21. If one prime factor of 42 is 3, what are the other prime factors?
A. 2 and 3 C. 2 and 7
B. 3 and 5 D. 3 and 7
22. A kilogram of dried squid costs P240. Jigs wants to buy 400 grams only. How much will it cost?
A. P96 C. P120
B. P105 D. P130
23. If there are 18 mangoes and 45 bananas in a fruit basket, what is the ratio of the mangoes to the bananas?
A. 2:5 C. 2:3
B. 4:7 D. 3:7
24. A 3½ meter ribbon is cut into four pieces in the ratio 1:2:3:4. Find the length of the longest piece.
A. 35 cm C. 100 cm
B. 70 cm D. 140 cm
25. What one number can replace x in 1: x = x:64?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
26. In a certain municipality the real estate tax is P5.00 for every P1,000 of the assessed valuation of the property. Find the assessed
valuation on property if a tax of P1250 is levied on it.
A. P62.50 C. P250.000
B. P6,250 D. P500,000
27. A tank of water supplies the needs of 5 children for 6 days. How long will the water last if there were only 3 children?
A. 3.6 days C. 8 days
B. 5 days D. 10 days
28. A man gives 10% of his monthly earnings to the church. Another 70% is spent on food, electricity, water and other bills. After
paying all these, he still ahs P2,000. How much does he earn in a month?
A. P5,000 C. P10,000
B. P8,000 D. P12,000
29. Jake deposited P10,000 at 5% annual interest. How much will it gain in 2 ½ years?
A. P1,250 C. P1,500
B. P1,350 D. P1,750
30. In a candy jar, there are 15 lemons, 12 chocolates, and 3 mints. What percent of the candies are mints?
A. 10% C. 12.5%
B. 12% D. 15%
31. The cellphone model 5110 sold for P4,000 in 2001. Two years later, the same
cellphone model sold for P2,800. What was the percent decrease of the price?
A. 15% C. 30%
B. 20% D. 35%
32. Based on the graph, how much of the P12,500 monthly income of the Margate family goes to food?
A. P3,125 C. P5,025
B. P5,625 D. P6,225 rent 25% bills 30%
food 45%
33. The perimeter of a rectangular lawn is 37 meters. If it is 8 meters wide, how long is the lawn?
A. 9 ½ m C. 10 ½ m
B. 10 m D. 11 m
2
34. The area of a square is 225 cm What is its perimeter in centimeters?
A. 15 C. 56
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B. 44 D. 60
35. A pail contains 5 liters of water. If this will be placed in bottles that should contain 450 milliliters each, how many bottles are
needed?
A. 10 C. 12
B. 11 D. 13
36. If the volume of a cube with side 6 is equal to the volume of a rectangular solid with length 12 and width 9, then the height of
the rectangular solid is
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
2
37. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = Лr h. The approximate volume of a cylinder with radius 5 cm and
perpendicular height 8 cm is:
3 3
A. 62.8 cm C. 628 cm
3 3
B. 125.6 cm D. 714 cm
38. Dave cuts out the largest circle possible from a square whose edge is 10cm. What is
the area of the circle?
A. 15.7 cm2 C. 78 cm2
2 2
B. 31.4 cm D. 94.2 cm
39. At the beginning of the month, the school tank was 8/9 full. After 1 week, it was 2/9
full. If the tank’s capacity is 27 cubic meters, how much water was used in 1 week?
A. 24 cu.M C. 20 cu.M
B. 22cu.M D. 18 cu.M
40. When a certain number is subtracted from 176, the result is the same as when 21 is
added to 4 times the number. What is the number?
A. 11 C. 31
B. 22 D. 52
41. Suppose we write fractions as ordered pairs. Then 3/5 would be written as (3,5), and
5/7 as (5,7). Following the same rule, what then would be the sum of (6,11) and
(2,11)?
A. (4,11) C. (4,22)
B. (8,11) D. (8,22)
42. If the width of a rectangle is denoted by y and the length is 4 times the width, what is
the perimeter of the rectangle?
A. 5y C. 15y
B. 10y D. 20y
2
43. If x = y , how would x change if y is doubled?
A. treble C. quadrupled
B. double D. get squared
44. Arman is 5 years older than An. Three years ago, he was twice as old as An.
How old is An now?
A. 6 C. 13
B. 8 D. 15
45. If Justine can run 3 km in an hour, how far can she run in 45 mins?
A. 1.75 km C. 2.5 km.
B. 2.15 km D. 2.25 km.
Directions:Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the corresponding letter of your choice.
1. Which of the following has a definite length?
A. ray B. line C. point D. line segment
2. Which of these triangles cannot be isosceles?
A. Acute B. scalene C. obtuse D. right
3. A diameter of a circle is also a ________.
A. Radius B. secant C. chord D. tangent
4. In angle TOY, what is the vertex?
A. T B. O C. Y D. cannot be
determined
5. Refer to the figure. Given: m 2 = 55° and m 3 = 80. Find m 4.
1 2 5
4
t 1 4 5 8
2 3 6 7
8. If lines r and s are parallel, which of the following pairs of angles are congruent?
A. 4 and 5 B. 4 and3 C. 1 and 8 D. 3 and 5
9. Three different triangles are placed side by side as shown. What is the sum of the angles of the polygon formed?
A. 300° B. 360° C. 540° D. 720°
10. The supplement of an angle is three times its measure. What is the supplement?
A. 22.5°
11. What is the measure of eachB. interior
45° C.pentagon?
angle of a regular 67.5° D. 135°
A. 108° B140° C. 180° D. 540°
12. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2: 3: 5. What is the largest angle?
A. 36° B. 54° C. 90° D. 99°
13. The graph shows the number of socks, belts, handkerchiefs, and neckties sold by a store in one week.
150
s
m
te
i 100
f
o
r
e
b 50
m
u
N
0
20. Mario had three test scores of 78, 76, and 74, while Kristyn had scores of 72, 82, and 74. How did Mario’s average (mean)
score compared with Kristyn’s average score.
A. Mario’s was 1 point higher. C. Both averages were the same.
B. Mario’s was 1 point lower. D. Mario’s was 2 points lower.
For items 21-23
Mr. Macho gave a mathematics test to a group of students. The distribution of the scores is as follows:
SCORES FREQUENCY
21-25 2
16 - 20 5
11 - 15 12
6 - 10 4
1- 5 1
21. How many pupils took the test?
A. 25 B. 24 C. 22 D. 12
22. What is the size of the interval of the frequency distribution?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
23. What is the computed mean value?
A. 13.6 B. 14.1 C. 12 D. 15.4
24. Which of the following classes performed best and with the least variability in the test?
Classes Mean Standard Deviation
I-Hope 35.7 3.16
I - Sincerity 36.4 3.53
I - Love 35.7 3.87
I - Charity 36.4 3.72
Directions:Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the corresponding letter of your choice.
1. Which of these angles is closest to 45°?
A. B. C. D.
E F G
A. B. C. C.
5. Which refers to a pair of lines that meet at a right angle?
A. Parallel B. perpendicular C. intersecting D. concentric
6. Which of the following is a convex polygon?
A. B. C. D.
t 1 4 5 8
2 3 6 7
8. If lines r and s are parallel, which of the following pairs of angles are supplementary?
A. 1 and 5 B. 5 and 7 C. 3 and 6 D. 3 and 7
9. If lines r and s are parallel and m 2 = 38°, what is the measure of 6?
A. 38° B. 52° C. 68° D. 142°
10. If ABC is an isosceles triangle with a right angle at B, then
A. is the hypotenuse. C. AC = BC
B. BCA = 45°. D. AB = ½ AC
11. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Every square is a rectangle.
B. Every square is a rhombus.
C. Every rhombus is a square.
D. Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
12. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a regular heptagon?
A. 1260° B. 1080° C. 900° D. 112.5°
13. The figure below shows a spinner with 12 sectors. When someone spins the arrow, it is equally likely to stop on any sector.
20. In how many ways can 5 people be seated in a row of 5 vacant chairs if they can sit anywhere?
A. 120 B. 90 C. 64 D. 25
21. The following polygon shows a shop’s monthly sales of umbrellas for the year.
12. Marcelo sells a real estate. He receives a monthly salary of P10,000 plus a commission of 1/5 % of his net sales for that month.
Find his gross pay for a month during which his net sale is one million pesos.
A. P 2,000 B. P 12,000 C. P 200,000 D. P 210,000
13. There are 20 million Filipinos who are qualified voters. If 25% of the population are qualified voters, how many are not
qualified voters?
A. 80 million B. 60 million C. 15 million D. 5 million
14. A pair of shoes srcinally priced at P600 is being sold at a discount of 30%. How much would you pay if you buy that shoes?
A. P 30 B. P180 C. P 420 D. P 570
15. A book with a selling price of P120 is sold at 40% discount. What is its srcinal price?
A. P 48 B. P72 C. P 200 D. P 300
16. A store owner advertises a polo-shirt srcinally sold for P200 for P170 only. What rate of discount is he giving?
A. P 30 B. P15 C. 30% D. 15%
17. Rhoda bought an article for P400 and sold it for P500. What rate of profit did she enjoy in that deal?
A. P100 B. 100% C. 25 % D. 20%
18. The price of an item is increased by 70% and t hen offered at 40% discount. What happened
to the srcinal price?
A. There is an increase of 30%. C. There is an increase of 2 %.
B. There is an increase of 28%. D. There is a decrease of 32%.
19. An item
price is offered
is P112, whatatis20% discount.
the first srcinalLater,
price?it is offered at 30% discount. If the new selling
A. P162 B. P200 C. P224 D. P1866.67
20. To have a 25% profit, the vendor should sell the item at P80.00. How much is his profit?
A. P20.00 B. P60.00 C. P16.00 D. P64.00
1
21. Celia deposited P50,000 in a bank that pays a simple annual interest of 14 %. How much
5
money will she have in the bank after five years.
A. P 85,500 B. P35,500 C. P36,250 D. P86,250
22. How much should Antonio invest so that his money earns P2,250 deposited at 6% for 9
months?
A. P 50,000 B. 37,500 C. P 135 D. P 101.25
23. A photographer wishes to enlarge a picture 18 cm long and 12 cm wide so that it will be
36 cm wide. How long will the enlarged picture be?
A. 54 cm B. 72 cm C. 24 cm D. 6 cm
24. If 8 secretaries can type 800 pages in 5 hours, how long would it take for 12 secretaries to
type 800 pages at the same rate?
A. 7 1/2 hours B. 3 1/3 hours C. 10 hours D. 2 1/2 hours
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25. The ratio of cows and carabaos in the field is 4:9. If there are 468 cows and carabaos in the field, how many are carabaos?
A. 52 B. 117 C. 144 D. 324
26. A defective meter stick actually measures 95 cm. If a cloth is measured to 5 m long using this meter stick, what is the actual
length of the cloth?
A. 500 cm B. 495 cm C. 4 m and 85 cm D. 4 m and 75 cm
27. If in a map, 2 cm represents 7 km, then how far are two towns from each other if they were 18 cm apart in the map?
A. 14 km B. 27 km C. 63 km D. 126 km
28. Which of the following is the longest?
A. 6540 mm B. 934 cm C. 9.25 m D. 0.009 km
29. Which of the following sets of numbers can be sides of a right triangle?
A. 4, 5, 6 B. 6, 6 2 , 3 C. 3, 6 3 , 2 D. 2, 2, 3
30. The length and width of a rectangle are (3x – 2) and (2x + 1). What is its perimeter?
2 2
A. 5x-1 B. 10 x - 2 C. 6x –x -2 D. 6x –x +2
31. The area of a square is 32x. Which of the following could be the value of x?
A. 2 B. 6 C. 3 D. 4
32. If the area of one circle is twice of another circle, what is the ratio of the area in percent of the smaller to larger circle?
A. 70% B. 25% C. 75% D. 50%
33. One hectare is equivalent to 10,000 square meters. How many hectares are in a rectangular field which is 750 m wide and 800 m
long?
A. 120 B. 56 C. 60 D. 40
34. An aquarium is 40 cm high. Its length is twice its height, while its width is half its height. How much water is needed to fill in the
aquarium in cu. cm.?
A. 64,000 B. 32,000 C. 16,000 D. 8,000
35. What is the volume of a cube if one face has a perimeter of 36 cm?
A. 729 cu. cm. B. 216 cu. cm. C. 46,656 cu. cm D. 5,832 cu. cm
36. How much water can be filled with a cone whose diameter is 24 cm and whose height exceeds 2/3 of the radius by 2 cm?
A. 480 cu. cm. B. 540 cu. cm. C. 660 cu. cm. D. 900 cu. cm.
2
37. Which of the following is a factor of quadratic equation x -2x-24=0
A. x-4 B. x + 2 C. x+6 D. x+4
38. Michael is 15 years older than his brother Rafael. However, y years ago Michael was twice as old as Rafael. If Rafael is now x
years old and x > y, find the value of x - y.
A. 13 B. 14 C. 15 D. 16
39. If x + A.
6 =39, then 3x + 1 = __________.
B. 10 C. 9 D. 34
40. Monet (X) is taller than Rizza (Y) but shorter than Joy (Z). Which is TRUE?
A. Z < X < Y B. X < Z < Y C. Y < X < Z D. Y < Z < X
o
41. Refer to the figure. Given: m 2 = 50° and m 3 = 80 . Find m 4.
4 1 2 5
1. A student finishes the first halfof the exam in 2/3 of the times it takes him to finish
the second half. If the entire exam takes him an hour, how many minutes does he
spend on the first half of the exam?
A. 20 B. 24 C. 30 D. 36
3. Steve, Karen and John want to buy a Php 1 350 stereo. If Karen agrees to pay twice
as much
much as Karen
must John, and
pay?Steve agrees to pay three times as much as Karen, how
A. Php 300 B. Php 400 C. Php 500 D. Php 600
4. If a and b are integers and the sum of ab and b is odd, which of the following could
be true?
I. a and b are both odd
II. a is even and b is odd
III. a is odd and b is even
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II
5. Simplify : { 7 + [ 5 x ( 8 + 4 ÷ 22 ) ÷ 3 ] – 5 }
A. 6 B. 12 C. 17 D. 21
A. 42 B. 46 C. 79 D. 90
7. If x/y = 4/3 and x/k = ½, then k/y = ?
A. 1/6 B. 3/8 C. 8/3 D. 3/2
9. It takes 27 women to clean the building in 15 days. At this rate, how many women
will be needed to clean the same buildings in 9 days?
A. 32 B. 45 C. 55 D. 60
10. Henry divides his 5 hours to study Math, English, and Science in the ratio 5 : 2 : 3.
How many minutes does he spend studying Math?
A. 1 hour B. 1.5 hour C. 2 hour D. 2.5 hour
11. A.
Which
2x =of2xthe following is
B.an inconsistent
2(x-3) = -2(1+x)equation?
C. 3 – 2x = -2x – 1 D. 2/3x + 3 = - 7/2x
–
12. Which of the following is equal to ?
–
A. B. C. D. -
13. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs defines relation as a function?
A. {(2,4), (3,4), (4,5)} C. {(-2, 4), (-2, 6), (3,6)}
B. {(2, -5), (2, 5), (3, 10)} D. {(π, -1), (π , 1) (-1, 1)}
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
14. The domain of the function f(x) = is
A. {x│x ≠ 0} B. {x│x ≠ 5} C. {x│x ≠ 5/2} D. {x│x ≠ - 5/2}
15. The system of the equations x + y = 2 and 2x +2y = 8 is an example of
A. Independent sytem C. Inconsistent system
B. Dependent sytem D. Consistent system
16. If n is a perfect square number, what is the next larger perfect square number?
A. n2+ 2n + 1 B. n 2 + n + 1 C. n+2 1 D. n + 2
17. A man, 32 years old, has a son 8 years of age. In how many years so that the man
will be twice as old as his son?
A. 16 years B. 24 years C. 32 years D. 48 years
18. How many gallons of milk with 5% butterfat must be mixed with 90 gallons of milk
with 1% butterfat to obtain the mixture of milk 2% butterfat?
A. 10 gallons B. 20 gallons C. 30 gallons D. 40 gallons
19. The length of a rectangle is two times its width. If the length is decreased by 5 cm
and the width is increased by 5 cm, the area is increased by 75 sq. cm. Find the
dimensions of the srcinal rectangle.
A. 28 cm & 56 cm B. 25 cm & 50 cm C. 22 cm & 44 cm D. 20 cm & 40 cm
22. One of the diagonal of the rectangle is 10 cm long. The rectangle’s length is 8 cm.
What is the area of the rectangle?
A. 24 cm2
2
B. 36 cm C. 48 cm 2 D. 80 cm 2
–1
23. What is the value of x if 16x + 2 = 642x ?
A. 7/4 B. 2 C. ¼ D. – 2
1 A. – B. 0 C. 1 D. –2
26. The 7th term of the geometric sequence is 405 and 10th term is 10935. What is the
common ratio of the sequence?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
28. Find the measure of an angle if the measure of its supplement is 39 more than twice
the measure of its complemnent .
A. 38 B. 39 C. 60 D. 120
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
30. In an Isosceles triangle, the vertex angle is half the measure of base angle. What is
the measure of the angle?
A. 72 B. 60 C. 36 D. 30
31. A 10 m long steel pipe shrank 0.05% when exposed to below freezing temperature.
By how many centimeters did the pipe shrank?
A. 5 B. 0.005 C. 0.5 D. 0.05
32. What is 30% of ?
A. B. C. D.
33. Which of the following times gives approximately 90° angle between the two hands
of a clock?
A. 11:40 B. 9:00 C. 7:20 D. 6:15
34. One thousand two hundred(1200) boys enrolled in a school year this year. Four
years ago 1500 boys enrolled. What is the percent of decrease in enrolment?
A. 10% B. 8% C. 25% D. 20%
35. It takes a teacher 20 minutes to check 25 papers and take a rest of 5 minutes after
25 papers before starting another set. At this rate, how many minutes will it takes the
teacher to correct 75 test papers?
A. 75 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80
36. Simplify the expression
A.
B.
C. D. -4
39. If 2x + 13 represents an odd number, what must be the next consecutive odd
number?
A. 3x + 15 B. 2x + 15 C. 2x + 14 D. 3x + 13
41. What term will make 36x2 – 25y4 a perfect square trinomial?
A. 5 + y2
2
B. 12xy C. 60xy D. 30xy
42. What is the 20th term of the arithmetic series 7, 10, 13....?
A. 46 B. 23 C. 64 D. 32
3
43. Which of the following is the remainder when 3x – 6x2 + 5x + 7 is divided by
x – 2?
A. 12 B. 21 C. 3 D. 17
44. In the standard plane (x,y), coordinate plane, the y-coordinate of every point on the
line is the same as its corresponding x-coordinate. What is the slope of the line?
A. -2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 2
45. On a circle with center C, CD⊥AB = 24 and CD = 5. Find the radius of the circle
A. 19 C. 17 A D B
B. 7 D. 13
C
46. The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is 160 deg. How many sides
does it have?
A. 29 B. 24 C. 12 D. 15
48. The sum of the measures of the 3 angles of a triangle is 180 degree. If the angles
are in the ratio 1:2:3, what is the measure of the largest angle?
A. 90° B. 60° C. 30° D. 45°
2
49. Determine the foci of the ellipse whose equation is 16x + 9y2 – 144 = 0.
A. (4,3) B. (0,0) C. (0, +) D. (+,0)
50. Find the equation of a line with slope 2 that passes through the midpoint
(3,-2) and (4,7).
A. 4x + 2y - 9 = 0 B. 4x – 2y – 9 = 0 C. 4x – 2y + 9 = 0 D. 4x + 2y + 9 = 0
51. Which of the following has a graph which is a circle with center at (0,0) and having a
radius of 4?
A. x2 + y=2 4 B. y+ x 2= 4 C. x 2/2 + y2/2 = 4 D. (x+ y)2 = 16
52. There are 4 different designs of wrapping paper and 4 colors of ribbon. In how many
different ways can a gift be wrapped?
A. 14 B. 12 C. 8 D. 16
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
53. Suppose tan ø is in third quadrant. What is the numerical value of cos ø?
A. -3/5 B. -4/5 C. 4/5 D. 5/4
57. Evaluate
A. +C B.
+ C C. 2 +C D.
+C
58. What is the range of the scores 73, 89, 81, 95 and 87?
A. 23 B. 4.4 C. 12 D. 22
59. John borrowed P25,000 from Robert at an interest rate of 12%. How much interest
should John pay after 2 years?
A. P7,000 B. P6,400 C. P2,400 D. P6,000
60. A collection agency was able to collect 7/8 of P20800 account from a client and
charged 10% for the services which includes expenses. How much commission did
the agency receive?
A. P2080 B. P182 C. P18,200 D. P1820
(5x -32)°
63. In the adjoining figure, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
What is the value of x? (2x + 118)°
E
A. 86° B. 75° C. 60° D. 50°
D
30°
64. What is m C in the figure at the right? 65°
45°
60°
A B C
A. 45° B. 50° C. 65° D. 70°
67. In a circle, a central angle measures 70°. What is the measure of the intercepted
arc?
A. 140° B. 70° C. 90° D. 35°
69. The base of a cylinder is a circular region of diameter 8. If the altitude is 8, what is its
volume?
A. 128π B. 64π C. 16π D. None of these
70. A drainage tile is a cylindrical shell 21 cm long. The inside and outside diameters are
4.5 and 5.1 cm. Find the volume of clay needed to make tile. ( Use forπ )
A. 95 cm3 B. 72.1 cm 3
C. 31 cm 3 D. 22.95 cm 3
77. For which of these values of x would sin x = ?
A. 510° B. 840° C. 870° D. 660°
A
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
84. What is m X?
A. 31.5° C. 59.1° Z
B. 82.1° D. 78.4° X
85. Which trigonometric function has a graph which neither intersects neither the y-axis
nor the x-axis?
A. sec x B. csc x C. tan x D. cot x
2
86. Find the conic section represented by equation 100x = 4 + 81y2
A. Ellipse B. Hyperbola C. Parabola D. Circle
88. Find the equation of a parabola with focus at (-1, 4) and directrixx = 7.
A. (x – 4)2 = -16(y
3) – C. (y – 3)2 = -16(x – 4)
B. (y – 4)2 = -16(x
3) – D. (x – 3)2 = -16(y – 4)
89. Which of the following is true?
A. C.
B. D. 55 + 55 + 55 + 55 + 55 = 56
91. Find the value of x that will satisfy the following expression:
A. x = 3/2 B. 18/6 C. 9/4 D. 4/9
-2 3 2
92. Simplify: (a b )
2 -1
a b
A. a2/ b7 B. a2/b5 C. a6/b7 D. a6/b5
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
93. Simplify the following:
A. B. C. D.
94. If the ratio of sec x to csc x is 1:4, then the ratio of tan x to cot x is ___________
A. 1 : 4 B. 1 : 1 C. 4 : 1 D. 1 : 16
95. Mario sold five pigs and four goats for 21,000 pesos. Selling the animals at the same
price, Ben sold three pigs and two goats for 12, 000 pesos. What is e selling price of
each animal?
A.
B. Pig =P
Pig = P 3,000;
4,000; goat
goat =
= P1,000
P1,500 C.
D. Pig
Pig =
=PP 3,500;
2,500; goat
goat == P2,500
P2,000
96. The product of two numbers is 60. If the sum of their reciprocals is 4/15, what are
the numbers?
A. 12 and 5 B. 10 and 6 C. 15 and 4 D. 20 and 3
97. Find the equation of the line whose slope is 4 and passing through the point (2, -3).
A. 4x – y –11 = 0 B. 4x – y + 11 = 0 C. 4x + y – 11 = 0 D. 4x + y + 11 = 0
98. What is the equation of the line passing through the points (3,1) and (-5, 4)?
A. 3x + 8y + 17 = 0 B. 3x – 8y + 17 = 0 C. 3x – 8y – 17 = 0 D. 3x + 8y – 17 = 0
99. Let sin A = 3/5 and sin B = -4/5 where A and B have terminal sides in QII and QIII,
respectively. What is sin (A-B) equal to?
A. 7/25 B. 1 1 C. – D. – 7/25
100. A rectangular lot is 5 meters wide and 12 meters long. How long is a path that
cuts diagonally across the lot?
A. 5 m B. 13 m C. 15 m D. 17 m
101. Jose sold five pigs and four goats for Php 21,000. Selling the animals at the
same price, Pedro sold three pigs and two goats for Php 12, 000. What is e selling
price of each animal?
A. P = 4000 & G = 1000 C. P = 2500 & G = 2000
B. P = 3000 & G = 1500 D. P = 2000 & G = 2500
102. A dog trainer sets 5 bones 2 meters apart in a straight line starting from where he
stands. He trains the dog to pick up the 1st bone and bring it back to him, then go for
the 2nd bone and bring it back to him, and so on till he gets back all the 5 bones. By
the time the dog returns the 5th bone to the trainer, how many meters will the dog
have walked?
A. 30 m B. 40 m C. 60 m D. 80 m
2 2
103. If x < o and (3x-2) = 25, then 2x + 1 is _____.
1A. – B. 2 C. 7/3 D. 3
104. What must be the value of x in the ratio (2x–3): (x+1) is equal to 4:7?
A. 1.5 B. 2.5 C. 4 D. 7
110. In a farm of cows and chickens, the head count is 25, but the leg count is 70.How
many chickens are there in the farm?
A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 15
114. What is midpoint of the segment joining (3, 8) and (-5, 4)?
A. (8,4) B. (2, 4) C. (2, 12) D. ( -1, 6)
116. Find an equation of the line through (2, 3) and the point common to x + y = 1 and
2x + y = 5 ?
A. 3x + y –9 = 0 B. 3x + y+ 9 = 0 C. x + y –1 = 0 D. x – y+1 = 0
4. The midpoint of a line segment is (2, -1) andone endpoint of the segment is(-1, -3). Find the
coordinates of the other segment.
A. (1, 5) B. (-1, -5) C. (5,1) D. (-5, -1)
5. The point (0,1) is the midpoint of the line segment joining (x,4) a
nd (-3, y), find x and y.
A. (1,3) B. (1,-3) C. (3,1) D. (3,-1)
6. Find the slope of the line that passes through (1,2) and (3,4)
A. 0 B. 1 C. -1 D. ∞
9. Find the equation of a line passing through the points (-2,1) and (3,4).
A. 5x + 3y = -11 C. 5x - 3y = -11
B. 5x - 3y = 11 D. 5x + 3y = 11
10. Find the equation of the line joining the point (2, -1) and midpoint of the line segment from
(5, 3) to (1, -1).
A. 2x + y + 5 = 0 C. 2x + y - 5 = 0
B. 2x - y + 5 = 0 D. 2x - y - 5 = 0
11. Find the equation of the line passing through point (3/2 , -3) and having slope– ¼.
A. 2x + 8y
21–= 0 C. 2x – 3y – 21 = 0
B. 8x + 2y + 21 = 0 D. 8x – 2y + 21 = 0
12. What is the equation of the line whose x-intercept is– 5 and y – intercept is 3?
A. 5x + 3y
15–= 0 C. 5x – 3y + 15 = 0
B. 3x + 5y
15–= 0 D. 3x – 5y + 15 = 0
13. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (0,1) and parallel to the line 2x
– 3y = 6.
A. 2x + 3y - 3 = 0 C. 2x - 3y - 3 = 0
B. 2x + 3y + 3 = 0 D. 2x - 3y + 3 = 0
14. Find the equation of the line passing through (-2, 2) and perpendicular to the line x/2
– y/2 = 1.
A. x + y = 1 C. x + y = 0
B.y =x 1
– D. x – y=0
15. What is the distance from point (– 1, 3) to the line 3x – 4y = 10?
5 A. – C. 5
25 B. – D. 25
16. Find the equation of the circle whose center is at the srcin and which passes through the point
(2, 1).
2
5 y2
2
A. x= + C. x + y2 = 25
B. x2 + y2 = 5 D x2 + y2 = – 5
2 2
17. The equation of the circle is 4x + 4y – 16 = 0, find its radius.
A. 4 C. 12
B. 8 D. 16
18. Determine the equation of a circle with center at (1,– 2) and passes through the point (5,– 5).
A. (x – 1)2 + (y – = 2
2)25 C. (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 5
2 2
B. (x – 1) + (y + =2)25 D. (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 5
19. Find the equation of the circle with center at the srcin and tangent to the line 4x + 3y = 10.
A. x=2 4
+ y2 C. x 2
– y2 = 4
2 2 2
B. x= 8
+y D. x – y2 = 8
20. Express the equation x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0 in standard form of a circle.
2 2 2 2
A. (x – 1) + (y – =2)2 C. (x – 1) + (y + 2) = 4
2 2 2 2
B. (x + 1) + (y – =2)2 D. (x – 1) + (y – 2) = 4
21. What is the general form of the equation of a circle with center at (3, 1) and tangent to the line
4x + 3y + 5 = 0?
A. x2 + y2
2
– 6x + 2y6–= 0 C. x + y2 + 6x + 2y – 6 = 0
2 2 2 2
– – – –
B. x + y + 6x 2y6 = 0 D. x + y + 6x 2y 6 = 0
22. Find the equation of the parabola having its focus at (2,0) and directrix x =– 2.
8y x2
2
= A. C. y = -8x
2 2
=B.
-8yx D. y = 8x
23. What is the length of the latus rectum of the parabola having its vertex at the srcin and focus
at (– ½, 0)?
A. 1 C. 4
B. 2 D. 8
24. Find the equation of the parabola with directrix y =– 4 and focus at (0,4).
=A. x2
16y C. y 2
= –16x
2 2
=B.
-16y
x D. y = 16x
25. Given the equation of the parabola x2 + 4y + 8x = – 4, find the vertex and focus.
A. V(– 4, 3) and F(
4,–2) C. V(4, – 3) and F(4, – 2)
B. V(4, 3) and F(4, 2) D. V(– 4, – 3) and (– 4, – 2)
2 2
26. Determine the foci of the ellipse in the equation + = 1.
4 16
A. (+ 4, 0) B. (+ 5, 0) C. (0, + 3) D. (+ 3, 0)
2 2
32. Determine the vertices of the hyperbola in the equation 9x – 4y = 36.
A. (+ 4, 0) B. (+ 5, 0) C. (0, + 3) D. (+ 3, 0)
33. Find the center of the hyperbola in the equation 2x – 4y2 + 4x + 24y = 28.
A. (– 2,3)
– B. ( 2,–3) C. (2, 3) D. (2, – 3)
34. Which of the following represents a parabola?
2 2
A. +
5xy = 10 C. 3y + 8y = 5x + 2
2 2 2
B. x – 2xy = +
yy+3 D. y – xy = 4x + 9
35. Determine which of these equations represents a circle?
2 2 2
A. 4y
x =– 10 C. 2x + 4x + 4 = 10 – 6y – 2y
2 2 2 2
B. 3x = 8 –+4y
4y D. 4x = 4 + 4y
36. Which of these set notations represents the half-open interval notation?
A. { xI a < x < b } C. { xI a < x < b }
B. { xI a < x < b } D. { xI x > a or x > b }
37. In the following set of ordered pairs, identify which set is a function.
A. { (x,y), (x,z), (y,z)} C. { (1,2), (2,3), (3,4)}
B. {(3,1), (3,2), (3,3)} D. {(0,-1), (-1,3), (-1,4)
2
38. If f(x) = x – 2 and g(x) = x + 1, find (f o g)(x)
2 2 2 2
A. x+ 1 B. x 1– C. x –2x +1 D. x + 2x – 1
2
39. Given the function f(x) = x – 5x + 4, find f(-2/3).
A. B. C. D.
( 2 − 4)
40. Evaluate lim →2 .
+2
A. 4 B. -4 C. 2 D. 0
−4
46. Evaluate the integral of 2 .
4 −4 3
A. +C B. 8x
– + C C. +C D. – 4x
47. What is the integral of(2 2 + 3 − 4) ?
3 2 2
A. 2x + 3x
4x +
– C C. 4x +3+C
2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
B. x + 4x
x +–C D. x + x – 4x + C
3 2 2 3
1
48. Evaluate 2 .
1 1 1
A. +C B. − 2 + C C. − +C D. 2x + C
3
4
49. Find the integrals of 3 9 2 .
A. 12 B. 15 C. 18 D. 21
2
50. Evaluate the integrals of 1
− + 1) .
( 2
A. 1/6 B. 5/6 C. 1 5/6 D. 2
MATH MAJORS LET SEPTEMBER 2015
3
1. Rationalize and simplify .
4 2
3
A. 2x B. a12 C. 4a D.
2
2. Half the product of 16 and a number is increased by 3is 27. Find the number.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 8
3. What is the value of x in the equation (7 – 5i) + x = 4i – 6?
A. 1/8 B. 1 + 9i I 3–
C. D. – 13 + 19i
4. Lito can mow the lawn in 5 hours, while Ronie can mowsame lawn in 4 hours. Working
together, how long will it take them to mow the lawn?
A. 4 hrs. B. 5 hrs. C. 2 2/9 hrs. D. 4 ½ hrs.
5. A chemist needs to mix 20 liters of 40% salt solution with some 70%solution to get a mixture
that is 50% salt. How many liters of the 70% solution should be used?
A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25
6. Ken is 2 years older than Ben, In8 years, Ben will be 4/3 as old asKen is now. Find the age of
Ben?
A. 15 B. 16 C. 18 D. 20
7. If y varies directly as x, and y = 15 when x = 30. Find y when x = 8.
A. ½ B. 2 C. 4 D. 8
8. The ratio of 4 less than a number to 26more than that of a number is 1 isto 3. What is the
number?
A. 15 B. 19 C. 21 D. 24
9. Which trigonometric function hasa graph which intersects neither they-axis nor the x-axis?
A. sec x B. csc x C. tan x D. cot x
10. Solve for x in log (x – 4) + log (x – 3) = log 30
9A. – B. 9 C. 7 D. 12
11. A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard position whose terminal side coincides with either x-
A. 7 B. 14 C. 35 D. 42
2 +3
13. The inverse function of y = is
4
3 +2 2 +4 3 −4 4 −3
A. y = B. y = C. y = D. y =
4 3 2 2
A. 25 B. 40 C. 50 D. 65
2
23. What will be the solutions for the quadratic equations 2x + 3x + 3 = 0?
26. Find the area of a sector with radius 5 m and central angle of 85 degrees.
A. 15.8 m B. 16.25 m C. 18.5 m D. 20.75 m
27. In a circle of radius 8 cm, find the length of the arc intercepted by a central angle with measure
of 3π/4.
A. 6 π B. 8 π C. 9 π D. 10 π
3 2
28. Determine the remainder when f(x) = 2x – 5x + x + 7 is divided by x – 2.
A. 0 2B. – C. 5 D. 12
25 7
29. Find the remainder when y – y + 5 is divided by y + 1.
A. 1 B. 5 5 –
C. D. 10
30. In the function y = 3/2 cos 2x, what is the amplitude?
A. 3 B. 2 C. π D. 3/2
31. What is the period of the function y = 3/2 sin x/2?
A. 3 B. 2 C. π D. 3/2
15 21
32. Simplify: i + 3i
A. – 2i B. 2i C. 4i D. – 4i
A. – 1 + 2i B. 1 – 2i C. 2 + 2 i D. – 2 – 2i
A. 5 B. 13 C. 1 D. 3
36. A ladder 18 feet long leans against a building, forming of 60° with the ground. How high up the
side of the building?
A. 92 B. 3 C. 3 3 D. 93
37. From a point level with 1000 ft. away from the base of a monument, the angle of elevation to
the top of the monument is 35°. Determine the height of the monument in the nearest feet.
A. 350 ft. B. 500 ft. C. 700 ft D. 750 ft.
38. In a restaurant, a person can choose from 7 viands, plain, garlic or java rice, 2 kinds of
beverages and 3 kinds of dessert. In how many ways can this person choose what to have if
he is to order one from each group?
A. 52 B. 126 C. 104 D. 252
39. In how many ways can you arrange the letters of the word “Statistics”?
A. 2100 B. 4200 C. 8400 D. 16800
40. Find the number of license plates possible in a city using only 3 letters, if none of the letters
can be repeated.
A. 512 B. 729 C. 15600 D. 17576
41. In how many ways can 7 children be seated in around in a circular table?
A. 5040 B. 720 C. 360 D. 120
42. Find the odds in favor of and against rolling a sum of 6 with a pair of dice.
A. 5/36 B. 31/36 C. 31/5 D. 5/31
43. A marble is chosen at random from a bag containing 6 white marbles, 4 black marbles and 12
red marbles. What is the probability that it will be red marble or white marble?
A. 9/11 B. 6/11 C. 11/9 D. 3/11
44. The muddy river has a current of 3 kph. A motorboat takes as long to go 12 kilometers
downstream as to go 8 kilometers upstream. Find the speed of boat in still waters.
A. 12 B. 15 C. 18 D. 21
45. If the same number is added to both the numerator and denominator of a fraction ¾, the result
is 5/6. Find the number.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
th
46. Find the 15 term of an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 7 and a9 = 19.
A. 3 5B. – C. 32 D. 37
47. A university had an enrolment of 8500 students in the year 2008. Each year the enrolment
increased by 350 students. What was the enrolment in the year 2013?
A. 10600 B. 10350 C. 10000 D. 6350
48. What is r for the geometric sequence with a2 = 24 and a5 = 64?
A. 3 B. 1/3 C. 2 D. ½
49. A certain substance decomposes and loses 20% of its weight each hour, If the srcinal quantity
of the substance is 500 grams, how much remains after 8 hours?
A. 17.12 g B. 20 g C. 80 g D. 83.37 g
rd 4
50. Find the 3 term of (5a – 2b) .
2 2 3 3 2 2
A. 600a b B. 1000 a b C. 600 a b D. 100 a b
MATHEMATICS 1
12. Simplify the expression 5! – 4!
MULTIPLE CHOICE 6!
A. 2/3 C. 7 ½
1. If 16 ½ feet equals 1 rod, how many inches are B. 2/15 D. – 4
there in 4 rods? 13. A detective ruler was found to be 11.5 inches
a. 2376 c. 198 long. Using this ruler, Lourdes was found to be 4 ft.
b. 792 d. 66 tall. What is the actual height of Lourdes?
2. A 10 cm long steel pipe shrank 0.05% when A. 4 ft. 12 in C. 4 ft. 11.5 in
exposed to below freezing temperature. By how B. 3 ft. 4 in D. 3 ft. 10 in.
many centimeters did the pipe shrink? 14. The equation y = x 4 – 5x2 + 4 has
A. 5 C. 0.5 A. Three (3) real roots and one imaginary
B. 0.005 D. 0.05 root
3. Which of these numbers is greater than ¼ ? B. one (1) real root and three imaginary
A.
B. 1 ½
.04 C.
D. 1/8
1/ 0.04 roots. C. two (2) real roots and two imaginary
A. 5 6 C. -5 9
-2 1 48 -29 C
B. 5 4 D. 1 6
2 15 -10 -1 31. The measure of each interior angle of a regular
polygon is 165 deg. How many sides does it have?
26. Two numbers have a sum of 53. Three times the A. 29 C. 12
smaller number is equal to 19 more than the large B. 24 D. 15
number. What are the numbers? 32. If two points of a line in a plane, then
A. 19 and 34
I. all points of the line in the plane.
C. 18 and 35
II. The line pierces the plane in exactly two
B. 17 and 36
points
D. 16 and 37
III. The plane contains all the points of the
27. In the standard (x, y), coordinate plane, the y – line
coordinate of every point on a line is the same as its IV. The intersection contains only two
corresponding x – coordinate. What is the slope of points.
the line? a. I only c. II only
A. -2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 2 b. II and IV d. I and II
28. In ACB shown below, sin A= ½ and BC 33. In circle O , xy is a diameter
= 20 meters O X = 8.5, and YZ = 15. What is the area of
Which of the following are the measures of B, XYZ in square unit?
AB and AC
___ ___ A. 127.5 C. 120
0
A. m angle B =B30 , AB
__ = 40, AC
___ = 34.6 B. 60 D. 40
34. What is the measure of angle x if is formed by a
B. m angle B = 600, AB = 40, AC = 34.6 chords and a tangent and a major arc intercepted is
___ ___ 280 deg?
C. m angle B = 450, AB = 50, AC = 24.8 A. 140 degrees C. 100 degrees
___ ___ B. 20 degrees D. 40 degrees
D. m angle B = 600, AB = 30, AC = 36.6
C A
29. Given the marked figure at the right DB = EC. 35. The surface area of a cube is 72 sq.cm. how
We can prove that ABC = AED by
______________. many
area istimes as much is the volume whose surface
144 sq.cm?
A. 12 C. 8
A. SAA C. ASA B. 9 D. 4
B. SSS A D. SAS
36. An equilateral triangle 8 cm. on each side is
divided into smaller equilateral triangle 2 cm. on
each side. What is the maximum number of such
triangles that can be formed?
A. 16 C. 24
B. 20 D. 36
B C D E
45. Which of the following has a graph which is a
37. ABD and CBD are right angles, AB = circle with center at (0,0) and having a radius of 4?
2 2
62. Suppose tan Ө is in the third quadrant. What is C. +2, -2 + 1 D. +1, -1, +2
the numerical value of cos Ө ? 75. A railroad toy is laid out in circulation form.
– B. -4/5
A.3/5 C. 4/5 D. 5/4 What diameter should be used if the track is to
change direction by 32 degrees in a distance of 50
63. Starting at 12 noon of Monday up to Tuesday cm?
3:00 pm, how many degrees does the hour hand of a A. 179.2 cm B. 179.32 cm
wall clock travel? C. 179.62 cm. D. 179.14 cm
A. 810 degrees B. 450 degrees
C. 210 degrees D. 90 degrees 76. If log3 x=2 and log2 y = 3, what is xy?
A. 27 B. 9 C. 81 D. 72
64. Evaluate tan 3π
4 77. A circle has a radius of 18 cm. find the arc length cut
A. 2 B. 1 C. -1 D. 3 by a central angle equal to 3 π radians
of y?
A. π B. π C. π D. π
2 6 4 3
81. If tan Ө = 5/3 and Ө is in Quadrant II, what is 92. Write this equation of an ellipse in standard
sec Ө? form:
A. 5 34 C. -3 34 9x2 + 4y2 = 36
34 34
A. x2 + y=
2
1 B. x 2
+ y2 = 1
16 9 4 9
B. 34/9 34D. .
3 C. x2 + y=2 1 D. x 2
+ y2 = 1
82. In what quadrants do the secant and co-secant 25 4 9 1
of an angle have the same algebraic sign
A. III and IV B. II and IV 93. A stone is dropped into a still pond. Concentric
C. I and III D. I and II circular ripples spread out and the radius of the
83. What is the exact value of sin 75 degrees? disturbed region increases at the rate of 16 cm/sec.
A. at what rate does the area of the disturbed region
2 - 6 C. 3- 3 increase
A. 16when
π cmthe
2 radius is 4 cm?
/sec B. 256 π cm2/sec
4 4
C. 128 π cm2/sec D. 64 π cm2/sec
B. 3 –6 D. 6+ 2 94. Evaluate ⌠sin 3xdx
4 4 A. 1/3 cosx2 + c C. 1/3 cos 2 x + c
B. 1/2x + c D. cos3 x + sin x + c
84. What is tan 2A if sin A = ½ ? 3
95. What is the slope of y = 3x2 – 2x at (2,8)?
A. 1/3 B. 3 C. 3 D. 3 A. 0 B. 4 C. 2/3 D. 10
4 2 96. Find the points where the tangent is parallel to
85. Evaluate ⌠dx the a – axis
√x A. (3, -7) B. (-3, 7)
C. (-1, -3) D. (-1, 3)
A. √x + C C. 2 √x + C
97. If y=x3 – 2x, what is y?
B. ½ √x + C D. 1 +C A. 3x2+ 2x B. ½ x 2 – x
2 √x 2
C. 3x - 2 D. 3x4 x2
86. The velocity at time t, of a moving body is given –
by v=at, where c is a constant. If the body’s 98. Evaluate: lim sin Ө π _
coordinates is S. at time t=0, what is the distance s Ө π tan Ө
as a function of t? 4
2
A. S = at+ So B. S = ½ at 2 A. ½ B. √3 C. √2 D. √2
C. S = ½ at 2 + So D. S = ½ at + C 2 3 2
87. What is the maximum area of a rectangle which 99. Evaluate: f(x) = cos (2x3 + 5)
can be enclosed by a wire 48 m long? A. -6x2 sin (2x+3 5) C. –sin (2x3 + 5)
A. 320 sq.m B. 576 sq.m B. –sin (6x )
2
D. cos (6x2)
C. 560 sq.m D. 144 sq.m 100. What is the value of the first derivative of the
function y = x2 + 3x + 5 at x = -1?
88. Find the curve whose slope at the point (x,y) is
A. 3 B. 1 C. 5 D. 1
3x2 if the curve is also required to pass through the
101. Evaluate: lim(3x3 – 4x + 1)
point (1,1)
x 2
A. x3 B. y=3x 2
+1
A. 209 B. 15 C. 17 D. 33
C. y = x23 – D. x 1 – 1
102. Evaluate ⌠(2x + 3)dx
89. Find dy in x2 – x2 + x -1
dx 3 2 A. 2x+2 C B. x 2
+ 3x + C
3
2
A. 1/3 x + ½ x + 1 B. 3x = 2x – 12 2
2
C. 2(2x + 3) + C D. x + 3x + C
C.+x22x D. x 2 – x =1
4 2
90. Which of the following quadratic functions will 103. Find the first derivative of y = x 3 -12x + 11
have a graph which opens downward? A. 3x2 –12 B. x 2 -12
A. y = 1 – (3x – x2) C. y = 5x (x -1) + 3 C. 3x-12 D. 2x3 + 12
B. y = -4 (2 – x2) + 5x D. y = 7x – (5x2 + 1) 104. A spherical balloon is being inflated so that its
91. Evaluate ⌠(x2 – 5)3 dx volume is increased at the rate of 5 cu. m/min. At
what rate in (m/min) is the diameter increasing
A. (x2 – 5)2+ C B. (x 2 – 5)2 + C when the diameter is 6 m?
8 2 A .5 B. 36 π C. 5 D. 864 π
72 π 8π 3
C. (x2 – 5)+
4
C D. (x 2
– 5)4 + C 105. What is the range of these scores: 73, 89,81,
2 8 95 and 87?
A. 23 B. 4.4 C. 12 D. 22
106. This mean of a given distribution is 70. if each 117. Which will earn more interest, P6,000 invested
score in this distribution is increased by 5, when the at 8% for 100 days, P6000 invested at 5% for 270
mean of the new distribution will be: days, P5,000 invested at 12% for 120 days or
A. 80 B. 75 C. 90 D. 65 P5000 invested at 10% for 150 days?
107. Which of the following is LEAST influenced by A. P6000 invested at 8%
extremely large or extremely small values? B. P5000 invested at 12%
A. Range C. Standard deviation C. P6000 invested at 5%
B. Quartile deviation D. Average deviation D. P5000 invested at 10%
108. If we add the same constant C to each item in a 118. Lucia borrowed P8000 form the bank
set of data what will happen to the standard February 5, 2006 and paid it back on July 15, 2006
deviation of the new set of data? at 6% interest. How much exact amount did Lucia
A. The standard deviation of the srcinal data is pay on the agreed date?
multiplier c times A. P8, 610.41 B. P8, 210.41
plusB.a constant
The standard
c deviation of the srcinal data 119.C.AP8, 510.41 agency D.
collection wasP8,able
410.41
to collect 7/8 of
C. The standard deviation remains unchanged. P20, 800 account from a client and charged 10%
D. The standard deviation of the srcinal data is for services which includes expenses. How much
doubled commission did the agency receive?
109. Susan got the following MATH scores: 78, 80, A. P2080 B. P182
77, 85, 90 What is her mean Score? C. P18, 200 D. 1820
A. 76 B. 82 C. 80 D. 78 120. The proceeds of a P20, 000 investment
110. The scores of a student in three test 19, 17 and discounted for 2 years were P15,000. What was the
th discount rate?
15. what must be his/her 4 score to make an
A. 16.7% B. 25%
average of 17?
C. 12.5% D. 33%
A. 18 B. 16 C. 15 D. 17
111. What is the value of ∑ 2x, if x1 = 2, x2 = 3, x3
= 4, x4 = 5?
A. 14 B. 26 C. 54 D. 28
5% interest
What for 2 years
is the finaland 3 months.
amount at 2 years and 3
months?
A. P56, 468.75 B. P58, 468.75
C. P57,468.75 D. P59, 468.75
116. Mr. Santos is employed on a salary plus
commission basis. His total earning last month
amounted to P18, 500 for which P16, 000
represented his basic monthly salary. If his total
sales from that moth amounted to P125, 000, what
percent of commission did he receive?
A. 5% B. 10% C. 20% D. 2%
MATHEMATICS 2 14. A tank that holds 400 gallons of water can be
filled by one pipe in 15 minutes and emptied by
1. Find the GCF of 120, 80 and 140. another in 40 minutes. How long would it take to fill
a. 4 b. 12 c. 10 d. 20 the tank if both pipes are functioning?
2. When Joseph sorts his collection of marbles into a. 28 min b. 21 min
groups of 2, 3, 4 or 8, there is always one marble left. c. 24 min d. 23 min
What is the smallest number of marbles Joseph have? 15. Linda paid P 360.00 for 12 notebooks but she was
a. 35 b. 28 c. 25 d. 21 given 3 additional notebooks for free. In effect, what
3. Two brothers and their young sister are to divide rate of discount did she enjoy?
an inheritance worth P300,000 in the ratio of 5:6:4, a. 50 % b. 40%
with the girl getting the least share. How much is the c. 18% d. 20%
share of the sister? 16. A clock is 4 minutes ahead every 8 hours. If the
a. P20,000 b. P80,000 clock is set correctly at 8:00 a.m. Monday, what time
c. P100,000 d. P40,000 will be shown in this clock at 8:00 p.m. Friday?
4. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. 8:48 am b. 8:54 am
a. If a number is a multiple of 9, then it is c. 9:08 am d. 8:56 am
also a multiple of 3 17. What is the LEAST positive integer that has 6.8
b. If a number is divided by 9, then it is and 10 as factors?
divisible by 3 a. 240 b. 80
c. If 9 is a divisor of a number, then 3 is also a c. 120 d. 300
divisor of the number 18. Jose walks M miles in H hours. At the same rate
d. If a number is divisible by 3, then it is how many miles will he walks in J hours?
divided by 9. a. J b. M c. MJ d. MH
5. Find 1 2/5 x (1 ¼ ÷ 7/16) MH H-J H J
a. 1/5 b. ¾ c. 4 d. 4/5 19. What numbers is NOT exactly divisible by 8?
6. Which of the following numbers is the difference of a. 7304 b. 5000
two consecutive prime numbers less than 41? c. 3584 d. 5218
a. 8 b. 2 c. 9 d. 6 20. The bus stops are equally spaced along a bus
7. Employees in a firm are entitled to 1 – day leave route. The distance from the first to the third stops is
for every 20 working days. If in 2007, this firm had 600 meters. How far is the distance from the first stop
280 working days, how many days of vacation leave to the last stop?
are the employees entitled to? a. 2100 meters b. 2400 meters
a. 20 days b. 15 days c. 900 meters d. 2700 meters
c. 24 days d. 14 days 21. Three out of every 24 flashlights turned out by a
8. What is the perimeter of a square whose area is particular factory are found to be effective. If the
256 m2? factory turns out 1248 flashlights in a week, how
a. 1024 m b. 64 m many are defective?
c. 32 m d. 16 m a. 72 b. 18
9. How much bigger is 36 than 63 ? c. 416 d. 156
a. 27 b. 235 c. 513 d. 729 22. If ab + cd = 12ad, and ad = O, then b + c =
10. Three brothers inherited a cash amount of P __________ d a
120,000 and they divided it among themselves in the a. ab + cd b. 12
ratio of 5:2:1. How much more is the largest share c. 12a + 12d d. 12 ac
than the smallest share? 23. What must be the value of x in the arithmetic
a. P15,000 b. P30,000 progression x – 7, x – 2, x + 3 so that its 10th term
c. P60,000 d. P75,000 will be 40?
11. The simplest expression 240 is ____________. a. 3 b. 2
420 c. 1 d. 4
a. 4 b. 1 20 24. The roots of the equation (x – 5)(x – 3) = 0 are
2 __________
c. 1 d. 2 a. 3 or -5 b. 3 or 5
12. 40% of 35 is what percent of 140? c. -3 or 5 d. -3 or -5
a. 29% b. 28% 25. The average of m and n is 9, and p – 12. What is
c. 10% d. 14% the average of m, n, and p?
13. The initial temperature of an object was 27°C. a. 7 b. 21
After exposing the object to different surrounding c. 10 d. 18
media, its temperature decreased by 7°C, then 26. An angle of 7 π radians is equal to ___________
increased by 10°C and then finally decreased by a. 115° b. 225°
25°C. What was the final temperature of the objects? c. 105° d. 89°
a. 15°C b. 20°C 27. What is the value of x in ½ + 2/3 – 1/x – 1/6?
c. 5C d. 5°C a. 2 b. 3
c. 1 d. 4
28. M varies inversely as N. If M = 25 when N = 2, 40. Which statement is TRUE?
what is M when N = 5? I. 1 m is longer than 1 km
a. 16 b. 10 II. I mm is longer than I in
c. 5 d. 2 III. 1 gallon is heavier than 1 lb
29. Which of the following expressions always gives IV. 1 gallon is more than 1 liter
an odd number? a. I only b. I and IV
a. (N – 1) (N –5) b. 5N – 1 c. I and III d. III and IV
c. (2N + 1)2 d. N2 -1 41. If 3x = 81 and 4y = 64. What is (x-y)?
30. Three circles are tangent to each other extremely. a. 17 b. 1
What is the perimeter of the triangle formed by c. 0 d. -1
connecting the centers if the areas of the circles are 42. Two buses leave the same station at 9:00 pm one
9π, 16πand 25 π respectively? bus travels north at the rate of 30kph and the other
a. 24cm b. 12cm travels east at 40 kph. How many kilometers apart
c. 50cm d. 25cm are the buses at 10 pm?
31. A falling body strikes to the ground with a a. 100 km b. 70 km
velocity V, which varies directly as the square root of c. 50km d. 140km
the distance d it falls. If the body that falls 100 feet 43. Which of the following is a factor of x 4 – 4x 3 – 6x2
strikes the ground with a velocity of 80ft./sec.. with + 3x + 10?
what velocity will a ball dropped from a height of 550 –
a. (x2) b. (x + 5)
ft. strike the ground? c. (x + 1) d. (x – 5)
a. 150ft/sec b. 190ft/sec. 44. If X is an even number and Y is odd number,
c. 170ft/sec d. 188ft/sec which of these expressions will always give an even
32. Which of the following is true identity? number?
a. sin2 θ = cos2 θ b. cos 2 θ + 1 = sin2 θ a. X+Y b. XY
c. tan 2 θ = sec2 θ – 1 d. cos 2 θ – 1 = sin2 θ c. X ÷ Y d. X – Y
33. The same number is subtracted from the 45. Which of these is NOT factorable?
numerator and denominator of the fraction 8/11. If a. 6x2 – 5x6– b. 6x 2 – 13x + 6
the resulting fraction is equivalent to 2/3, what is the c. 6x 2
– 7x6– d. 6x 2 – 35x – 6
number subtracted? 46. What is the value of x in this equation?
a. 5 b. 2 1 + 2 - 1 = 1
c. 3 d. 4 2 3 x 6
34. What is √256?
4
a. 4 b. 2
a. 5.4 b. 4 c. 1 d. 3
c. 16 d. 6 47. If 16 is 4 more than 3x, then what is the value of
35. Given this table of numbers relating x to y, what 2x – 5?
is x when y is 45? a. 2 b. 4
c. 5 d. 3
X 0 4 8 12 16 48. What is the area of the shaded portion as shown
y 3 9 15 21 27 in the figure?
36. Madel spent one – sixth of her money in one 4
store. In the next store she spent three times as much
as she spent in the first store, and had P80.00 left.
How much money did she have at the start? 2
a. P240.00 b. P360.00
c. P252.00 d. P380.00
37. Which gives the quantity “the time it takes to red
a book that is x page long at a rate of y ages per 8 -8 – 2π π
d. a. b. π c. 8 - 4 π
hour”? 49. Which of these could be the measures of the
a. y/x hours b. xy hours angles of an isosceles triangle?
c. x/y hours d. (x+ y) hours a. 60°, 60°, 80° b. 32°, 32°, 116°
38. If x/y = 4/z, then 16y2 equals c. 51°, 98°, 51° d. 45°, 45°, 100°
a. x2 z2 b. x2 c. x3 z d. x2z2 50. A box is 12 in. in width, 16 in. in length, and 6 in.
16 16 in height. How many square inches of paper would be
39. Marlyn copied x + y2 instead of (x + y) 2. required to cover it on all sides?
Compute the amount of her error if x = 8 and y = 3. a. 900 b. 192
a. 12 b. 0 c. 720 d. 360
c. 104 d. 96 51. What is the total length of fencing needed to
enclose a rectangular area 46 feet by 34 feet?
a. 48 yd b. 26 yd.1 ft
c. 53 1/3 yd d. 52 yd 2ft
52. If the area of a square is 81x 2, what will represent 64. P is 7 less than the square of the sum of the
the perimeter of the square? quotient of x and y and the product of x and y. Which
a. 18x2 b. 81x equation expresses this relationship?
c. 9x2 d. 36yd 2ft a. P = (7 – x/y + xy) 2 c. P = 7 (x/y + xy)2
53. The vertices of a triangle are (2.1), (2.5), and b. P = (x/y + xy – 7) 2
d. P= (x/y + xy) 2 - 7
(5.1). What is the area of a triangle? 65. What is 135° in radians?
a. 10 b. 8 a. 3π/4 b. 5 π/8
c. 5 d. 6 c. 2 π d. 3
54. Four small squares are put together to form a 3 4π
bigger square. If the perimeter of the big square is 66. A square is inscribed in a circle with radius r.
256, what is the side of each of the smaller squares? Find the area of the shaded region.
a. 24 b. 16
c. 32 d. 8
55. These segments have lengths a, b and c, with a r
*
b c. Under what conditions could these segments
be used to form a triangle?
a. a + b > b b. b + c > a a. (2 – π)r2 b. (π – 2) r2
c. a + c < b d. a + b > c c. π – 2 r 2
d. πr2 – 2
56. The measure of each interior angle of a regular 67. If the first derivative of f (x) is 3x 2 + 2x, what is
polygon is 165 degrees. How many sides does it f(x)?
have? a. 3 x+3 2x b. x 3 + x2
a. 12 b. 15 c. 6 x3 + 2 x2 d. 3 x 3 + x
c. 24 d. 29 68. What are the endpoints of the major axis of 9 (x –
57. What happens to the circumstance of a circle if 3)2 + 25 (y – 2)2 – 225?
the length of the radius is doubled? a. (1, - 2) and ( - 7, -2) c. (-1, 2) and
a. It becomes 3 times longer (7,2)
b. It becomes 4 times longer b. (0, 2) and (6,2) d. (-2, 2) and (8, 2)
c. It is doubled 69. What is the equation of a straight line with a
gradient – 1 and y – intercept 4?
d. Itofisthe
58. Which halved
following equations is parallel to a. 2y = x + 4 b. 4y = x + 1
3x – 2 = 4 and has a y – intercept of -3? c. y = 2x + 5 d. y = -x + 4
a. y = 2x3– b. 2x – 3y = 6 70. If f(x) = 5x3 – x2 + 3, find the second derivative
c. 2x –3y = 4 d. 3x – 2y = 6 of f(x)
59. Which line in the figure has an underlined slope? a. 45x2x2
– b. 30x –2
2
c. 3x2x – d. 15x 3
– 2xy
71. Evaluate: lim √ 3x2 – 4 is ___________
x 2
2
4a. – b. 4
1 3 4 c. 2 d. √ 10
a. 3 b. 4 72. What is the second derivative of y = (x 3 + 2)2?
c. 2 d. 1 –
a. 2x2 (x3 2) b. 6x (x 3 + 2)
60. All of the quadrilaterals have two pairs of c. 6 (x5 + 3x2) d. 6x2 ( 5x2 + 8)
opposite sides parallel EXCEPT 73. The cost C (x) in the thousand of pesos of
a. Rectangle b. Trapezoid producing x thousand math textbooks is given by C
(x) = 30 + 20x – 0.5x2. What is the marginal cost of
61. Thec. Square 49π. What is its
area of a circle d.isRhombus producing 12,000 textbooks?
circumstances in terms of π? a. P 12,000 b. P16,000
a. 49 π b. 14 π c. P10,000 d. P8,000
c. 28 π d. 98 π 74. Determine the equation of the line parallel to 3x –
62. What is the slope of the line that passes through 8y + 11 – 0 and passing through (8,10)
the points (-1,2) and (3, - 4)? a. 8x – 3y –34 = 0 b. 3x – 8y + 56 = 0
a. 3/2 b. 3 c. 3x – 8y – 104 = 0 d. 3x + 8y + 56 = 0
c. 2 d. -3/2 75. What is the equation of the line with an x –
63. A rectangular bin 4 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 intercept of 5 and y – intercept of 2?
feet high is solidly packed with bricks whose a. 5y + 2x = 4 b. 2y + 5x = 25
dimensions are 8 inches, 4 inches and 2 inches. How c. 2y + 5x = 10 d. 5y + 2x = 10
many bricks are there in the bin? 76. A particular car run 100 km on x liters of
a. 54 b. 848 gasoline. If the car travels a fixed route of 20km per
c. 648 d. 320 day, how many liters of gasoline will the car consume
in 365 days?
a. 73x b. x/73
c. 36x d.x/36
77. One end of a line segment is P(1,2). If the 91. Thirty people were asked a question answerable
midpoint of the segment is (4, 3), find the coordinate by yes or no and maybe, their responses were
of the other endpoint of the segment. recorded. Which measure of central tendency is
a. (6,9) b. (6,7) MOST appropriate for the recorded data?
c. (5,8) d. (7,8) a. Range b. Mode
78. What is the equation of the line through (4,1) and c. Mean d. Median
parallel to the line through (7,3) and (5,-1)? 92. Determine the length of the latus rectum of the
a. x –4y = 0 b. 3x + y = 13 parabola. 5y2 + 20y – 6x + 20 = 0
c. 2x y– = 7 d. 5x – 6y = 14 a. 6 b. 3/5
79. What is the equation of a circle with center (- 5, c. 3/10 d. 6.5
7) and a diameter that is 20 cm? 93. Francisco received the following scores on tests
a. (x +5)2 + ( y – 7)2 in Calculus: 73,89,81,95, and 87. What is his mean
b. (x – 5)2 + (x + 7)2 = 100 score?
c. (x – 5)2 + (y + 7)2 a. 84 b. 85
d. (x+ 5)2 + (x – 7)2 – 100 c. 89 d. 87
80. Find the first derivative of (x 2 + 2x) (x3) 94. How many ways can 3 books be selected from a
a. x4 + 6x3 b. 2x 4
+ 2x3 group of 7 books?
c. 5x4 + 8x3 d. 3x 4
+ 6x3 a. 42 b. 35
81. What is the equation of the line with slope – 6/11 c. 210 d. 21
and passing through C(4,9)? 95. The president of the senior class is authorized to
a. 6x + 11y – 75 = 0 b. 11x + 6y + 10 = 0 appoint a committee of 5 from 4 elected males and 8
c. 6x – 11y + 123 = 0 d. 6x + 11y – 123 = 0 elected females. How many different committees are
82. How long is the diameter of x 2 – y2 – 10x + 14y = possible if 3 elected males are to be members?
-10? a. 32 b. 112
a. 128 units b. 16 units c. 120 d. 220
c. 8 units d. 64 units 96. How many different signals, each consisting of 7
83. In the graph of y = 2 – 2x2 – 4x, what is the flags hung in a vertical line, can be formed from 4
highest point? identical red flags and 3 identical green flags?
a. (1, - 4) b.(4, - 1) a. 7!/(4!3!) b. (7 – 4)!
c. (- 4, 1)) d. ( - 1, 4) c. 7! d. 4!3!
84. What are the coordinates of the point of 97. How many distinct permutations can be made
intersection of the tangent with slope equal to 2 the from the letters of the word INFINITY if all letters
curve y = - x 2 – 4x + 7? are be taken?
a. ( - 3, 13) b. (- 3, 28) a. 3540 b. 4512
c. (-3, 10) d. (3,4) c. 3360 d. 3124
85. The derivative of y = 2x 3 – 5x2 + 3x + 2 is 98. Four married couples have reserved eight seats in
_______ a row for a basketball game. In hw many ways can
a. y1 = 6x2 – 10x3– c. y 1 = - 6x2 + 10x – 3 they be seated if each couple is sit together?
b. y1 = 6x2 6x– +3 d. y 1 = 6x2 – 10x + 3 a. 350 b. 384
86. Which of the following quadratic functions will c. 320 d. 300
have a graph which opens downward? 99. A family has 3 children. What is the probability
a. y = 1 – (3x – x2) b. y = 5x (x – 1) + 3 that all children are boy?
c. y = 7x – (5x2 + 1) d. y = -4 (2 – x2) + 5x a. 3/8 b. ½
87. What is the median of the following set of c. 1/8 d. 1/6
numbers: 11,8,3,2,3,2,14,13,8,7,8,6? 100. A card is selected at random from a box of 20
a. 8.5 b. 7 cards numbered 1 to 20. What is the probability that
c. 7.8 d. 5 the number is multiple of 3?
88. The scores of eight boys in an IQ Test are as a. 7/20 b. 3/20
follows: 100,120,101.107.116, and 101. What is the c. 5/20 d. 3/10
75 percentile? 101. How much interest would be collected on a loan
a. 120 b. 118 of P25,000 borrowed for 7 months at 10% per year?
c. 116 d. 117 a. P 1,485.33 b. P 1,548.33
89. A pair of dice is thrown. If the sum of the dots on c. P1,458.33 d. P 1,584.33
the two dice is 6, what is the probability that one of 102. A store is giving a 15% discount off marked
the dice is 2? price of electrical items, what is the discounted price
a. 1/18 b. 2/5 of a water dispenser marked at P3,000?
c. 1/6 d. 11/36 a. P3,150 b. P2, 550
90. If majority of the students in Statistics class was c. P 2,850 d. P 3,450
able to answer most of the questions given during the 103. If sin A = ½, what is tan 2A?
examination, the score is expected to be a. √ 3 /4 b. √ 3
____________ c. √ 3/2 d. 1/3
a. bimodal b. normally distributed
c. negatively skewed d. positively skewed
104. In a sale, Janice paid P 270.00 for a skirt 116. The interest of a loan of P6, 350.00 is P158.75.
srcinally marked P450.00. What was the discount If the loan is to be paid after 150 days, what is the
rate given? rate of interest charged?
a. 20% b. 60% a. 5% b. 7%
c. 50% d. 40% c. 6% d. 4%
105. In sin2 x + y = m, and cos2 x+ y = n, find y. 117. Which of these is equal to 1 + tan2 x?
a. m + n + 1 b. m – n – 1 x 2
a. sec b. cos 2
x
2 2
2 2 c. cot
x d. sin x
c. m –n + 1 d. m + n – 1 118. What is the second derivative of y = (x 3 + 2)2?
2 2 a. 6 (x5 + 3x2) b. 2x2 (x3 + 2)
106. Atty. Bravo collected P 10,750 from Mrs. Rivera c. 6x2 (x+
3
2) d. 6x (x 3 + 2)
after deducting commission, the principal received P 119. Transform an angle of 190 deg to radian
8, 492.35. What was the attorney’s rate of measure
commission? a. 20π/18 radians b. π / 18radians
a. 27% b. 12% c. 3.39 radians d. 19 π radians
c. 21% d. 79% 18
107. In one Sophomore class, 1/3 of the students are 120. If sin A = √2, what is sin 2A?
honor students, 2/7 are varsity athletes. If there are 2
four athletes in the class, how many students are a. ½ b. 2
there in the class? c. 2√2 d. 1
a. 42 b. 54
c. 73 d. 62
108. How much money was borrowed at 15% simple
interest for 8 months if the interest paid was P3,500?
a. P36,500 b. P36,000
c. P35,000 d. P37,200
109. Which of these numbers CANNOT be the
hypotenuse of a right triangle whose sides are whole
numbers?
a. 10 b. 13
c. 26 d. 4
110. A man sold his car for P180,000. This means
losing 10% of the price he paid for it. What was the
cost of the car when he bought it?
a. P195,000 b. P190,000
c. P200,000 d. P210,000
111. What is the area of a square lot whose diagonal
is 6√2 m?
a. 28 sq.m b. 72 sq.m
c. 12 sq.m d. 36 sq.m
112. Find the value of tan α if sin α =- 5/13 and
tan α > 0
a. 5/13 b. 5/12
c. 1 d. 12/13
113. A businessman borrowed P50,000 from a rural
bank at 14% compound interest compounded semi-
annually, how much did he pay at the end of two
years?
a. P61,252.15 b. P57,245
c. P53,407.15 d. P65,539.80
114. An equilateral triangle is drawn with one vertex
at the srcin and the two other vertices on the circle
x2 + y2 = 25. Find the area of the triangle
a. 12√2 b. 25√3
4
c. 5√3 d. 25
115. Jocelyn has P7,200 in the time deposit in a bank
which she receives 12% interest each year. How
much interest will she receive in five years?
a. P7,200 b. P4,320
c. P4,800 d. P5,200