Revista Aristas: Investigación Básica y Aplicada.

)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV4XtPLFDVH,QJHQLHUtD8$%&,6619RO1~P

0(-25$'((67$&,Ï1'(75$%$-23$5$$80(172'(
&$3$&,'$''(352'8&&,Ï1

:RUNVWDWLRQLPSURYHPHQWWRLQFUHDVHSURGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\

5(680(1  *$67Ï16$1726*21=È/(=
*HQHUDOPHQWH HQ ODV HPSUHVDV PHWDOPHFiQLFDV ORV GHWDOOHV VRQ PX\ ,QJHQLHUR,QGXVWULDO
GHVFXLGDGRV \ VXV SURFHVRV GH PDTXLQDGR SXHGHQ VHU GH ODUJD GXUDFLyQ $OXPQRGHOD)&4,QR6HPHVWUH
PLHQWUDV TXH RWUDV HVWDFLRQHV GH DFDEDGR \ HQVDPEOH GH SDUWHV SHTXHxDV 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH %DMD
SXHGHQ VHU PX\ UiSLGDV (Q HVWH DUWtFXOR VH YHUi OD PHMRUD D XQD GH ODV &DOLIRUQLD
HVWDFLRQHVGHWUDEDMRGHODOtQHDILQDOGHXQDHPSUHVDPHWDOPHFiQLFDTXH JVDQWRV#XDEFHGXP[
RULJLQDOPHQWH HVWDED PX\ GHVFXLGDGD \ SUiFWLFDPHQWH DGDSWDGD SRU HO 
PLVPRRSHUDGRUFRQHOILQGHDXPHQWDUODYHORFLGDGGHODOtQHD\WHQHUXQ -8$1$1'5(6/23(=%$55(5$6
PHMRUFRQWUROGHODPDWHULDSULPD ,QJHQLHUR,QGXVWULDO'U
 3URIHVRULQYHVWLJDGRU
3$/$%5$6 &/$9(6 0HMRUD &RQWURO 2UJDQL]DFLyQ 7LHPSR 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH %DMD
(ILFLHQFLD &DOLIRUQLD
 MDORSH]#XDEFHGXP[
$%675$&7 
Usually in the metal mechanic business details are very careless, and -26e0$18(/3$=)(51È1'(=
machining processes can be long lasting, while other stations of small ,QJHQLHURHQ(OHFWURPHFiQLFRM.C.
parts assembly can be very fast. In this article we will be able to see the 3URIHVRU7LHPSR&RPSOHWR
upgrade of one of the workstations in the final line of a metal mechanic 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH %DMD
company, which was originally much neglected and practically adapted by &DOLIRUQLD
the same operator, in order to increase the speed of the line and have a SD]MRVH#XDEFHGXP[
better controlling the feedstock. 
Recibido: 08 de agosto de 2014.
.(<:25'6 Continuous Improvement, Innovation, Manufacturing, Aceptado: 11 de octubre de 2014.
Planning, Strategy, Efficiency.  Publicado: 09 de febrero de 2015.


,1752'8&&,Ï1
 SUHSDUDFLyQ GH VXSHUILFLH SLQWXUD ILQDOL]D FRQ OD
&DQQRQ 6DIH HV XQD HPSUHVD OtGHU HQ VX SURGXFWR TXH
VRQ ODV FDMDV GH VHJXULGDG GH GLIHUHQWHV WDPDxRV \
HVSHFLDOPHQWH SDUD JXDUGDU DUPDV (Q XQ SULQFLSLR PL
RSLQLyQSHUVRQDHUDGHTXHXQDHPSUHVDGHFDMDVIXHUWHV
QRWHQtDPXFKRIXWXURHQUHDOLGDG\DTXHKR\HQGtDVROR
ODVSHUVRQDVTXHVRQPX\ULFDVVRQODVTXHDGTXLHUHQXQD
FDMDIXHUWH\QLKDEODUFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHXQDFDMDIXHUWH
SDUD DUPDV OD SUREDELOLGDG HV D~Q PHQRU 6LQ HPEDUJR
KDFLHQGR XQ SRFR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH LQWHUQHW GHVFXEUt
TXH KD\ XQD OH\ TXH QR OH SHUPLWH DO FLXGDGDQR
DPHULFDQRSRVHHUDUPDVVLQRFXHQWDDOJ~QOXJDUVHJXUR
GyQGHDOPDFHQDUOD\FRPRHQ(VWDGRV8QLGRVFXDOTXLHU
SHUVRQD SXHGH FRPSUDU XQ DUPD GH PDQHUD IiFLO OD
PD\RUtD QHFHVLWD XQD FDMD IXHUWH < HV DKt GRQGH HQWUD
&DQQRQ 6DIHQRVROR SDUD HYLWDU XQURERGHXQ DUWtFXOR
WDQFDURFRPRVRQODVDUPDVGHIXHJRVLQRWDPELpQSDUD
VDOYDJXDUGDU OD YLGD GH ORV LQWHJUDQWHV GH OD IDPLOLD \D
TXHSRGUtD VHU PX\ SHOLJURVR WHQHUXQ DUPD GH IXHJR DO
DOFDQFHGHXQQLxRRMRYHQLUUHVSRQVDEOH
 GHOSURFHVR
< ¢FyPR VH FRQVWUX\HQ HVWDV FDMDV" (Q UHDOLGDG HO
SURFHVRHVPX\VHQFLOOR(VWiQFRQVWUXLGDVFRQXQFXHUSR
GHDFHURPX\UHVLVWHQWH\DOPLVPRWLHPSRIOH[LEOHTXH


SDVD SRU XQ SURFHVR GH FRUWH GH GREODGR GH VROGDGXUD
LQVWDODFLyQ GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV LQWHUQRV /DV SULPHUDV
iUHDV OD GH FRUWH GREODGR \ VROGDGXUD QR VRQ GH JUDQ
SUREOHPD\DTXHVRQSURFHVRVGRQGHODFDSDFLGDGGHOD
PiTXLQDHVQXHVWUDOLPLWDQWH\QRSRGHPRVKDFHUPXFKR
DOUHVSHFWRVLQHPEDUJRODViUHDVGHSLQWXUD\HQVDPEOH
ILQDO VRQ ODV iUHDV HQ GRQGH HQFRQWUDPRV PiV iUHDV GH
RSRUWXQLGDG

/RVDXWRUHVHHQIRFDQHQHOiUHDGH(QVDPEOH)LQDOTXH
FXHQWD FRQ DOUHGHGRU GH  HVWDFLRQHV GH WUDEDMR \ 
RSHUDGRU SRU HVWDFLyQ (Q ODV SULPHUDV HVWDFLRQHV VH
FRORFD OD PDQLMD TXH JLUD SDUD TXLWDU ORV SDVDGRUHV TXH
DVHJXUDQ OD FDMD HQRWUDVSDODEUDVTXH OD DEUH  (Q XQD
GH ODV HVWDFLRQHV HQ HVSHFLDO GRQGH HQVDPEODQ OD
PDQLMD KD\ XQ GHVSHUGLFLR  GH WLHPSR DO PRPHQWR GH
VXSOLU HO PDWHULDO FRQ HO TXH YD D WUDEDMDU HO RSHUDGRU
GHELGRDTXHQRHVWiQODVEDQGHMDVRUJDQL]DGDVQLWLHQHQ
DOJXQD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ OR TXH SURYRFD PH]FOD GH
PDWHULDOHVUHWUDVRHQODOtQHDUHWUDEDMRV\GHVDFHOHUDFLyQ

(QODHVWDFLyQGHWUDEDMRHQODFXDOLPSOHPHQWDUHPRVXQD
PHMRUD KD\ XQ GHVSHUGLFLR TXH VH SODQHD RPLWLU \ HV HO
Revista Aristas: Investigación Básica y Aplicada. )DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV4XtPLFDVH,QJHQLHUtD8$%&,6619RO1~P

VREUHSURFHVRTXHVHGHULYDGHODHUUyQHDGLVWULEXFLyQGH
ORV UHFLSLHQWHV GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD VX PDWHULD SULPD \
TXHODPHVDGHWUDEDMRQRFXHQWDFRQXQOXJDUHVSHFtILFR
GRQGH SXHGD FRORFDUVH XQD KRMD YLVXDO GH WUDEDMR 2WUD
UD]yQ HV TXH QR KD\ OLPSLH]D HQ HO iUHD ORV UHFLSLHQWHV
QR HVWiQ RUJDQL]DGRV GH XQD IRUPD ILMD OR TXH SURYRFD
TXH FDGD RSHUDGRU KDJD HO PLVPR SURFHVR GH PDQHUD
GLVWLQWD \ FRQWLQXDPHQWH VHDQ DOWHUDGRV ORV WLHPSRV GH
RSHUDFLyQ
 WpFQLFD PiV GH RUGHQ \ OLPSLH]D TXH QR KDUi QLQJXQD
$FRQGLFLRQDQGR HO iUHD VH HVSHUD TXH HO WUDEDMDGRU QR
WHQJD TXH HVWDU UHDFRPRGDQGR VXV KHUUDPLHQWDV
PRYLpQGRODV R LQFOXVR SHUGLpQGRODV \ TXH OR KDJD
VLHPSUH GH XQD VROD PDQHUD \D TXH VH FRORFDUiQ
HVWDQGDUL]DGR\WRGRVHKDFtD~QLFDPHQWHSRUTXHGHHVD
PDQHUD VH KDEtD KHFKR SRU PXFKRV DxRV +DEtD PXFKDV
iUHDVGHPHMRUD\VHGHEtDGHHPSH]DUSRUODPiVEiVLFD
TXHHUDPHMRUDUODVHVWDFLRQHVGHWUDEDMR

%$6(7(25,&$

3DUD PXFKDV SHUVRQDV OD PHWRGRORJtD 6 HV LQVHUYLEOH
GHPDVLDGR VHQFLOOD SDUD DSOLFDUOD R VLPSOHPHQWH XQD
JUDQGLIHUHQFLDGHQWURGHOSURFHVRGHSURGXFFLyQGHXQD
HPSUHVD SHUR QR HV DVt (VWD PHWRGRORJtD KD IRUPDGR
SDUWH GHO HVWLOR GH YLGD GH PXFKDV SHUVRQDV \ GH
ILORVRItDVGHJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVFRPRORHV7R\RWD\VRQ
HVWiQGDUHV GH RSHUDFLyQ 623V YLVXDOHV DSOLFDEOHV D FXDOTXLHU OXJDU R iUHD GH WUDEDMR TXH
5HRUJDQL]DUHPRV OD HVWDFLyQ \ HO RSHUDGRU WHQGUi GHVHHPRVPHMRUDU
VLHPSUHORTXHQHFHVLWDDODOFDQFHGHVXVPDQRV\HQHO 
OXJDUFRUUHFWR$OILQDOWRGRVORVRSHUDGRUHVTXHWUDEDMHQ &21&/86,21(6<5(&20(1'$&,21(6
HQ HVD iUHD GHEHUiQ GH WDUGDU HO PLVPR WLHPSR HQ 
FRPSOHWDUODRSHUDFLyQFRQp[LWR(VWRUHGXFLUiQXHVWURV /DV FRQFOXVLRQHV VRQ REOLJDWRULDV \ GHEHQ VHU OR
WLHPSRVFXHOORVGHERWHOODHQHVWDHVWDFLyQSUREDELOLGDG VXILFLHQWHPHQWHFODUDVSDUDFXDOTXLHUOHFWRUHQHOGRPLQLR
GHDFFLGHQWHV\GLVFUHSDQFLDVHQHOHQVDPEOH GH OD WHPiWLFD 'HEHQ H[SUHVDU HO EDODQFH ILQDO GH OD
 LQYHVWLJDFLyQ R OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR $GHPiV
/D PHWRGRORJtD TXH VH DSOLFDUiQ HQ HVWD PHMRUD VHUi OD GHEHQ LQFOXLU QRWDV VREUH HO WUDEDMR IXWXUR SHQGLHQWH
LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH ODV 6 TXH GLFWDUiQ FDGD XQR GH ORV GHVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH ORV DXWRUHV (O SULQFLSLR GH XQ
SDVRV TXH VHJXLUHPRV TXH VRQ &ODVLILFDFLyQ 2UGHQ WUDEDMR HILFLHQWH HV OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ /DV FLQFR ³6´ VH
/LPSLH]D(VWDQGDUL]DFLyQ\0DQWHQHUOD'LVFLSOLQD RULJLQDURQ HQ -DSyQ FRQ HO ILQ GH HYLWDU REVWiFXORV R
 DFFLGHQWHV TXH LPSLGDQ XQD SURGXFFLyQ HILFLHQWH R FRQ
6REUHODHPSUHVD FDOLGDG TXL]i VXHQH UDUR SHUR HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV
 RFDVLRQHVXVDPRVODVFLQFR³6´\QRORQRWDPRVXQFODUR
&DQQRQ 6DIH LQLFLy FRPR XQ SHTXHxR WDOOHU HQ  HQ HMHPSORSXHGHVHUFXDQGRWHQHPRVODVFRVDVHQXQOXJDU
XQ SHTXHxR GH (VWDGRV 8QLGRV )XH IXQGDGR SRU YDULRV DSURSLDGR HV GHFLU VL WHQJR XQ DUPDULR Vp TXH DKt VH
VRFLRV SHUR HVWRV WXYLHURQ SUREOHPDV \ GHFLGLHURQ HQFXHQWUD PL URSD \ QR PLV FXELHUWRV GH PHVD \ DVt
VHSDUDUVH 6LQ HPEDUJR XQR GH ORV VRFLRV 6U %DNHU PLVPRGHEHVHUHQHOWUDEDMR\DTXHHVWRIDFLOLWD\PRWLYD
GHFLGLyFRPSUDUODVDFFLRQHVGHORVGHPiV DFFLRQLVWDV\ PiVSXHVWRGRVHYHHQRUGHQ
VH GHGLFy D OOHYDU OD HPSUHVD DO p[LWR SRU pO PLVPR 
6LHQGRXQKRPEUHGHFDUiFWHUUXGRSXVRDVXKLMR$DURQ  (OVLJQLILFDGRGHODV³6´VRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
%DNHU D WUDEDMDU HQ OD OtQHD GH SURGXFFLyQ /D HPSUHVD 
IXHFUHFLHQGRFDGDYH]PiV\HYHQWXDOPHQWH$DUyQ%VH  6(,5,&ODVLILFDFLyQ\GHVFDUWH
FRQYLUWLy HO &(2 GH &DQQRQ 6DIH $DUyQ VLHPSUH IXH  6(,7212UJDQL]DFLyQ
PX\ DSHJDGR D ODV SHUVRQDV GH OD OtQHD \ D VXV DPLJRV  6(,62/LPSLH]D
PiV FHUFDQR TXH FRQRFLy WUDEDMDQGR OHV GHOHJy JUDQGHV  6(,.(768 +LJLHQH \ YLVXDOL]DFLyQ  R ELHQ
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV HQ OD HPSUHVD JHQWH TXH KDEtD OLPSLH]D
HPSH]DGR HQ HO iUHD GH VROGDGXUD VH KDEtDQ FRQYHUWLGR  6,768.('LVFLSOLQD\FRPSURPLVR
HQ VXSHUYLVRUHV \ JHUHQWHV $DUyQ D VXV  DxRV \D HUD 
PXOWLPLOORQDULRHLEDLQYLUWLHQGRFDGDYH]PiV\PiVHQ 7RGDV\FDGDXQDGHHOODVVRQLPSRUWDQWHV\QRVHSXHGH
ODHPSUHVD GHVFDUWDU DOJXQD HQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH HVWD
 PHWRGRORJtD \D TXH QR REWHQGUtDPRV XQD FRPSOHWD
8QGDWRPX\LQWHUHVDQWHHVTXH&DQQRQ6DIHQRWXYRXQ RUJDQL]DFLyQRELHQHVWDQRGXUDUtD
HTXLSRGH,QJHQLHUtDKDVWDHODxR6RORFRQWDEDFRQ 
XQ VROR LQJHQLHUR TXH VH HQFDUJDED GH GLVHxDU \ GDUOH 9HQWDMDVGHDSOLFDU6
VRSRUWHDODOtQHDGHSURGXFFLyQ(YHQWXDOPHQWHHVWRVH 
FRQYLUWLy HQ XQ IDFWRU TXH IUHQy HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH HQOLVWDQ DOJXQDV GH ODV YHQWDMDV TXH
HPSUHVD \ $DUyQ GHFLGLy FRQWUDWDU XQ ELHQ HTXLSR GH WUDHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHHVWDKHUUDPLHQWD\DVHDVRORHQ
LQJHQLHURVSDUDVDFDUDGHODQWHVXVXHxR XQDHVWDFLyQGHWUDEDMRRHQWRGDODHPSUHVD
 
(O KHFKR GH QR FRQWDU FRQ XQ HTXLSR GH LQJHQLHUtD  'LVPLQX\HSpUGLGDVHQHOSURGXFWRSRUPDODFDOLGDG
SURYRFDED PXFKDV LUUHJXODULGDGHV HQ HO SURFHVR PXFKR  5DSLGH]HQORVSURFHVRVGHWUDEDMR
GHVFRQWURO H LQFOXVR DFFLGHQWHV 1DGD HVWDED


Revista Aristas: Investigación Básica y Aplicada. )DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV4XtPLFDVH,QJHQLHUtD8$%&,6619RO1~P

 0XHVWUDTXHHORSHUDGRURODSHUVRQDTXHWUDEDMDHQ $SOLFDFLyQGH6(,721

HVH OXJDU GH WUDEDMR HV XQD SHUVRQD UHVSRQVDEOH 
OLPSLD\RUJDQL]DGD
 0HMRULPDJHQDQWHHOFOLHQWHSHUPLWHTXHHOFOLHQWH
HVWp DGHPiV VDWLVIHFKR FRQ XQ SURGXFWR TXH YLHQH
GHXQWUDEDMROLPSLR\RUGHQDGR
 0iV HVSDFLR SDUD WUDEDMDU GH XQD IRUPD PiV
RUGHQDGD\OLEUHGHDYHUtDV
 0HQRV PRYLPLHQWRV \ WUDVODGRV LQ~WLOHV TXH OR
~QLFRTXHRFDVLRQDQVRQSpUGLGDVGHWLHPSR
 0D\RUSURGXFWLYLGDG
 7UDEDMR HQ HTXLSR \D TXH WRGRV VH LQYROXFUDQ D
KDFHU ODV FRVDV ELHQ GHVGH XQ SULQFLSLR 
SDUWLFLSDQGR WRGRV MXQWRV KDFLHQGR TXH OD HPSUHVD )LJXUD
FUH]FDGtDFRQGtD 
 $XPHQWR GH YLGD ~WLO D ORV HTXLSRV \D TXH HO
WUDEDMDGRU VH KDFH UHVSRQVDEOH GHO FXLGDGR GH VX
HTXLSRGHWUDEDMR

$SOLFDFLyQGH6(,5,



)LJXUD

6(,721 VH UHILHUH D RUJDQL]DFLyQ X RUGHQ 4XH FDGD
KHUUDPLHQWDEDQGHMDRPDWHULDOWHQJDVXSURSLRHVSDFLR
\ VH HQFXHQWUH HQ HVH HVSHFtILFR OXJDU (Q OD )LJXUD 
 SRGHPRV YHU PDWHULDO GHVRUGHQDGR TXH GLILFXOWD VX
)LJXUD DGTXLVLFLyQ\HQOD)LJXUDYHPRVHQODSDUWHGHDEDMR
 XQDFDMDGHOHQVDPEOHTXHVHOOHYDDFDERHQHVDHVWDFLyQ
 TXH HVWi DOOt SRUTXH HO RSHUDGRU QR WLHQH HVSDFLR GyQGH
SRQHUOD 3RU RWUD SDUWH VH SXHGH REVHUYDU WDPELpQ
PDWHULDO GH WUDEDMR GHVRUJDQL]DGR VREUH OD PHVD OR TXH
GLILFXOWD \ DWUDVD OD RSHUDFLyQ \  HV XQ REVWiFXOR SDUD
HVWDEOHFHU XQ SURFHVR HVWiQGDU 6H GHVLJQDUi XQ HVSDFLR
SDUDHOHQVDPEOHWHUPLQDGR\VHGHOLPLWDUiXQOXJDUSDUD
FDGDKHUUDPLHQWDGHWUDEDMRFRPRORVRQHODFHLWHERWH
URMRHOGHVDUPDGRU\ODFDMDQHJUDGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDV
XQDVSHTXHxDVWXHUFDVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHOHQVDPEOH

$SOLFDFLyQGH6(,62

)LJXUD
6(,5,VHWUDWDGHWHQHU~QLFDPHQWHORQHFHVDULR\WHQHUOR
HQODFDQWLGDGFRUUHFWD(QOD)LJXUDVHSXHGHREVHUYDU
XQPDUWLOORGHJRPDURMRTXHQRWLHQHQDGDTXHKDFHUHQ
HVDHVWDFLyQGHWUDEDMRSHURTXHVHHQFXHQWUDDKtSRUTXH
RWUR RSHUDGRU DFRVWXPEUD GHMDUOR HQ HVD SDUWH (Q OD
)LJXUD  REVHUYDPRV XQ JXDQWH TXH SXHGH HVWRUEDU D OD
KRUD GH DGTXLULU PiV SLH]DV \ TXH QR SHUWHQHFH DO
RSHUDGRUTXHODERUDHQHVDHVWDFLyQ
  
(PSH]DUHPRV SRU TXLWDU ODV FRVDV TXH QR SHUWHQHFHQ D )LJXUD
HVHOXJDU



Revista Aristas: Investigación Básica y Aplicada. )DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV4XtPLFDVH,QJHQLHUtD8$%&,6619RO1~P

(Q OD )LJXUD  VH SXHGH REVHUYDU UHVLGXRV GHO SURFHVR

DQWHULRU WLUDGRV HQ HO VXHOR \ HO PDO HVWDGR GH OD PHVD
SURGXFWRGHODIDOWDGHOLPSLH]D(QHVWHSDVRVHFDPELDUi
FRPSOHWDPHQWHODPHVDGHWUDEDMRXQDPiVJUDQGHVLQOD
WHOD SDUD WHQHU XQD PHMRU OLPSLH]D \ HQ SHUIHFWDV
FRQGLFLRQHV $SURYHFKDQGR HO UHHPSOD]R GH OD PHVD VH
OH DxDGLUi XQ HVSDFLR HVSHFLDO SDUD FRORFDU XQD D\XGD
YLVXDO VREUH HO SURFHVR HQ QXHVWUD RSHUDFLyQ  \D TXH
VRODPHQWH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD FDUSHWDGH SURFHGLPLHQWRV
SHURVHUiGHPXFKDXWLOLGDGSDUDFXDOTXLHURSHUDGRUTXH
HVWp HQ HVWD HVWDFLyQ 6H LQFOXLUi XQD D\XGD YLVXDO
WDPELpQSDUDPDQWHQHURUGHQDGDHOiUHDGHWUDEDMR

$SOLFDFLyQGH6(,.(768
 
&RPR SRGHPRV YHU HQ ODV LPiJHQHV DQWHULRUHV GH OD )LJXUD
HVWDFLyQHQODFXDOHVWDPRVDSOLFDQGRODPHWRGRORJtDGH 
6QRVHORJUDYLVXDOL]DUDOJXQDHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHQDGD (Q OD )LJXUD  SRGHPRV YHU HO PDUFR GH DUULED TXH VH
QLVLTXLHUDGHOSURFHVRRODVHSDUDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHV(V GLVHxy SDUD FROJDU DOHUWDV GH FDOLGDG HO SURFHGLPLHQWR
SRU HVR TXH KDUHPRV XVR GH EDQGHMDV SDUD DOPDFHQDU HVWiQGDU R DOJXQD RWUD D\XGD YLVXDO TXH HO RSHUDGRU
PDWHULDOHVGHGLIHUHQWHVFRORUHV\OLPSLDUHPRVHOiUHD SXHGD OOHJDU D QHFHVLWDU  SURPRYLHQGR DVt HO
 PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH OD GLVFLSOLQD RUGHQ \ OLPSLH]D /D
$SOLFDFLyQGH6+,7=8.( PHVD KD VLGR FDPELDGD SRU XQD TXH HVWi HQ H[FHOHQWHV
 FRQGLFLRQHV OLPSLD \ PHMRU DGDSWDGD SDUD OR TXH HO
3DUDPDQWHQHUODGLVFLSOLQDLQVWDODUHPRVD\XGDVYLVXDOHV RSHUDGRUQHFHVLWD
TXH HVWpQ D OD YLVWD GHO RSHUDGRU VLQ HVWRUEDUOH \ TXH 
PXHVWUHQ HO SURFHVR HVWiQGDU SRU PHGLR GH LPiJHQHV \ &21&/86,21(6
FRUWDV GHVFULSFLRQHV SDUD OOHYDU D FDER OD RSHUDFLyQ 6H  
LQFOXLUi XQD KRMD GRQGH VH PXHVWUH OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH OD &DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH XQR GH ORV SULQFLSLRV PiV
HVWDFLyQFRPRGyQGHDFRPRGDUODVEDQGHMDVHOSURGXFWR LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD PHMRU ORV WLHPSRV GH SURGXFFLyQ \
WHUPLQDGRODVKHUUDPLHQWDVHQWUHRWUDV DSOLFDU OD PHMRUD FRQWLQXD HV OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ 3RGHPRV
 TXHUHU EDODQFHDU QXHVWUDV OtQHDV FRPSUDU PiTXLQDV
5(68/7$'26 VRILVWLFDGDVLQYHUWLUHQHQWUHQDPLHQWRVSDUDRSHUDGRUDVR
 WHQHU ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV PiV QXHYDV SHUR VL QR LQLFLDPRV
RUJDQL]DQGR \ RUGHQDQGR ORV PiV SHTXHxRV GHWDOOHV
DXQTXH WHQJDPRV PiTXLQDV GH WHFQRORJtD GH SXQWD D~Q
VHJXLUHPRV EDWDOODQGR FRQ QXHVWUD FDSDFLGDG GH
SURGXFFLyQ(QHVWHFDVRVHORJUyRUJDQL]DUXQDHVWDFLyQ
GH WUDEDMR TXH SURYRFDED XQ FXHOOR GH ERWHOOD HQ HVD
OtQHDVLQHPEDUJRDSOLFDUODV6VHQWRGDVODVHVWDFLRQHV
\FRPRXQDILORVRItDHQWRGDODHPSUHVDQRSXHGHOOHYDUD
RWURQLYHOHQFXHVWLyQGHSURGXFFLyQ\HVDEULUXQDSXHUWD
D QXHYDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH PHMRUD \D TXH VLHPSUH KD\
DOJRTXHPHMRUDU(VWDPHWRGRORJtDQRVD\XGDDPHMRUDU
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH OD HVWDFLyQ GH WUDEDMR \ FRQ HVR
 ORJUDPRV GLVPLQXLU QXHVWUD FDQWLGDG GH DFFLGHQWHV \
)LJXUD
FXLGDUDQXHVWURVRSHUDGRUHV7DOYH]QRORSDUH]FDSHUR

HVWR OHSXHGHDKRUUDU D OD HPSUHVD  PLOHV GHGyODUHV \D
(Q OD )LJXUD  SRGHPRV YHU FyPR WRGR HVWi PHMRU
TXHXQDFFLGHQWDGRSXHGHFRVWDUPXFKRGLQHUR\QRVROR
GLVWULEXLGR \ DO DOFDQFH GH VXV PDQRV (Q OD SDUWH GH
HVRFXDQGRQRKD\EXHQDVHJXULGDGODFDOLGDGEDMDORV
DUULED VH HQFXHQWUD OD PDWHULD SULPD HQ ODV EDQGHMDV
UHWUDEDMRVDXPHQWDQ\HVWRWUDHFRQVLJRSHUGLGDV
QHJUDV\D]XOHV\VXVKHUUDPLHQWDV\HQODFDMDGHFDUWyQ

VHDOPDFHQDHOHQVDPEOHWHUPLQDQGRGHHVDHVWDFLyQTXH
%,%/,2*5$)Ë$
VHUiOOHYDGRDRWUDHVWDFLyQSRVWHULRUPHQWH(QODSDUWHGH

GHEDMR GH OD PHVD HVWiQ DOPDFHQDGDV FDMDV GH PDWHULD
>@ )UDQFLVFR 0DGDULDJD /HDQ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ Bubok
SULPD SDUD UHOOHQDU ODV EDQGHMDV \ OD EDQGHMD DPDULOOD
Publishing S.L.SiJLQDV0p[LFR
SDUD XQD SLH]D TXH QR HV GH XVR IUHFXHQWH  $Vt DUULED
>@ 1DNDMLPD 6 µ¶ ,QWURGXFFLyQ DO 730¶¶ 3URGXFWLYLW\
WLHQH ~QLFDPHQWH OR TXH QHFHVLWD FRQ PiV IUHFXHQFLD \
3UHVVSS
DEDMRORTXHPHQRVQHFHVLWD\HVSDFLRSDUDDOPDFHQDU