The meeting of two letters is of three different ways:

1. Meeting of the two in pronunciation and writing, in that there is no separation between them, such

as the two in and the two in .

2. Meeting of the two in writing only, such as in : . Here the two are next to
each other, but prevents them from being pronounced together3. Meeting of the two in

pronunciation only, as in . In this case the alif separates the two from each
other, but since the alif is not pronounced, the two meet in pronunciation.

The first type is what will be discussed in this and subsequent lessons; the second and third type do
not enter this section or do not apply to the way we read.

‫علقاات‬
‫الحروف‬

‫متباعدان‬ ‫منجانسان‬ ‫متقاربان‬ ‫متماثلن‬

‫صغير‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫صغير‬

‫كبير‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫كبير‬

‫مطلق‬ ‫مطلق‬ ‫مطلق‬ ‫مطلق‬

THE TWO LIKE EACH OTHER

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Its Definition: They are the two letters that are the same in characteristic and in articulation point..

This means they are the exact same letters next to each other. Examples of this are: The two

in , or the two in : , or the two

in .

There is an exception to this rule when two and two are next to each other in writing,
but one of the two and one of the two are a medd letter such as in

and . In the first example:

the of the word is a medd letter. The first of the word is not a medd

letter. In the second example: , the of the word is a medd letter, so we

the have a natural lengthening, the next letter following this is a with a vowel on

it, . We then apply this exception of medd letters not merging into non-medd letters of the

same type, and do not merge (make of of ) the two letters. This is in contrast to the or

saakinah of which are followed by a or with a vowel, such as

in: . In this case there is of the two letters that are the same (here, a ).

THE TWO SMALL ALIKE

It is defined as: When the first letter of is saakin, and the second letter of is
voweled, whether they are in one word or in two words. Examples in one word are:

Examples between two words are:

It is called because of its ease and the little effort required in applying it.

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Its Rule: Required Merging.

There are two exceptions to this rule:

The First: If the first of is a medd letter then the rule is . The and of

leen do have when there is

The Second Exception: When the first letter is , and this only occurs once between verses 28, and

29 in surah Al-Haaqqah: In this case there are two allowable options when
joining these two aayaat together.

The first: Making the clear with a light stop with no breath during the stop (this is called a
).

The second, merging the with the that follows it).

THE TWO BIG ALIKE

In this case, the Big ( ), the two same letters have vowels and are next to each other either in one

word, such as or in two words, such as in . It is called because of

the greater effort required.

Its rule is required (except in the following cases):

The first exception is the word in surah Yusuf aayah 11 . The noon

mushaddadah in this word represents an . This word originally was . This word is read with
either one of two possible correct ways:

1. Merging of the two letter with a dhammah of the two lips during the ghunnah, but no sound of

a dhammah. In Arabic, this is called

2. Saying the two clearly and stealing part of the vowel on the first noon, which is a dhammah.

This means the reader only gives the dhammah 2/3 of its full timing. This is called:

Other exceptions to the normally required of , (meaning there is an )

are in the following: aayah 95 in surah Al-Kahf, and the three

words :

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 Aayah 271 of surah Al-Baqarah, and the same word without the conjunctive letter

: in aayah 58 of surah An-Nisaa’ .

THE UNRESTRICTED LIKENESS

Its Definition: The first letter of the two same letters has a vowel, and the second of the same letter has a
sukoon. Examples:

It is called due to its lack of conformity to and .

Its rule: Required Ith-haar ( ). There are no exceptions to this rule.

THE TWO OF SIMILAR NATURE

Its Definition: They are the two letters that have the same articulation point, but differ in

characteristics. They can be in one word as in: or within two words, as in:

The Two Small Similar in Nature

• Its ruling : ‫إظهار‬except in 8 places

The merging ( ) is this case is not absolute as is in the case of , instead it occurs in
special letters. This means that not every time there are two letters of the same articulation point but
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different characteristics, the first one saakin, and the second voweled, there is an . The
following letters merge into the letters below them:

We will now go through these letters that have the same articulation point, but differ in characteristics
and give examples of the merging that occurs when their relationship is “small”, meaning the first
letter of the two similar in nature is saakin and the next of the two is voweled

These first examples are all examples of complete merging, meaning the first letter of is
merged into the second letter and no trace of the first letter’s characteristics remain in the recitation.

1. ‫ ت‬into ‫ د‬. This occurs in two places in the Quran:

2. ‫ د‬into ‫ ت‬. this occurs several times in the Quran.

3. ‫ ت‬into ‫ ط‬. This also occurs repeatedly in the Quran

4. ‫ ط‬in to ‫ ت‬. This occurs 4 times in the Quran and this is an ‫( إدغام ناقص‬incomplete
merging) , it is incomplete in that the characteristic Itbaaq of the letter ‫ ط‬remains.

﴿(56:‫ا ﴾ )الزمر‬‫ب اا‬ ‫ت افيِ ججن ا‬‫جعلجىى جما جفارط ت‬

﴿ (22: ‫ت ابجما ﴾ )النمل‬‫جفجقاجل أججحط ت‬
‫جقامبتل جما جفارطتتمم افيِ تيوتس ج‬
﴿(80 : ‫ف َ ﴾ )يوسف‬
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 ﴿(28 : ‫ت إالجايِ جيجدجك﴾ )المائدة‬
‫لجائن جبجسط ج‬
5. ‫ ذ‬into ‫ ظ‬this occurs twice in the Quran

﴿ (39: ‫املجي موجم اإذِ اظلجممتتمم ﴾ )الزخرف‬

﴿(64 :‫جولج مو أجانتهمم اإذِ اظجلتموا جأنفتجستهمم ﴾ )النساء‬
6. ‫ ث‬into ِ‫ ذ‬This occurs only once in the Quran

This Idgham is required (wajib) for Hafs

‫ى‬
﴿ (176: ‫أج مو جتمتترمكته جيملجهثَ ذِلاجك جمثتل الق موام ا﴾ ) العراف‬
‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬
7. ‫ ب‬into ‫ م‬This occurs only once in the Quran

This Idgham is required (wajib) for Hafs

﴿(42: ‫جيا تبجنايِ امرجكب امجعجنا ﴾ )هود‬

8. ‫ م‬into ‫ ب‬This also occurs repeatedly in the Quran. Ruling is ‫إخفاء شفوي‬

﴿‫﴾جتمرامياهم اباحججاجرلة جِمن اسجِجيلل‬

‫ – المتجانسين الكبير‬The big – relationship of Two similar
This is when both of the letters of the Mutajanisayn have harakat.

Its ruling: its required ‫( إظهلر‬wajib) for Hafs

‫ت ت‬
﴿‫طوجبىى‬ ‫﴾ جوجعامتلوا ال ا‬
‫صالاجحا ا‬
‫ – المتقاربان‬the two close to each other
Its definition: it is the two letters which are close in articulation points and
characteristic, or close in articulation but not in characteristic, or close in
characteristic not in articulation.
Example :
1. ‫ ل‬and ‫ر‬

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 Different Makhraj but very close in articulation points are quite close to each
other (tip of the tongue) they both share all the characteristics except ‫التكرار‬
which is exclusive for letter ‫ر‬.
2. ‫ د‬and ‫س‬
Different Makhraj but very close in articulation points are quite close to each
other (tip of the tongue) characteristics are not same.
3. ‫ ج‬and ‫د‬
Different Makhraj but very close in articulation points are quite close to each
other (tip of the tongue) they both share all the characteristics

‫ – المتقاربان الصغير‬The small – relationship of Two approximates

• ‫ الصغير‬: first letter is a Sakin letter and second letter is Mutaharrik

• Its ruling : ‫إظهار‬except in 34 places

34 exceptions

1‫إقالب‬ 13 ‫إخفاء‬ 20 ‫إدغام‬

‫اللم الشمسية ال‬

‫ك‬+‫ق‬ ‫ر‬+‫ل‬ (‫ )يرملو‬+ ‫ن‬
‫حرف لم‬
(1) (1) (5)
(13)

20 of them are ‫إدغام‬

1. Nun Sakinah and tanween with the letters (‫ )يرملون‬except letter Nun. Nun will
‫إدغام متماثلين‬
• Example : ﴿‫ف ممأأككولل‬ ‫﴾عكعع أ‬
‫ص ل‬
Exceptions:
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 1. ‫ دنيا‬- ‫ بنيان – صنوان‬-‫ ﴿فنوان‬- ‫﴾إظهار مطلق‬
2. ‫ ﴿ من راق‬- ‫﴾ إظهار بسبب السكت‬
3. ‫ ﴿يس۝ والقرآن‬- ‫﴾إظهار‬
2. This occurs when the ‫ لم التعريف‬merges into 14 letters of the group. Except letter
‫لم‬. (it’s Mutamathilayn)
‫ الشمس‬/ ‫ النخل‬/ ‫الساعة‬
3. Letter ‫ق‬with ‫ك‬. It occurs only once in the Quran.‫ حفص عن عاصم‬Reads it as ‫إدغام‬
‫كامل‬, meaning ‫ ق‬completely merges into ‫ ك‬.
Mursalat :20
﴿‫﴾أعلعأم نعأخكلقككم ممن ممالء ممههيلن‬
4. ‫لم‬From words(‫ )بل( )قل‬when its with letter ‫ر‬
Example: (ّ‫)بل ررفعه ( )قل ررب‬
An exception
﴿‫﴾عكمل اَّ بعأل عراعن ععلعىى قككلوبهههم مما عكاكنوا يعأكهسكبوعن‬
Its ruling: ‫ إظهار‬of Sakt
13 of them ‫إخفاء‬
• After Nun Sakin and Tanween letters of Ikhfa except ‫ ك‬, ‫ ( ق‬they are letters of
Mutabaid)
• Example :
﴿‫﴾ككنكتم بههه تكعكمذكبوعن‬
1 of them ّ‫إقلب‬
• After Nun sakinah or Tanween if Ba comes
‫﴾ همن بعأعهد ىذله ع‬
• Example : ﴿ ‫ك‬

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