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Mixed and Hybrid Finite Element Method

Article · January 1991

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3172-1

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Franco Brezzi Michel Fortin

Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia Laval University
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FrancoBrezzi MichelFortin

MixedandHybrid
FiniteElement
Methods

With65 lllustrations

Springer-Verlag
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NewYork Berlin HeidelbergLondon
Paris Tokyo HongKong Barcelona
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Contents

PrefacePreface

Chapter I: Variational Formulations andFiniteElemeniMethods... -.. - 11

[1. Cla\sica \ 4l e r h o d s. .. .. . . . . . . 11
$2. ModelProblemsard Elementary Properties
of SomeFunctionalSpaces ... ... ... .. 4
$ 3 .D u a l i tMy e t h o d s . . . . ...-............ 11
3 . 1 .C e n e r a l i t.i-€. .s. . . .............- 11
3 . 2 .E x a m p l ef os r s y m m e t dpcr o b l e m s . . . . .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.Dualitymethods fo. nonsymmetdc bilineaiforms........... 23
}n4.Donain DeconpositionMethods,Hybrid Methods.. . . . . . . . . . . . 24
15. AugnentedVariationalFormulations. .... ... ... ...-..-... ... .. 30
l j 6 .T r a n s p o s i tM
i oent h o d ......... ....... 33
$ ? .B i b l i o s r a p h ri ceaml a r k ............... 35

Chapter II: Approximationof SaddlePojntProblems ... ... .... ... ..-.. . 36

$1. E x i s t e n a
c e
n dU n i q u e n e
o sf s
S o l u t i o n s . . . . -. . . - . . - . . . - . . . . . . 36
1.1.Quädratic problems underlinearconstraints... ............. 3'7
1.2. Extensions of existence anduniqueness results.. . . . . . .. .. 44
$2.Approximation ofthe Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . -...... 51
2 . 1B . a s i rce s u l.t. s. . . . . -............. 51
2 . 2 .E . r o re s t i m a tfeos. t h eb a s i p c r o b l e m -. . . . - . . - . . - . . . - . . . . . 54
2.3. The inf-supconditionrcriteria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5'7
2.4. Extensions
2.4. ofExtensions
of
enor enor estimates. ..estimates
-. .-..-. .-.... . ...... . .. . .. .... . .... . .... . .... . .. . 6161
2.5. Variousgeneralizations oferror esdmates . ... ... ... ... .. ... 63
 viü viü ContentsContents

2.6. P€rturbations of the problem,nonconforming methods... .. . . 6565

2.7.DualenoresLimates '70'70
NurnericalProperties
lj3. lj3. Nurnericalo{Properties
o{ Discrete
the the probtem
Discrete..probtem
3.1. The matrixform of the disseteprobtem... . _
3.2. Eigenvalue probtemassociated wilh the inf sup condition. ..
3.3. Is3.3.
Is
the inf-sup
the inf-sup
condition so condition
important?important?
so 7878
[4. Sotutionby PenaltyMethods,CoNergenceof
Regularized probtems.. . 80
$5. Itenrive SolutionMethods.Uzawa,sAtgorithm a7a7
5.1.Standaid Uzawa'sälgorithm.. _. ....... _.. 87
5.2. Augmented
5.2. I-agrangian
Augmented I-agrangian
algorirhmalgorirhm 87
$ o .C o n c l u d i R
n ge m a r k s... . . . . . . 88
Chapter III: FunctionSpacesandFinireEtementApproximations. .. . . . 89
f1. Propenjes of rhespaces1{,(O) and}l(div;O) . 89
1 . 1B . a s irce s u l t s - - - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.2.Properties .elative to a parlition ofO...._.._. 9393
1.3. Properties relativ€lo a changeof variables. . . . 95
$2. FiniteElenentApproximarions of ,?1(O) andär(O). .. . . .. . . . 99
2 . 1 .C o n f o n n i nmge r h o d s . . . . . . 99
2.2.Nonconformitrg methods....._.. 107107
2.3. NonpolyDomial approximarions: Spaces ,Ci(Cr) .. . . . . . . .. . 111
2.4. Scalingarguments- . 111
q3. App'orimatioDs oI drdiv:O). . . 113
3.1. Simpliciälapproximations of ff(div;Il) 113113
3.2. Rectangülar approximarions of ,ry(div;I(). . ... 119119
3.3. 3.3.
Interpolationoperator
Interpolationoperator
and error
and estimates
error . _estimates
. __.._ 124124
3.4. Approximaiionspacesfor H(div;O). ... . .. . 131
!4. CoDcluding Remarks 132
ChapterIV: Various Exarnples ..... _....... _ 133
91. Nonstandard Methodsfor Dirichtefsproblen.. 134134
Ll. De(riprionoI rheproblem 134134
1.2. Mixed finite elementnerhodsfor Dirichtet,sproblern. . _. ... 135
L 3 . P d m ahl y b r i dm e r h o d s . . . . . . 144144
1.4. Dual hybridmeihods 149149
$2. Stokes Probiern..... 155155
$3. ElasticityProblems.. 11
$4. A Mixed Fourth"Order problem. .. . . 11
4.1.The r, J biharmonic p'obtem.. 764764
$5. Dual Hybrid Methods for plateBending probtems.
_... _....... 11
Cbapter V: Complements on Mix€d Melhodsfor Elliplic problems.. . . . . 1'771'77
$1. Numerical Solurions. 11
L l P r e l i m i n a.r.i.e. .s. . . . . . . . . II
1.2.Inrerelement muttipliers..._...... 11
 contenlscontenls

!j2. A Brief Analysisof the Computalional Effort . 182

\3. EIor Analysis fo' lhe Mulriplier 186
54. Etror Eslimales in OrherNorms. .. 191
55. Application to an Equation Arising
f r o n S e n i c o n d ü cTt o h re o r y . . . . . . . . . .193
\6. H o w T h i n g&s n G o w r o n g
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
$7. A u g m e n l e
F d
o r m u l a l i o. .
n . .
s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Chäpter VI: Incompressible MaterialsandFlow Prcblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

$ 1 .I n t r o d u c t. .i o. .n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 0 1
0 2 .T h eS t o k ePs r o b l e amsa M i x e dP r o b l e .m- - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2
2 . 1 .M i x e dF o m u l a t i o n . . ... ......... - 2O2
$3.Examples of Elem€nts for Incompressible Materials-... -.. -..-. 206
3 . 1S . i m p leex a m p l e s . . . . .............207
$4. Standard Techniques of Prooffor the inf'-supCondition. . . . . . . . 219
4 . 1 .C e n e rrael s u l t s . . . . . ..............224
4 . 2 .H i g h eor r d em r ethod .-..-... ... ... 221
95. Macroelement Techniqües andSpuriousFressure Modes. ... . . . 228
5.1.Someremarks abootspurious pr€ssure modes. .... .... ..... 228
5.2. An absrractconv€rgence result. . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.3.Macroelem€nt tecbniqües . . . - . . . - . . - . . . - . . . . . . . ...... 235
5.4. The bilinearvelocity-constant pressure (Qr-Po) element. .. . 240
5.5. Otherstabilization procedures, (Augrn€nled Formulations). . . 246
16. An AlternativeTechnique of Proof
a n dC e n e r a l i zTeadl l o !H o o dE l € m e n r . . . . . . . . 252
lj7. NearlyInconpressible Elasticity,ReducedInteglation
MethodsandRelätionwilh PenaltyMethods. . . .. 258258
7.1. Variationalformülations andadmissible discretizations . ..... 258258
7.2.Reduced inregralion merhods.. x9
7 . 3 .E f f e c los f i n e r d ci n r l e g r a l i o n ........ . . . . . . 263263
$8. Diverg€nc€-Free Basis.DiscreteStreamFunctions.. .. . ... ... . . 26'726'7
$9. OtherMixed andHybrid Methodsfor Incompressibl€ Flows... . 212

Chdptervll: OrherApplicalion.. 274

$1. Mixed Melhodsfor LineärThin Plates.. . - . . . . 2'742'74
$2. Mixed Merhodsfor LinearElasticiiyProbl€ms 282
qJ. ModerarelyThickPlales.. 295295
3.L Ceneraliries... 295295
of lheprcblem. ..
J.2. Discreli/ärion 303
3.3. ContinuousPressureApproximations .. . .. . . . 322322
Pressüre
3.4. Discontinuous Approximations . . . -.. 322

Relerence!.. 324324

I n d e .r. . . . . . 344344
Index
Coerciveform,
Coerciveform,
33
Adini's element,273
Admissiblediscretizations, 259-260 irf-sup conditionand,201
Affine elements, 107-108, 226 Cornmtltingdiagram property,
Cornmtlting property,
diagram 133133
Affire Affire
fnite fnite
elements,104-105104-105
elements, Complementaryenergy,Complementary
2020
energy,
ApproximationsApproximations Complementaryenergy principle,
Complementary principle,
energy 1818
extemal,110-111 quadrilateral quadrilateral
Composite Compositeelements,232232 elements,
utemal, 102 Conditionnumbet 89
non polynomiat,114 elements,272-273272-273
Conforning Conforning elements,
Argyris' triangle,107 slandard, 104
Arnold-Douglas-Güptafamilies, families, Conformingmethods,102-110
Arnold-Douglas-Güpta
295295
Aubin-Nitscheduality
Aubin-Nitsche
technique,
duality 7272 Conjugate
technique, tunction,13
Consistencyeüor,Consistency
267267
eüor,
Consistency terms,69
BB Constinrtive laq 9-10
Babüska-Brezzi coDdition, 58 Constrained minimizationproblem,
Baryc€ntriccoordinate, 117 268-269268-269
Basisfunction,271-272 Constraidratio,207-208
Beamprcblems,302 Continuousbilinear
Continuous
form,
bilinear2323
form,
Bending moments,
Bending 2222moments, Continuousboundary,
Continuous Lipschitz,
boundary,4,4,
Lipschitz,
Bibliography, 326-344
Biharmonicproblem,65, 166 Continuous funclions,102
decomposirionof, decomposirion
of,
20-2120-21 Continuous interpolate, 17
Bilinearform, 46 Continuouslifting, lifting,
4040
Continuous
dualitynethodsfor, 23 uniformly,59
Bilinear velocity-constant
Bilinear pressurepressure
velocity-constant
Crntinüous operator
Crntinüous 264264
operator
elements,242-248242-248
elements, Conlinuouspressure approximations,
Block diagonalmatrix,182-183 324
Boündaryconditions Continuous pressüre elements
Dnichlet,144,196 s\^blllr! s\^blllr!
of.226-227of.226-227
homogen€ous, 206-207 slable,215-216slable,215-216
non-homogeneous, 206
Bramble-Hilb€rt l€Dma,108 Crnvex function,
Crnvex 1313 function,
Brezzi-Douglas-Fortin-Marinispace,space,
Brezzi-Douglas-Fortin-Marini
Cornerforces,169
121121 Creepingflow problern,ree
Creeping
flow problern,
ree
StokesStokes
Bubblefunctions,110 probiernprobiern
adding,215 Crcss-griddive.g€nce-free
Crcss-grid elements,elements,
dive.g€nce-free
247247
CC 210,231-233
Cross,gridelernenrs,
Checkerboardpressüre modes,
pressüre
Checkerboard 230,230,
modes,
Cmuzeix-Raviart elenents,213-2i 5
siabilityprooffor 224-225
Clement'soperator,
Clement's 223223
operator,
for Stokesproblem,317
Coercivebilinearform,23
 Index

Stokes
probtendiscretized
by. Di\,ergence,free subspaces, 269
324324 Divergence freevectors.120
CLLbes. mesh of, 208 Divergence operator,212
Curl. 120
drscrde,205_206
CLrrloperalion.discrere.273
slandard. 206
Domair.partitionof. 3
DD
Domaindecomposition method.138
Deconlposiriorr !rinciple,j07-j09
Delirtoric. 8 for Dirichlet probtenr.
Diracmeasures.281 25-26, 4545
25-26,
Dirichlelboundar). duat problen of, 27
conditions.1,14,196 DuntFo.nutatjonprobtem,
Dlrichlerconditions, non,honogeneous, Dual h)brid 3E
merhods, 28, 153,158
1"t
Dirichletprobten,6 for pl?rebendingprobtems,
169,178
drscrete,309
Dual norn1,93
rtomarD decomposition lor. 45 Duälp.oblem, 13
donain decomposilioD nerhod orscrctetorm of, 76
fof, 25,26
of domaindecomposirion
dual,weakform of, 18_20
dualizatiorol 17-t8 method,27
for Stok€sprobten,i 5-16
nlxed Unile elementmcthods
Dralitt nethods,12-23
tor,139-1.14
for neart)incompressjbte
mixedformularionol 4.1
elasticity, 16-j7
non-srandard nedrodsfor for non-synrn1etric bjlinear
137-158
Discontinuous pressure etenenrs, Dualization
of Dirichtetprobt.n, t7_1S
stabilityof, 227-228
Djscrerecurl operarion, tbr lineärelasricity probtem.20
273
Discret€Dirichlerlroblem, j09 EE
Discreledivergence operalor. Eigenv:,iue probten,iDf-sup
205-206205-206 condiiion ard,77-E0
Discrelesrretrmfundions,268-27:1 Elasticbody,jhree,dinrensioDat.
Djscrerization melhods,33 296-297296-297
DisÜetizalions Elasiicity
adlnissibie,2S9-260 HellanJlermann-Johrson method
of Nlirdlin-Reissner probteDS, ilr, 28 30
lncar,7-10
stable.of Srokeslrobten, Deartymcon1pressibte, 259-268
158-i62 Elanicityproblcns.j2. 162-165
Dir ergerce-free approximarions, lnear, r.! Lirear elasricity
217-212
Divcrserce-free condilion,l4 Elements, 96; rce aljo pressure
Divergence freeelemerls,cross,grid,
211 Adini's,273
346 Index

aftne, 107-108,226 Exponentialfitting

Exponential
fitting
method, 198198method,
Extemalapproximations,
bilin€ar velocity-constant,velocity-constant,
bilin€ar 110-111
242-248242-248
choice of,choice
of,
202202 FF
conforming,see conforming,
ConfomingConfoming
see Family of Family
of
triangülations,109109 triangülations,
Finite element
Finite method,
element11 method,
cross-grid, 210,231-233 Finiteelemenls
cross-gr;d divergence-ft ee,241 affne, 104-105
Crouzeix-Raviart,se€ Crouzeix-Raviart,
Crouzeix-Crouzeix-
se€ defining, 3
Raviart elemenlselemenls
Raviart mixed methods
mixed for,
methods
see
for, MixedMixed
see
finile, finile,
ree Finite
ree elementselements
Finite finite element methods
Hermite type,
Hermite 104,
type,106-107106-107
104, . . serendipity,106106
serendipity,
incompressiblematerials,materials,
for for incompressible Flow problens, incompressible ma-
208-221208-221 tedals al:,d,
tedals 202-275202-275
al:,d,
inequalityfor, 114-115 Fourth-order problem,mixed, 166-
isoparametrictriangular,
isoparametric
105105
triangular, 1b'ü1b'ü
I-agrangetype,I-agrange
104104
type, Function space,
Function space,
ree FunctionalFunctional
ree
macro-elements, seeMacro-€lement
Functionalspaces, 3, 92-135
MINI, MINI,
re€ MINI
re€ MINI€l€ments€l€ments finite finite
element approximalionsapproximalions
element
Morley, 283283
Morley, of, 102-115
non-conforming, 218-219, partitioning,96"98
2"10-2722"10-272 propertiesof, properties
of,
4-64-6
quadrilateral, seeQuadrilateral
Galerkin'smethod,3
Raviart-Thomas,320320 Raviart-Thomas,
GenerrlizedTayloFHood TayloFHood
Generrlized elements,elements,
reference,9898reference,
253-259253-259
second-order, 219
Globalpressure modes,232
shapeof, 108
Gradientmethod,253
Taylor-Hood,see Taylor-Hood,
Taylor-HoodTaylor-Hood
see
Greenoperatot16
elements
Green'sfornula, 94-95
three-dimensional, 219-221
UitioA-J,.ck. 241-242 HH
Eliptic problems,iinear,mixed H€llan-Herrnann"Johnson H€llan-Herrnann"Johnson
metlod,metlod,
finite finite
elementDethod
element Dethod
forfor 28-30
779-201779-201 Hermitetype €lemenls,104,
Ellipticity, Ellipticity,
5353 106-10'7106-10'7
Energy tunctional,
Energy 22 tunctional, High€rordermethods,229-20
Equal interpolationrnethods,209, Homogeneoüs boundarycondilions,
212-213212-213 206-207206-207
Eqüilibriumcondition,3 Hoodelements, sezTaylor-Hood
Equilibrium Equilibrium
rnethods,138138
rnethods,
Error analysis
Error for analysis
interelementinterelement
for Hybrid methods,24-30,138
mültipliers,186-194 düal, see
düal,
Dual
see hybridhybrid
Dual
Error estimates, 194-195
 Index 34'7
prirnal, s€e primat
prirnal, primat
s€e hybridhybrid JJ
methods Iacobians,261-263261-263
Iacobians,
Ivmp,29,169
Inconpressibility condition,
Inconpressibility
condition,
1010 KK
lncompressibleelasticit,
lncompressible
elasticit,
nearly,nearly, Kelnel, 3838 Kelnel,
259-26a259-26a chaftcteizirrg, chaftcteizirrg,
206206
dmlity dmlity
methodfor,method
for,
16_1716_17 Kernelsproperty,
Kernels 285285
property,
Incompressibteflorv, Incompressibte
viscous,
florv, StokesStokes
viscous, Koft's Koft's
inequatity, 162,inequatity,
162,
298298
problem for problem
for
1010
Incompressible materiats LL
almosr,203203
almosr, I-agnnge müIriplier
I-agnnge müIriplier
2626
elementsfot, elements
fot,
Z0B-221; Z0B-221;
see see
etsoetso Lagrangetype€Iemenrs, 104
Elements Lagrangianatgo Lagrangian
atgo
tbm, aqmented,
tbm, aqmented,
9090
flow problemsaDd,202-275 Läme coefficients.
Läme coefficients.
99
Inequality forInequality
for
elements,elements, Lax-Milgramtheorern,38, 162
r14_115 Llnear constrarnls, quadraticprob"
Inexactintegrarion effecrs,264_268 lemsunder,38_45
inf-supconditjon,53-62 Linearcontinuous operatot38
checkiD&209209
checkiD& Linearelasticiry,7-10
coerciveness and,201 Linearelasricityproblems,162-165
continuous, 60 dualizationfor, dualization
for,
2020
dßcfete,60, 155 mlxed merhods
mlxed for, merhods
for,
284-296284-296
eigenvalue probtemand,77_80 Linear Linear
thin thin
plares, nix€d
plares, nix€d
methodsmethods
inportance of, inportance
of,
80-8280-82 fot,276-294
standardtechniques
standard oftechniques
proof
of proof
for,for, Lipschitz continuousboundary,4,
221-230221-230
for Stokesprobtem,323 Localpressure modes,232,235_236
Injectivily,53 Locking mechanism,
Locking mechanism,
204204
Inlegrationeffects,
Inlegration
effects,264,268264,268
inexact, inexact, Lockingphenomenon, 81, 208,210
Inlegrationmethods,reduced,
260:264260:264 MM
Interelenentmultiplie.s,180-183 MAC MAC cells, 126,
cells,n4n4
126,
eüor aralysisfor, 186_194 Macro-elernent techniques, Z0_253,
Irlernal approxinarions, 102 23'7-241
Intemalnodes,237 Macro'elemenfs,210
choic€ of,choic€
of,
238238 Matrix Matrix
form form
of of
discreteproblem,problem,
discrete
Interpolate, 107 75-76
InteryolIntery
atj.on
ol op atj.on
er
oper ato\
ato\ 72,7,227227
72,7, Mesh
lnterpolation spaces, 5 of cubes,208
Invertibilirt Invertibilirt
4343 quasi-uniform,250250 quasi-uniform,
Isoparametric quadriiareral rectangulat208,251_252
eIements,105_106 of lriangles,208
Isopanmerrictriangular€lements, Mindlin modet,29?
105 Mindlin-Reissner plates,296-35
348 Index

Mindlin-Reissnerproblems,problems,
Mindlin-Reissner usingRaviart-Thomas
using elements,elements,
Raviart-Thomas
discretizationof, of,
323-325323-325
discretization 3m
MIM elements, 215-216,219 variational, 9393variational,
stability proof proof
for,
stability 225-226225-226 Non-coßformingelements,
for, 218-219,218-219,
Non-coßforming
elements,
Minimization problem,
Minimization 66
problem, 2'70-2722'70-272
consirained,268-269268-269
consirained, Non-conformingmethods, Non-conforming
67,67,
methods,
Mixed Mixed
approach,tmly, 163-164163-164
approach,
tmly, 110-113
Mixed Mixed
finite finite element 138138
elementmethods, methods, Non-homogedeoüs boundary condi-condi-
Non-homogedeoüs
boundary
for Dirichlet'sproblem,139-144 tions, m6m6
tions,
lin€ar elliptic
for for problems,problems,Non-homogercoü DirichletDirichlet
lin€ar elliptic Non-homogercoü
179-2L179-2L conditio$, conditio$,
178178
semi-conductor Non polynomial
semi-conductordevices,devices,
for for Non apFoximations,
polynomial 114114
apFoximations,
196-198 Normal trac€,
Normal 1818
trac€,
formülation, 2020
Müed Müed formülation, Numerical integration
Numericalconcept,
integration6767
concept,
of ofDidchlet problem,
Didchlet 4444problem, Numerical quadrature quadrature
Numericalformula,formula,
Formulation Fotjlem,
Mixed Mixed Formulation 137-137-
Fotjlem, 260-261260-261
138
Mixed fouth-order
Mixed prcblem,prcblem,
fouth-order
166-168166-168 oo
Optimality,111 '
Müed Müed
methodsmethods
Oscillations,appearance
Oscillations, of,appearance
of,
249249
for for elements,see
finite finite MixedMixed
see
elements,
finite finite
elementmethodsmethods
element
for for liDear problems,problems,
liDear elasticity elasticity PP
28+29628+296 Particularsolutions,
Particular170170
solutions,
for for
linear thin
linearplates, plates,
thin 276-284276-284 Partilion of domain, 33
Partilion
of domain,
penaltymethodsand,202,204 Patch-test, 111,m8, 240
type ploblem,
Mixed Mixed type ploblem,
66 Penaltymethodsmethods
Penalty
StokesproblemStokes as, problem
204-208204-208
as, rnixed methods
rnixed arld, methods
202,
arld,204204
202,
Moderately thick plates,
Moderately plates,
thick 296-325296-325 solutionby, 83-89
Morley Morley
elements,283283 elements, stabilizationby, 88'8988'89
by,
stabilization
Morley's Morley's
triangle, 113,
triangle,
270270
113, standard,9090 standard,
Multiplier(tMultiplier(t Penaltyterm,
Penalty8484
term,
interelement,see interelement,
Interel€men!Interel€men!
see exact evaluation
exact of,
evaluation
of,
260260
multipliersmultipliers Piota's transformrtion,
Piota's 100100
transformrtion,
Ljgra Ee,26 Poincar6inequality,
Poincar6 66 inequality,
Point values,
Point 104104
values,
NN Polynomialspaces,103
Natuül boundaryconditions,11 Pressure, in Stokesproblem,13-15
NaturäI noms,
NaturäInoms,194194 Pressüreapproximations,
Pressüre continuous,continuous,
approximations,
Navier-Stoles eqüation,
Navier-Stoles 2?42?4
eqüation, 324
Nearly idcompressible
Nearly elasticity, reeree
elasticity, PressNeel€menis,
idcompressible PressNesee el€menis,
dbo
seeElementsElements
dbo
Incompressibleelasticity,
Incompressible
nearlynearly
elasticity, bilineat bilineat
velocity-constant,velocity-constant,
Neumannboundaryconditions, 196 2A:2482A:248
Neumännconditions,
Neumänn 1919 conditions, continuous,see continuous,
Continuous
see pr€s-pr€s-
Continuous
Neurnannproblen,Neurnann problen,
77 surc elementselements
surc
 Index 349
discontituous,!e?Discontinu_ duaterroresiimales for, 72_7,1
ouspressure elements eror estimrtesfor, 55_59
Pressuremodes.247 exisrence änduniqueness of
checkerbosrd. 230,231 sotuhonsfbr. 37_52
global,232 exrensiorls ofeüor estimares for,
local,232,235-236 52-64
spunous,200.212,230-233 generalizations of errorestimates
Prinal Formularionlroblen, 137 for, 61,66
Primelhybridll]erhods,1,14-152 irerarivesolutionmeihods.
simpiestcaseof, 148-149 89_90
perturbarrons
oo of, 67_71
solutionby penaltymethods.
QLradraticprobtems underljnearcon_
straints,3S_,15 E3,89
ScalinsÄrguments. 114115
Quadrature errors.estinratjng,
Second-order etemcnrs, 219
261_26a
Semi-condudor devices,mixed
Quadralure fomruta,numerical,
260-261260-261 finite etemenrmetlrods
QuadrllateraleteJnents, 1or,t96-198
2r7_218
composrre, Semi-norm,66
232
Ser€ndipiryfinjreetenents.106
isoparamer c, 105-106
Shapeof elements, i08
Quasi-uDifonn mestr,2s0
Sharfele.-cummetmelhod.198
Q[a!i-xnifor triängulation,323
Sinple functions,3
RR Singülarvatue,generatized77
RaviaftTiomaselements. r\-etrmann Singulär!alueproblem, generalized,
pr.blem using,320 t6
Ra\ia -Thomas space, 121 Slotboonva.iable,i96
Rcctangulrra!proxin1ations, 211 Smoolhingposl-processors, 194
Rectangular mesi,208,251-252 Sobolevspaces. 4-5, 92-94
I(educedirltegrariorapproximarion. of fracrionalorder.5
3t3_314 Staces,11,1
Reducedintegrarionn]elhods, funclional,seeFunctional spaces
260-261260-261 interpotation,5
Relercnceelemenrs, 98 polynomiat, 103
Regularityresülts.7 Spuriouspressure modes,200.212,
Rigidnodes.178
Rnz'smetiod, 2 Stäbilizarion
bv penatrynethods,
E8-89
ss Stabilizalion
p.ocedures.248-253
Saddle toint. 2l Stableconlinuouspressureelements.
sarldlcponrtcondition,3 215-216215-216
Saddletoint problens,37-91 Standardconformingelements, I 0.1
approxrmatror01,52-74 Standafddivergenceoperator.206
drscrele,
nxmerjcalpropertjes
of. Staticcondensation,
183
75,82 Stokesproblem,43,41,2U3
 350 lodex

approximatiDg,204204 approximatiDg, Tmce operator,

Tmce 9494 operator,
Crclzeix-Raviart elements fotfot
elements
Crclzeix-Raviart surjective, 95-96
317317 Trace(s)Trace(s)
discretized by Crouzeix-Raviar! of of
funclions, 55funclions,
elemenls,320 ,ormal, 18
dualprobl€mfor 15-16 TransmissionFoblem,
Transmission
Z-25Z-25
Foblem,
inf-sup for,
inf-sup condition for,
323323
condition Transposition methods,33-35
as mixed
as problem, problem,
mixed 204-208204-208 Triangles,mesh
Triangles,
of,
mesh
of,
2!82!8
pressure in, 13-15 Triangularelements,isoparametric,
specificity of, 202202
specificity
of, 105
stabtediscretizations
stabte discretizations Trianeulation(s)Trianeulation(s)
of,of,
158-762158-762 109109
famiiy famiiy
of, of,
for viscous
for incompressible
viscous incompressiblequasi-uniform,323323
flow,flow, quasi-uniform,
10 Truty mixedapproach, 163-164
Strang'slemma,111
Stream-tunciion, 120
discrcte,268-2:7 44268-2:7
discrcte, UU
Subspaces, 97 union-Jackelenenls,241-242
divergence-flee,269269divergence-flee, Uzawa'salgorithrn,89-90
Superconvergence property, property,
6666
Superconvergence
Surjectivetrace operator,
trace 95-9695-96
Surjective operator,
Surjectivity, 5353
Surjectivity, Variationalequations, 2, 203
augmented,30-3330-33
augmented,
TT
VarialionalNeumannproblem,93
Tangentialcomponents,
Tangential 314314
components,
Variationalpdnciple,
Variational pdnciple,
33
Taylor-Hoodelements,
Taylor-Hood
213,
elements,
240240
213, pressure
Velocity-constant elements,
generaliz€d,253-259253-259
generaliz€d,
bir.lnea\ 42-24842-248
bir.lnea\
Thin clanpedplaleproblem,10-11
Velocity-pressurcapproximations, 204204
approximations,
Velocity-pressurc
Thin platebendirgproblem
verfurth's trick, 256-259256-259
verfurth's
trick,
decomposition of, 21-22
Viscousincompressibleflow,Stokes
dual hybrid
dual methods
hybrid for,for,
methods
problem fot problem
1010
fot
169-178169-178
Thin plales,linear,mixed methods
tor,216-284 Wavefunctions,266
Three-dimensionalelastic body,body,
elastic
Three-dimensional
296-29'7296-29'7
Thr€e-dimensional elements, 219-221 Zeroeigenvalues,
78

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