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PRESENTED BY:
VLADAN JEVREMOVIC, PhD
RESEARCH DIRECTOR
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About iBwave

In-Building wireless Trusted by over Present in more

solutions specialist 700 customers than 80 countries

GLOBAL SOLUTIONS FOR IN-BUILDING NETWORK DESIGN AND WIRELESS LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT

Small Cell Industry

Awards 2014
Small cell tool
design &
technology
innovation

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• Campus description
• Design Requirements
• Best Practices
• RF survey
• 3D modeling
• Signal containment
• Elevator coverage
• Handoff management
• IBS Solution
• RF Coverage maps
• Conclusion
• Q&A

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Common features
• Off major road/street
• Multistory buildings
• Small building separation
• One company may reside in all
buildings, or…
• … Two or more companies
may share the campus, or…
• …Two or more may share a
building
• RF coverage from macro BTS
Video stream
• Minimal wireless traffic
outside business hours

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One company
Two buildings
• Building A: 10 levels
• Building B: 5 levels
• Distance: 30 meters
Poor wireless service
• Slow data connection
No preferred carrier
• Employees use their own
personal phones
Video stream

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RF Coverage
• UMTS, LTE, Public safety required in IBS
• IBS signal must be dominant
• The signal should be 5-7 dB stronger than
the residual macro
• Minimum IBS signal requirements:
• LTE RSRP = -95 dBm
• UMTS CPICH = -85 dBm
• Public safety Rx = -95 dBm
• Stairwells and elevator must be included
Interference management
• Minimize IBS signal leakage outdoors
• Minimize IBS sectors’ overlap
• Limit handoff occurrences

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Public Safety has additional design requirements
• Technological
• Needs more extensive coverage than WSPs (loading
docks, electrical rooms, freight elevators…)
• Needs redundancy
• PIM: PS in SMR band (800 MHz) may affect UL cellular
band (850 MHz)
• Regulatory
• PS requires waterproof NEMA 4X enclosures
• Judicial
• PS must be controlled and maintained by PS authority

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RF survey
• Residual macro signal determines IBS
design target
• IBS signal should be 5-7 dB higher than Tenth floor
residual
• RF survey must be done for all carriers and
all technologies
• Residual signal varies with the height
• Higher floors have higher residual signal
• The signal increases 1-3 dB per floor [1] [2] Sixth floor
• The signal eventually levels off at floors
above BTS height Video stream
• RF survey should be done at all floors
• If floor plans are similar, RF survey data may
be interpolated between similar floors First floor
•
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3 D modeling
• IBS signal propagates between floors
• It also propagates between buildings
• The buildings must be properly modeled,
especially the windows
• Some older windows have low penetration
loss
• Some newer ones have high penetration loss
• The difference can be significant
• If you aren’t sure which window type to use
in 3D modeling, make window penetration
Video stream
loss a part of CW propagation test
measurements

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IBS signal containment
• IBS signal should be confined indoors
• If it is not, IBS signal from one building may
overlap with IBS in the other building
• This slows down the network
• Most operators stipulate IBS signal level
outside a building
• Example
• LTE RSRP  -100 dBm at 30 meters away;
• UMTS CPICH  - 90 dBm at 30 meters away
Video stream

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IBS signal containment
• Omnidirectional antennas should not be
placed near windows
• Exception may be made if the windows
have high penetration loss due to
metallic window tint

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IBS signal containment
• Directional antennas with low side lobes
and high front to back ratio should be used
• Example: Andrew Cellmax D-25
• F/B ratio 20 dB
• Antenna gain 4.85 dBd
• H plane 3dB beamwidth = 70 degrees
• V plane 3 dB beamwidth = 60 degrees

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Elevator coverage
• Due to metal doors and walls, elevator has
no coverage when elevator doors are closed
• The figure shows cross section of the taller
building
• Two elevator shafts
• Small waiting area at elevator bank
• The directional antennas (red triangles)
• Color coded in-building sectors
• How to provide coverage?
• Antennas at the bank
• Wired antenna inside the elevator
• Antennas inside the shaft
• Radiating cable inside the shaft

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Antennas at elevator bank
• Omni antennas at the bank in front of the elevators
• If we connect omnis to the corresponding IBS
sectors… (see picture)
• A UE inside elevator needs to make handover
between IBS sectors
• Need up to 10 seconds for a successful HO
• If elevator goes straight from top to the bottom floor,
there may not be enough time to execute 2 consecutive
handovers
• We may get dropped calls!
• If we connect omnis to the same IBS sector…
• All antennas are connected to the top (blue) sector
• There is horizontal handoff area near elevator bank
on the lower (yellow) and mid (green) floors
• We may get extensive sector overlap!

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Wired antenna inside elevator
• Antenna is inside elevator, connected to an
IBS sector via cable
• Handoff occurs only when entering and exiting
the elevator
• No missed handoffs
• Horizontal sector overlap exists only when the
door is open (several seconds)
• Rarely deployed in N. America
• Most municipalities consider cable inside
elevator shaft a fire hazard

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Antennas inside elevator shaft
• Three antennas are in use
• IBS directional antenna mounted at the top,
pointing down the shaft
• Directional donor antenna at the top of the
elevator, pointing up
• Serving Omni antenna inside the elevator,
connected to the donor
• Example:
• 20 dBm CPICH ERP at the IBS antenna, -85 dBm
RSCP in elevator
• Maximum distance =115 m (AWS band)
• If the building is taller, another IBS directional
antenna is mounted at the bottom, pointing up
• Must allow for 10-20% overlap margin
• Maximum distance = 200 m

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Radiating cable inside the shaft
• Provides uniform coverage in the shaft
• Still may be considered fire hazard

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Handoff management
• IBS - macro network handoff should be
confined to entrances:
• building lobby
• loading dock
• Handoff between IBS sectors can be
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Vertical handoff is between floors
• This handoff should be confined to stairwells
• Avoid vertical HO in moving elevators
• Horizontal handoff is on the same floor
• These handoffs are not desirable
• Might need them for elevator coverage

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The key requirement
• Employees use their own phones
• All WSPs must be included
RF / in IBS
• WSPs don’t share small cells
Combining

• Building small cell network for each WSP is

impractical
Optimum solution: Distributed Antenna System antenna
Analog / Digital / Splitters,
RF Power
Digital Analog dividers,
Source Amplifier
Passive RF
Source
RF /
Combining
coax
cables antenna

Video stream antenna

Analog / Splitters,
Power
Digital dividers,
Amplifier
coax
Active RF
RF /
Combining
Analog /
Digital
Digital /
Analog
Power
Amplifier
cables
Source antenna

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LTE RSRP

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UMTS Ec/Io

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LTE SINR

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LTE Maximum Achievable Data Rate

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Enterprise HQ description
Design requirements
Best practices
RF Survey
3D modeling
Signal containment
Elevator coverage
Handoff management
IBS Solution
2D and 3D coverage maps

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