Institut für ITS

Thermische Strömungsmaschinen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Jörg Bauer, Ord.

Thermal Turbo Machines II

Tutorial 1

Cumulative Consideration of Losses

Exercise 1
Estimate the stage efficiency of the following drum design gas turbine.
 Assumptions:

• The stator inflow is axial and the axial velocity remains constant across the stage.

• The stage additional losses (ζZ ) and the rim friction losses are negligible.

• Instead of the trailing edge thickness S the projected trailing edge thickness τ is used
to calculate the losses.

Given:

Midspan diameter: Dm = 0.432 m Inlet velocities: c0 = 271.1 m/s

Span: L0 = 0.046 m w1 = 289.5 m/s
L1 = 0.061 m Outlet velocities: c1 = 517.4 m/s
L2 = 0.077 m c2 = 275.3 m/s
Chord: l = 20 mm w2 = 472.6 m/s
Pitch to chord ratio: t/l = 0.8 Circumferential velocity: u = 339 m/s
Tip clearance: ssp = 0.5 mm Outlet flow angle: α1 = 31.6◦
Average Mach number: M aStator,abs = 0.8 β2 = 35.0◦
M aRotor,rel = 0.75 Reynolds number influence: χ0Re = 3.5
Cutting depth (blade): Ls = 3 mm χ00Re = 3.5
Trailing edge thickness: τ /t = 0.06 Mach number influence: χ0M a = 1
χ00M a = 1

1.1 Explain the dependency of flow deflection on basic profile losses of a cascade. Consider
three cases: (β1 = 40◦ ,β2 = 15◦ )I , (β1 = 40◦ ,β2 = 35◦ )II and (β1 = 140◦ ,β2 = 15◦ )III . Use
the diagram for basic profile losses below. Draw the relevant velocity vectors for these three
cases.

1.2 Calculate the vane and blade efficiencies η 0 and η 00 with the provided data and diagrams
for non-twisted blades.

1.3 Calculate ηutt and the inner efficiency ηi with the information provided above. For that
purpose calculate c1,s and w2,s first. (Intermediate result: η 0 = 90,6%, η 00 = 89%)

1.4 The non-twisted blades are now replaced by twisted blades with optimal airfoil design
for all radii. Estimate the increase in efficiency of this stage.

Additional questions:
Explain the influence of Reynolds and Mach number on the losses of a general turbine stage.
Which physical effect determines clearance losses? How does this effect scale with the size
of an engine?

2
Formulary

0 c21
Stator cascade efficiency: η = c21s
00 w2
Rotor cascade efficiency: η = w22
2s
0 0 00 00
Loss coefficients: η = 1 − ζ and η = 1 − ζ

Loss mechanisms: ζtot = ζP + ζR + ζZ

Profile losses: ζP = ζP 0 · χRe · χM a + ζS + ζF

0 00
 0 ,00 2
Losses due to non-twisted blades: ζF, = 31 LDm
0 00 0 ,00
Sidewall and tip losses: ζR, = K · F t
L0 ,00
+ 0,15 LL0S,00 , use K = 1

LS
L

Additional losses: ζZ ≈ 0 (for this exercise)

Stage losses: ζST = ζSp + ζf riction + ζV + ζN

ASp
Clearance losses (drum design): ζSp = KI · A1 ·sin(α,β)

|~c1 |2 +|w
~ 2 |2 −|~c2 |2 −|w
~ 1 |2
Circumferential efficiency: ηutt = |~c1s |2 +|w ~ ws |2 −|~c2 |2 −|w
~ 1 |2

Inner efficiency: ηi = ηutt − ζST

0 00
Additional formulas: L = L0 +L
2
1
and L = L1 +L 2
2

0 ,00 0 ,00
ASp = 2 · π · sSp · Dm ±L
2

Velocity triangles

1 2
1  2
c1 w2
w1 c0 c2
u u

3
 Basic profile losses

Deflection

Deflection

Influence of trailing edge

 Platform and tip losses depending on the flow deflection

Acceleration

Correction factors for calculation of the clearance losses

Trommelturbine Kammerturbine
Reaction turbine (drum design) Impulse turbine (chamber design)