ELEVATORS

Elevators are devices that move people and goods vertically within a dedicated shaft that connects
the floors of a building. They became commonplace in the 1850s as steel and iron structural frames allowed
taller construction

Types of Elevator
 HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise
applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for
hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

 GEARED AND GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATORS WITH MACHINE ROOM

Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost,
ongoing maintenance costs, and energy consumption. Gear-less
traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance
costs, and use energy a bit more efficiently than geared traction
elevators. It is important that traction elevator ropes and sheaves are
checked for wear on a regular basis. As they wear, the traction between
the sheave and the cables is reduced and slippage becomes more
regular, which reduces the efficiency and can become dangerous if left
unchecked.
  MACHINE-ROOM-LESS (MRL) ELEVATORS
 Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine
room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from
the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are
located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and
within around 150 feet of the machine.
 Machine-room-less elevators are becoming the most popular choice for mid-rise buildings
where the travel distance is up to 250 feet. They are energy efficient, require less space, and
their operation and reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators.

 PNEUMATIC ELEVATORS

Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the
elevator sits. By simple principles of physics; the difference in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum
elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab up to the next
Floor and the slow release of air pressure that floats cab down. They are especially ideal for existing homes
due to their compact design because excavating a pit and hoist way are not required.
  COMMERCIAL DUMBWAITER
They are economic solution for moving material from floor to floor in a multi-level commercial
environment. They can carry loads up to 750 lbs. Commercial Dumbwaiter used to Save manpower, save
space, save time, save energy and help avoid workplace injuries. Typical materials handled in a commercial
environment can be Food, Dishes & Cutlery, Documents, Clothing, Carts or Shoes

 DOUBLE DECK ELEVATOR

Double-deck elevators save time and space in high-occupancy buildings by mounting one car upon
another. One car stops at even floors and the other stops at the odd floors. Depending on their destination,
passengers can mount one car in the lobby or take an escalator to a landing for the alternate car.
  HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL ELEVATOR
The world's first rope-less, horizontal-vertical elevator system. Called Multi, the ground breaking
system has been developed by German elevator manufacturer ThyssenKrupp. Through the use of multiple
magnetised cabins, which operate in the same shaft on an electromagnetic track, it makes it possible to
travel sideways as well as up and down.

Leveraging the linear motor technology developed for the magnetic levitation Tran’s rapid train, the
cabins move up one shaft, travel horizontally, and then come down another in a continuous loop, much
like a metro system inside a building. Exchanger mechanisms like railway switches help to guide the cars,
which are mounted with carbon-fibre bearings called slings that allow them to change direction.
ESCALATORS
 An Escalator is a moving staircase that moves people between different floors of a building. They
are powered by motors. The steps run on tracks.
 Mitsubishi installed the first modern spiral escalator in 1985.
 Nowadays, Schindler sells more escalators than any other company, and Otis does not sell as many
escalator anymore, making Schindler as the largest escalator manufacturer in the world.

TYPES OF ESCALATOR

1. STEP TYPE ESCALATOR

 The step type escalator is the common type of escalator today. The steps are usually metal,
but very old step type escalators had wooden steps. Step type escalators can also go
up/down, flat, then up/down again.
 Otis Next Step escalators, the escalator steps are mounted on most likely hinged circles, and
the track appears to be besides the steps, visible from above the steps.
 This type of escalator is designed to be safer than other step type escalators.

2. WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE ESCALATOR

 Wheelchair accessible escalators have an attendant. If someone in a wheelchair needs to use
the escalator, the escalator will be stopped.
 Once the wheelchair is on the escalator, the escalator is put in a special mode. 3 steps will
level out, forming a platform.
 Wheelchair accessible escalators might have only been installed in Japan. It is unknown if
wheelchair accessible escalators are still made.
3. CLEAT TYPE ESCALATOR
 The cleat type escalator had cleated metal,
later wood treads that are slanted. Some
types of cleat type escalator look more like
a belt, not an escalator.

4. SPIRAL ESCALATOR
 uses curved steps, only
manufactured by Mitsubishi

5. LEVYTATOR
 The Levytator is a new type of escalator,
the freeform escalator that can curve
multiple times, in either direction. There
are 2 escalators, which share a
continuous loop of steps.
 The 2 escalators can curve differently. A
working prototype has been built, but
currently the inventor is looking for a
company to mass-produce, and sell the
new type of escalator. The steps are
uniquely-shaped.
MOVING WALKWAY
 A moving walkway or moving sidewalkknown as a travelator, travolator, or travellator, is a slow-
moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a
short to medium distance.
 Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs,
one for each direction.
 The walkway consisted of three elevated platforms, the first was stationary, the second moved at a
moderate speed, and the third at about six miles per hour.
 Moving walkways generally move at a slower speed than a natural walking pace, and even when
people continue walking after they step on a moving walkway they tend to slow their pace to
compensate, thus moving walkways only minimally improve travel times and overall transport
capacity.

TYPES OF MOVING WALKWAY

Pallet type — a continuous series of flat metal plates join

together to form a walkway – and are effectively identical
to escalators in their construction. Most have a metal
surface, though some models have a rubber surface for
extra traction.

Moving belt — these are generally built with mesh metal

belts or rubber walking surfaces over metal rollers. The
walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy" feel.
DUMBWAITER

 A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people.
Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public and private
buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools,
kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a
kitchen.
 A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope on a pulley, guided by rails;
most dumbwaiters have a shaft, cart, and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators, usually
45 to 450 kg (100 to 1000 lbs.) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s, dumbwaiters were
controlled manually by ropes on pulleys
BRANDS OF ELEVATORS, ESCALATOR, AND MOVING WALKWAY

THYSSENKRUPP

 Thyssenkrupp AG (formerly ThyssenKrupp AG) is a company based in Germany, which

manufactures kinds of steels and other machineries, including elevators, escalators, and
moving walkways. thyssenkrupp is a combination of the two German companies that
merged together, Thyssen AG and Krupp AG.

MITSUBISHI

 Mitsubishi Electric Elevator is a division of Mitsubishi Electric

Corporation (Japanese: 三菱電機グループMitsubishidenki gurūpu)
that manufactures elevators, escalators, moving walks, spiral
escalators and dumbwaiters since 1931.
 Mitsubishi design the fastest elevator in the world called
NEXWAY. It is located in Shanghai Tower
 NexWay is designed to keep pace with the vertical growth of
cities as buildings soar to ever greater heights.
 SCHINDLER

 Schindler Elevator is the second-largest elevator manufacturer and the largest escalator
manufacturer in the world based in Switzerland. The main headquarter (as well as the top division
range) and lift testing tower is located in Ebikon, the municipality of Lucerne.
 Schindler is also a moving walkway manufacturer.

DOVER
 Dover Corporation (Dover Corp.) is an American-based company. The company
manufactured passenger and freight elevators from 1955 to 1999, and was the 3rd largest
elevator company.
FUJITEC
 Fujitec (Japanese: フジテック Fujitekku) is a Japanese elevator and escalator manufacturer based
in Hikone, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

HYUNDAI ELEVATOR
 Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. (or HELCO) is the elevator and escalator division of Hyundai Group. It is the
largest elevator and escalator manufacturer in South Korea regarding its sales, profit, and market share.
HVAC
 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental
comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a
subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics,
and heat transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or
ventilating is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
 HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment
buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such
as skyscrapers and hospitals, on ships and submarines, and in marine environments, where safe
and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using
fresh air from outdoors.
 Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space
to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and
removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior
building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air.
 The three central functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially
with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable
installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and
commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure
relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room
air distribution.

Ventilation used in platform edge doors at Westminster Red and blue funnel like ventilation on London Wall
Station on the Jubilee Line Extension
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
 Air conditioning is used in most commercial properties, ranging from small shops and cafés to large
office buildings and public spaces.
 To meet these diverse applications, air conditioning systems have different heating and cooling
capacities and come with various setups and layouts.

TYPES OF AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM

1. SPLIT SYSTEM AIR CONDITIONING

 Single splits are the most affordable type of air
conditioning system and suitable for use in small
commercial buildings. They provide heating and
cooling to individual rooms, making them ideal
solutions for small offices, shops, cafés and server
rooms.

2. MULTI-SPLIT SYSTEM AIR CONDITIONING

 Multi-splits work in exactly the same way as single splits but,
depending on the model, you can connect up to nine indoor units
to one outdoor unit. They’re most frequently used in places like
restaurants, offices, doctor’s surgeries and shops.
 Another selling point is that you aren’t limited to using just one
type of indoor unit. If you wanted to, you could have any
combination of wall- and ceiling-mounted air conditioning units,
along with an air curtain over the entrance.
 However, multi-split systems are slightly more complex and
require more pipework than several single splits. That can make
the installation more expensive and take longer, particularly if you’re only looking to install
a few indoor units.
 Ultimately, the best solution depends on the layout of your building and the heating and
cooling capacity you require.
 3. VRF OR VRV AIR CONDITIONING
 VRF stands for variable refrigerant flow, while
VRV stands for variable refrigerant volume.
 VRF/VRV air conditioning is the best solution for
medium to large applications, including hotels,
retail spaces, larger offices, and mixed-use
buildings.
 The systems are extremely efficient, reliable and
easy to control, capable of meeting larger
buildings’ complete heating and cooling requirements. They also come with reduced
installation times, minimising disruption.

4. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS

 Central air conditioning plants are used for applications like big hotels, large buildings having
multiple floors, hospitals, etc., where very high cooling loads are required.
 The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels, theatres,
airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely. In the central air conditioning systems
there is a plant room where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator
are kept in the large plant room. They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration
system.
 To operate and maintain central air conditioning systems you need to have good operators,
technicians and engineers. Proper preventative and breakdown maintenance of these plants is vital.

TYPES OF CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS

1. Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning plant

 In this system the huge compressor, and the condenser are housed in the plant room, while the
expansion valve and the evaporator or the cooling coil and the air handling unit are housed in separate
room.
 This type of system is useful for small buildings.

2. Chilled water central air conditioning plant

 This type of system is more useful for large buildings comprising of a number of floors. It has the
plant room where all the important units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the
evaporator are housed.
BRANDS OF AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM POPULAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

CARRIER
CARRIER DESIGNER CARRIER OPTIMA 1
SERIES 1.5 HP HP

TYPE: Window TYPE: Window

COOLILNG CAPACITY: COOLILNG CAPACITY:

12660kj/h 9000kj/h

POWER POWER
CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION:
1250W 855W

PRICE: - PRICE: P16, 900

CONDURA
CONDURA 6X 1.0 HP CONDURA 42
KHV018 2.0 HP
TYPE: Window
TYPE: Spit type
COOLILNG CAPACITY:
10000kj/h COOLILNG CAPACITY:
20 000kj/h

POWER POWER
CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION: -
855W
PRICE: -
PRICE: P17, 680

HITACHI
HITACHI RA-10HV Q HITACHI RA-20HV Q

TYPE: Window TYPE: Window

COOLILNG CAPACITY: COOLILNG CAPACITY:

10 350kj/h 18 600kj/h

POWER POWER
CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION: -
855W
PRICE: P47 898
PRICE: P28 900
KOLIN
KOLIN KSG-100B1G KOLIN K AG-
110RSINV
TYPE: Split
TYPE: Window
COOLILNG CAPACITY:
9 497kj/h COOLILNG CAPACITY:
9 950kj/h

POWER
CONSUMPTION: - POWER
CONSUMPTION: -
PRICE: P22 158
PRICE: P25 885

LG

LG HS-092N LG LA100T C

TYPE: Split TYPE: Window

COOLILNG CAPACITY: COOLILNG CAPACITY:

9 495kj/h 9 495 kj/h

POWER POWER
CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION: -
910W
PRICE: P13 196
PRICE: P30 299

PANASONIC
PANASONIC CS- PANASONIC CW-
S12PK- 1.5 HP SC65JPH- 0.60 HP

TYPE: Split TYPE: Window

COOLILNG CAPACITY: COOLILNG CAPACITY:

11 630kj/h 5 550kj/h

POWER POWER
CONSUMPTION: - CONSUMPTION: -

PRICE: P35 290 PRICE: P8 498

SAMSUNG

SAMSUNG SAMSUNG
AR09HCFNRWKN AR09HCFNRWKN-
1.5HP
TYPE: Split
TYPE: Split
COOLILNG CAPACITY:
9 500kj/h COOLILNG CAPACITY:
15 000kj/h
POWER
CONSUMPTION: - POWER
CONSUMPTION: -
PRICE: -
PRICE: -

SHARP
SHARP -0.5 HP

TYPE: Window

COOLILNG CAPACITY:
5 000kj/h

POWER
CONSUMPTION: -

PRICE: P7 498