Seismic Analysis of Cable Stayed Bridge With Different Pylon Shapes

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE WITH
DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES
M Tech Dissertation
Submitted in
Partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Civil-Structural Engineering
by
Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala
150305209016
Under the supervision of
Mr. Anil Kannauzia
June 2017
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PARUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
PARUL UNIVERSITY
P.O. Limda – 391 760, GUJARAT, INDIA
i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE

STAYED BRIDGE WITH DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES is a report of original work
done by Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala under my supervision. The work has not been
submitted for award of any other degree/diploma.
The extent of plagiarism does not exceed the permissible limit laid down by the University.
Mr.Anil Kannauzia
Assistant Professor
Date: _________________
Mr.Sachin Shah Mr. Anil Kannauzia Dr Shital shah
H.O.D,Civil, PIT PGCoordinator Principal, PIT
ii
THESIS APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that research work embodied in this dissertation thesis entitled SEISMIC
ANALYSIS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE WITH DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES
Carried out by Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala (150305209016) at Parul Institute of
Technology is approved for the degree of M.Tech with specialization of Structural
Engineering by Parul University
Date:
Place:
External Examiners’ Sign and Name:
1) ____________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________
iii
PAPER PUBLICATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that research work embodied in this dissertation thesis entitled SEISMIC
ANALYSIS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE WITH DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES
carried out by Mr. Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala (150305209016) at Parul Institute of
Technology for partial fulfillment of M.Tech degree to be awarded by Parul University,
has published article entitled Seismic Analysis Of Cable Stayed Bridge With Different
Pylon Shapes at International Journel Of Technical Innovation In Mordern Engineering &
Science, during March 2017
Date:
Place:
Jariwala Ashish M Mr. Anil Kannauzia

Name of Student Name of Faculty Supervisor
iv
ABSTRACT
Cable stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge then other bridges and getting popularity
because it represent optimum solution for ever expanding range of span and aesthetics .
This work focused on the effect of different shape of pylon on the seismic response of
cable stayed bridge for that the dimension of deck, cables and other parameters are kept
constant only the shape of the tower is varied, such as H-shape, inverted Y shape,
inverted Y shape with lower diamond, A shape, A shape with lower diamond. This work
also gives the essential information of the fundamental vibration mode which is based on
mechanical and geometrical property of the structure. Which is required in early stage of
design until optimum solution is not made. Five tower shapes of the lateral cable-system
layouts are to be considered. The 3D model of the cable stayed bridge is generated in
SAP-2000(VER.18) and it is analyzed seismically Bhuj 2001, Earthquake India. The
response of bridge is studied in the terms of natural time period, displacement in
transverse and longitudinal direction of pylon along the height, base reaction and
acceleration. This study reveals that the shape of the pylon play an important role in
seismic response of cable stayed bridge. Inverted Y shape pylon proves to be an effective
in transverse direction and pylon with lower diamond shape prove to be an effective in
longitudinal direction.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I must make special mention of some of the persons and acknowledge my sincere
indebtedness to them.
At the outset, I take the privilege on expressing my pleasure to my major advisor and
guide Mr. Anil Kannauzia, Asst. Professor at Parul university, Vadodara. He provided
me inspiring guidance, constant encouragement, golden advice, critical evaluation,
constructive criticism, active supervision, moral support, kind nature .Guiding me in the
right direction without whom it would not have been possible for me to complete this
research work. No appropriate words traced in the presently available lexicon to express
my full respect and indebtedness to Prof. Sachin Shah, Head of the civil Department at
Parul university, Vadodara. He has provided me excellent support for his munificent
attitude and providing necessary facility to carry out the research work.
In addition to my advisors, a number of other faculty members at Parul University have
also had a large impact on my work.
I am cordially thankful to my family for their constant spirited guidance for their
supportive attitude and timely selfless help .My greatest thanks to the almighty god.
Jariwala Ashish M.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page……………………………………….. i
Certificate……………………………………… ii
Thesis approval certificate……………………….. iii
Paper publication certification……………………….. iv
Abstract………………………………………… v
Acknowledgement………………………………….. vi
Table of content………………………. vii
List Of table ……………………………….. x
List of Figures …………………………………….. xii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 History 1
1.2 Common Terms And Definitions 2
1.2.1 Cable Stayed Bridge 2

1.2.2 Component of cable stayed bridge 2
1.2.3 Cable System Arrangement 3

1.2.4 Shapes Of Tower 6
1.3 Behavior Of Cable Stayed Bridge 7
1.4 Need of study 7
Chapter 2 Aim and Objective 9
Chapter 3 Literature Review 10
3.1 Investigation of dynamic cable-deck interaction in a physical model 10

of a cable-stayed bridge
3.2 Parametric study on the dynamic response of cable stayed bridges to 10
the sudden failure of a stay
3.3 Nonlinear dynamic analysis of base isolated cable-stayed bridge 10
under earthquake excitations
3.4 Fundamental Mode Estimation for Modern Cable-Stayed Bridges 11
Considering the Tower Flexibility
3.5 Deck–tower interaction in the transverse seismic response of cable- 12
stayed bridges and optimum configurations
vii
3.6 Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with 13
soil structure interaction
3.7 Seismic time history analysis for cable-stayed bridge considering 13
different geometrical configuration for near field earthquakes
Chapter 4 Dimension And Characteristics Of Proposed Bridges 15
4.1 Tower height and span distribution 15
4.2 cross section of deck 18
4.3 Dimensions of tower 21
4.4 Thickness of tower section 31
4.5 Characteristics of each stay. Cable cross section 31
Chapter 5 PARAMETRIC STUDY 33
5.1 Common parameters of cable stayed bridge having 300m main span 33
5.1.1 Material property 33

5.1.2 Parameters of proposed bridge 33
5.1.3 Configuration and justification of deck section 34
5.1.4 Cable property and design 38
5.2 Modeling of cable stayed bridge in sap 2000 42
5.2.1 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with H shape pylon 43
5.2.2 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with inverted Y shape pylon without 44
lower diamond
5.2.3 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with inverted Y shape pylon with 45
lower diamond
5.2.4 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with A shape pylon without lower 46
diamond
5.2.5 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with A shape pylon without lower 47
diamond
Chapter 6 Software Validation 47
Chapter 7 Model Analysis 49
viii
7.1 Dynamic analysis 49
7.2 Results and discussion 50
7.2.1 Natural time period 50
7.2.2 Displacement of tower in transverse direction along the height 51
7.2.3 Base reaction in transverse direction 52
7.2.4 Acceleration of pylon in transverse direction along the height 52
7.2.5 Displacement of tower in longitudinal direction along the height 53
7.2.6 Base reaction in longitudinal direction 54
7.2.7 Acceleration of pylon in longitudinal direction along the height 55
Chapter 8 Conclusions 56
Annexure……………………………………………………
References…………………………………………………...
Dissertation Review Card…………………………………...
Compliance Report of all previous exam comments……....
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table no. Description Page
no
4.1 summary of dimension and geometric ratios in lateral cable plane 16
(LCP) cable stayed bridges
4.2 Summary of the dimension and geometric ratio in central cable 17

plane (CCP) cable stayed bridges
4.3 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges with 22

`H'-shaped towers and proposed ratios
4.4 Dimensionless proportions of cable-stayed bridges with `H'- 23

shaped towers and proposed ratios
4.5 Dimensionless proportions of cable-stayed bridges incorporating 23

`Y'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond
4.6 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges 24

incorporating `Y'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond

incorporating À'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond

incorporating À'-shaped towers with and without lower
diamond,
5.1 Material property 33
5.2 cross section of deck 34
5.3 standard specification of strands 38
5.4 force and diameter of each cable in main span 40
5.5 force and diameter of each cable in side span 41
5.6 Cross section if h shape of pylon 42
5.7 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon without lower dimond 43
5.8 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon with lower dimond 44
5.9 cross section of A shaped pylon without lower dimond 45
x
5.10 cross section of A shaped pylon with lower dimond 46
6.1 Difference of cable forces by software and manually 48
7.1 Details of earthquakes considered in this study 49
7.2 Natural time period 50
7.3 Displacement of pylon in transverse direction at various level 51
7.4 Acceleration of pylon in transverse direction at various level 52
7.5 Displacement of pylon in longitudinal direction at various level 53
7.6 Acceleration of pylon in longitudinal direction at various level 55
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Description Page
No.
1.1 Component Of Cable Stayed Bridge. 3
1.2 Cable System Arrangement 4
1.3 Single Central Cable Plane 5
1.4 Two Lateral Cable Plane 5
1.5 Different Shape Of Pylon 6
4.1 schematic bridge elevation 18

4.2 deck cross-section for LCP Arrangement 20
4.3 Parameterized dimensions of the `H'-shaped tower 26
4.4 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `Y'-shaped tower 27
without diamond
4.5 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `Y'-shaped tower 28
with diamond
4.6 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted À'-shaped tower 29
without
4.7 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted À'-shaped tower 30
with diamond
4.8 contributing surfaces of the deck associated with each stay and 32
calculation scheme to determinate their area
5.1 load combination of irc class A and irc class 70R 35
5.2 maximum live load reaction in longitudinal girder 36
5.3 Position of IRC class 70R loads and IRC class A loads for 36
maximum shear force at support
5.4 total load on the one panel of longitudinal girder 37
5.5 computation of force in cable 39
5.6 maximum live load reaction position 39
5.7 modeling of h shaped pyon 42
5.8 modeling of inverted Y shaped pylon without lower dimond 43
5.9 modeling of inverted Y shaped pylon with lower dimond 43
xii
5.10 modeling of A shaped pylon without lower dimond 44
5.11 modeling of A shaped pylon with lower dimond 45
6.1 force transfer in cable no 14 48
7.1 Bhuj earthquake time history 49
7.2 Effect on natural time period for various shape of towers 50
7.3 Displacement of different shapes of pylons in transverse 51
direction with respect to height
7.4 Base reaction of cable stayed bridge in transverse direction of 52
different shape of pylon
7.5 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in transverse 53
7.6 Displacement of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal 54
7.7 Base reaction of cable stayed bridge in longitudinal direction of 54
different shape of pylon
7.8 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal 55
xiii
Chapter: 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 History
The history of the cable stayed bridges since 1595, found in a book by the
Venetian inventor (bernard et al., 1988). Many suspension and cable-stayed bridges have
been designed and developed since 1595 such as the albert bridge and the brooklyn bridge
(wilson and gravelle, 1991), (bernard et al., 1988). Cable-stayed bridges have been later
constructed all over the world. The swedish stromsund bridge, designed in 1955, is known
as the first modern cable-stayed bridge (wilson and gravelle, 1991). The total length of the
bridge is 332 m, and its main span length is 182 m. It was opened in 1956, and it was the
largest cable-stayed bridge of the world at that time. This bridge was constructed by franz
dischinger, from germany, who was a pioneer in construction of cable-stayed bridges (tori
et al., 1968). The designers realized that cable stayed style requires less material for cables
and deck and can be erected much easier than suspension bridges (bernard et al., 1988),
(tori et al., 1968), (wilson and gravelle, 1991), (simoes and negrao, 1994), (ren and peng,
2005), and (nieto et al., 2009). This is mainly due to advances in design and construction
method and the availability of high strength steel cables.the theodor heuss bridge was the
second true cable-stayed bridge and was erected in 1957 across the rhine river at
dusseldrof. It had a main span of 260 m and side spans of 108 m which was larger than the
stromsund. It has a harp cable arrangement with parallel stays and a pylon composed of
two free-standing posts fixed to the deck. The reason for choosing the harp style was
aesthetics appearance. The severins bridge in köln designed in 1961 was the first fan shape
cable stayed bridge, which has a a-shape pylon. In this bridge, the cross section of the deck
was similar to the one used in theodor heuss bridge (bernard et al., 1988). The flehe bridge
was the first semi-fan type which was erected in 1979 in dusseldrof, germany over the
rhine river. The remarkable feature of this bridge was the reinforced concrete tower, which
“M.tech (structural engineering), parul institute of technology, parul university” 1

has the shape of an inverted y (bernard et al., 1988). In what follows, the main types of
long span bridges are reviewed.
1.2 Common Terms and Definitions
1.2.1 Cable Stayed Bridge
A bridge in which the weight of deck is supported by a number of cables running to one or
more pylons.
1.2.2 Component of Cable Stayed Bridge
1. Deck
The deck or road bed is the roadway surface of a cable-stayed bridge. The deck can
be made of different materials such as steel, concrete or composite steel-concrete. The
choice of material for the bridge deck determines the overall cost of the construction of
cable stayed bridges. The weight of the deck has significant impact on the required` stay
cables, pylons, and foundations.
2. Cables
Cables are one of the main parts of a cable-stayed bridge. They transfer the dead
weight of the deck to the pylons. These cable are usualy post-tensioned based on the
weight of the deck. The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to minimize
both the vertical deflection of the deck and lateral deflection of the pylons. There are four
major types of stay cables including, parallel-bar, parallel-wire, standard, and locked-coil
cables. The choice of these cables depends mainly on the mechanical properties, structural
properties and economic criteria.
3. Pylon
Pylons of cable stayed bridges are aimed to support the weight and live load acting
on the structure. There are several different shapes of pylons for cable stayed bridges such
as Trapezoidal pylon, Twin pylon, A-frame pylon, and Single pylon. They are chosen

based on the structure of the cable stayed bridge (for different cable arrangements),
aesthetics, length, and other environmental parameters.
Figure1.1 Component of Cable Stayed Bridge.
1.2.3 Cable System Arrangement

According to their anchorage on pylon and relative position of cables there are
three types of cable arrangement system which are
1. Fan system
2. Semi harp system
3. Harp system
1. Fan System
In this pattern, all the stay cables are attached to a single point at top of each pylon
as shown in Fig 1.2. The relatively steep slope of the stay cables results in smaller cable
cross section in comparison to the harp type. Moreover, the horizontal cable forces in the
deck in this arrangement are less than the harp type. However, by increasing the number of
the stay cables, the weights of the anchorages increase and attaching the stay cables to
anchorage becomes difficult. Therefore, he fan patterns are suitable only for moderate
spans with a limited number of stay cables.

2. Semi Fan Arrangement
Several modern cable-stayed bridges have been built around the world using semi-
fan arrangement due to its efficiency. As shown in Fig. 1.2, in this system, the cables are
distributed over the upper part of the pylon, which are more steeply inclined close to the
pylon (Bernard et al., 1988). The world largest cable-stayed bridge (Sutong ridge in
Jiangsu, China) was designed as a semi-fan arrangement using A-shape pylons. The semi-
fan arrangement has better appearance in comparison to the fan arrangement.
Figure 1.2 Cable System Arrangements
3. Harp Arrangement
In a harp arrangement, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to
different points on the pylon as shown is in Fig. 1.2. From economical point of view, this
type cable stayed bridges is not efficient for long span bridges. This is because such an
arrangement requires more steel for the cables, gives more compression in the deck, and
produces bending moments in the pylon. However, in terms of aesthetics it is attractive in
comparison to other types of cable stayed bridges. The parallel cables give a most pleasant
appearance to the harp arrangement as stated by Bernard et al. (1988). The need for taller
pylons is one of the disadvantages of this type of cable

 Cable system arrangement further divided in two groups

A) Central cable plane (CCP)
There is only one vertical plane of stay cables along the middle longitudinal axis
of the superstructure. Cables are located in a single strip which is not being used by traffic.
It is economical and aesthetically acceptable. It offers great advantage of relatively slender
pylons, because there size is determined by width of the main girder. Requires relatively
heavy box girder with considerable torsion rigidity to resist the eccentric live load.
Figure 1.3 Single Central Cable Plane
B) lateral cable plane (LCP)
It consists of two planes of stay cables placed vertically on each side of the deck.
It is aerodynamically more stable compared to one plane system.
Figure 1.4 Two Lateral Cable Plane

1.2.4 Shapes of Pylon

The pylon is the main feature that expresses the visual form of any cable-stayed bridge,
giving an opportunity to impart a distinctive style to the design. The design of the pylon
must also adapt to the various stay cable layouts, accommodate the topography and
geology of the bridge site and carry the forces economically.
The primary function of the pylon is to transmit the forces arising from anchoring the stays
and these forces will dominate the design of the pylon. The pylon should ideally carry
these forces by axial compression where possible, such that any eccentricity of loading is
minimised.
The pylon can be arranged to support one axial layer of cable stays or two lateral layers of
cable stays. Generally, the tower is massive and is made of reinforced concrete supported
on pile foundation.
Types of pylons
• Single tower
• A-frames
• Diamond tower
• H-frame
• Y-frame
Figure1.5 Different Shape of Pylon

1.4 BEHAVIOUR OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
 Cable-stayed bridges are more flexible than ordinary highway bridges. The flexibility
of the bridge is due to a long central span and the use of cable members. One
important aspect of such a flexible structure is the large displacement response of the
deck when subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquakes or wind. Hence, the bridge
deck and tower connections become more sensitive to earthquake damage, particularly
when subjected to strong earthquake ground motions.
 A rigid connection between the tower and the deck will reduce the displacement of the
deck. However, such connections will increase the base shear of the towers.
 Complex modal couplings arise from the interaction between the towers, the deck and
the cable-system and depend upon their relative stiffness and mass, as well as the
frequency content of the excitation.
 If we release the deck from the tower it leads to deformation of deck under normal
wind action.
1.3 Need of study

Cable stayed bridge is more flexible than other road way bridges due to their
cable system arrangement, flexible deck, and large height of pylon. So when the
earthquake strikes on this type of flexible structure cause serious damage. Bridges are
critical lifeline facilities which should remain functional without damage after an
earthquake to facilitate the rescue and relief operations[1]. So when the design of cable
stayed bridge is carried out it is necessary to give attention on seismic demand. The cable
stayed bridge is more suitable then suspension bridges because in cable stayed bridge
cable is directly connected to deck which provide greater stiffness. The mechanism of
cable stayed bridge is very simple, cables carry deck load to the pylon and then
foundation, in that case primary forces in structure are axial tension in cable and
compressive forces in pylon. So the cables and pylon play an important role in
transferring the load of super structure to foundation. So it is important to study of
behaviour different pylon shape of cable stayed bridge. When the earthquake strikes on
structure it has three components namely vertical and two lateral components which is
longitudinal along the length of deck and transverse component which is along the width
of the deck. The current trend in the design of cable-stayed bridges in seismic areas is to
release the deck from the towers as much as possible in order to reduce the seismic
demand in the towers, which are key elements for the integrity of the structure.
However, the deck needs to be fixed to the towers in the transverse direction in order to
control its deformability under wind actions (e.g. Rion-Antirion Bridge, Greece). Recent
studies on cable-stayed bridges with this type of connection have found that the deck–
tower reaction significantly increases the transverse shear force and bending moment in
the towers, making the transverse component of the earthquake more demanding than
the longitudinal (along-deck) and vertical directions[2]. Several author’s going through
base isolation, dampers for reduced base reaction of cable stayed bridge [3], [4], but
before going through it is necessary to check geometric advantages specially of different
pylon shapes.

Chapter: 2 Aim and Objectives
Chapter 2
Aim and Objectives
 To Estimate the seismic response of cable stayed bridge.

 To measure the how change the seismic behavior of cable stayed bridge by taking the
different shapes of pylon.
 To study the parameters like fundamental vibration modes, displacement, base
reaction, and acceleration.
 Comparative study of the different shapes of pylon such as H shape, inverted Y shape,
inverted YD (Y shape with lower diamond), A shape, AD (A shape with lower
diamond) in terms of seismic response.
 To Provide Optimum solution regarding choice of different geometries of bridge
according shape of pylon.

Chapter: 3 Literature Review
Chapter 3
Literature Review
3.1 E. Caetano1, A. Cunha1[1]

“Investigation of dynamic cable-deck interaction in a physical model of a cable-stayed
bridge”
 This author’s investigate the dynamic interaction between cables and deck /tower in
the cable stayed bridge.
 Carried out the physical model of cable stayed bridge (the jingo bridge, in South
Korea) whose characteristics of stiffness and mass have been conveniently scaled.
 Then analyzed its dynamic behavior by using an electrodynamic shaker and a shaking
table.
 The modal survey confirmed the existence of interaction between the cables and the
deck/towers. This interaction was characterized by the appearance of several modes of
vibration with very close natural frequencies and with similar mode shape
configurations of the deck and towers, but involving different movements of the
cables.
3.2 C.M. Mozosa, A.C. Aparicio B[2]

“Parametric study on the dynamic response of cable stayed bridges to the sudden failure of
a stay”
 The present paper deals with the dynamic response of cable stayed bridges to the
sudden loss of a stay.
 In this study, ten cable stayed bridges have been analyzed and the effect of
characteristics such as the layout of the stays, fan or harp pattern, the number of planes
of stays and the stiffness of the deck have been studied. First, this paper describes the
geometry and materials of the cable stayed bridges studied, the numerical models and
the basis of the static and dynamic analysis developed.

3.3 Barbaros Atmaca, MuhammetYurdakul[3]

“Nonlinear dynamic analysis of base isolated cable-stayed bridge under earthquake
excitations”
 In this paper, determine the earthquake effects on cable-stayed bridge which is isolated
by single concave friction pendulum bearings (SCFP).
 Manavgat cable-stayed bridge is selected as a numerical application.
 3D finite element models(FEM) of the base isolated and non-isolated bridge are
modeled by using SAP2000.
 Three different earthquakes which are 11 December 1999 Düzce, 23 November 2011
Van and 13 March 1992 Erzincan earthquakes are subjected to the 3D FEM models in
order to determine the seismic behavior of the bridges.
 BOL-090 and BOL-000; ERCIS-EW and ERCIS-NS; ERZ-NS and ERZ-EW
components of ground motions obtained from PEER and AFAD are applied to the
bridges at the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively.
 Nonlinear time history analysis is executed to determine the dynamic responses of the
bridge.
 And then compared the dynamic behavior of isolated and non- isolated bridge with and
without the SCFP bearings under three different earthquake motions.
 As a result Isolation system increased periods of the bridge significantly. Increasing of
the bridge period provide decreasing of transferred acceleration so internal reactions of
the bridge decreases well.
 Isolators significantly decreased the vertical displacement, bending moment and shear
force of the bridge deck. Approximate decreasing percentage of vertical displacements
is 86%, bending moment is 91% and shear force is 93% for Erzincan, Duzce and Ercis
earth quake ground motions , respectively.
3.4 A. Camara, M.ASCE1, M. A. Astiz[4]

“Fundamental Mode Estimation for Modern Cable-Stayed Bridges Considering the Tower
Flexibility”
 The influence of the tower flexibility is included in this study.
 Five tower shapes, central or lateral cable-system layouts and box- or U-shaped deck
sections, have been considered.

 The vibration properties of more than 1,000 cable-stayed bridges with main spans
ranging from200 to 800mlong were extracted within an extensive parametric analysis.
 The Vaschy-Buckingham theorem of dimensional analysis was applied to the
numerical results to propose the formulation for period estimation.
 By this research work author conclude that The interaction between the towers and the
deck is particularly important in the response of small-to-medium cable-stayed bridges
in the transverse direction.
 large parametric analysis conducted in 1,050 FE models. The accuracy of the proposed
analytical expressions is verified in 17 real cable-stayed bridges, constructed in
different countries. The observed average errors are below 15%.
3.5 A. Camara , E. Efthymiou[5]

“Deck–tower interaction in the transverse seismic response of cable-stayed bridges and
optimum configurations”
 This work is focused on the dynamic interaction between the deck and the towers,
exploring the key role of different vibration modes.
 Influence of the main span length, the tower geometry, the cable-system arrangement,
the width and height of the deck and the soil conditions on the dynamic behavior of
cable stayed bridge.
 Transverse seismic response of more than 1050 cable-stayed bridges with main span
lengths ranging from 200 to 800 m.
 by this study authors conclude that the contribution of transverse vibration modes to
the seismic response is strongly influenced by the main span length. It is maximised
for certain (critical) main spans in which the modal shape involves the deformation of
both the towers and the deck. The modal contribution is reduced for main spans above
the critical value due to the large flexibility of the deck with respect to the towers. As a
result, the dynamic response of the deck interacts with the towers in vibration modes
of increasingly higher order. These modes are dominant for long-span bridges and
need to be accounted for in the design and analysis.
 The contribution of the governing vibration modes has been represented in terms of the
ratio between the deck and the tower vibration frequencies for all the models, being
always maximum when this ratio falls between 0.8 and 1.2. Analytical expressions are

proposed to calculate the critical span lengths and the tower frequencies for which the
transverse seismic response is maximized.
3.6 Siddharth G. Shah, Desai.J.A, Solanki.C.H [6]
“Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response of Cable stayed bridge with soil structure
interaction”
 In this study, the dynamic time history analysis is carried out on cable stayed bridge by
taking different five pylon shapes in sap 2000, with consider the soil structure
interaction effect.
 Parameters like displacement, acceleration and bending moment are studied.
 It concluded that the pylon shape has great influence in mitigation of the SSI effects
the result showed that in comparison to rational A or H shape of pylon diamond shape
of pylon is giving less response. Hence if it is used practically will be proved
economical.
3.7 Dr. Atul K. Desai[8]

“Seismic time history analysis for cable-stayed bridge considering different geometrical
configuration for near field earthquakes”
 In this study try to improve the dynamic response of long span cable stayed bridge
cable stayed bridge by taking longitudinally spread pylon, by taking spread pylon
shape the sag of the cables can reduce which result in decrease in flexibility of bridge
hence it prove to be better in dynamic response.
 Preparation of three-dimensional geometrical computer models using longitudinally
spread pylons (Y – Shaped pylons) Vs conventional A-shaped pylons for straight
cable-stayed bridge.
 Different inclinations of wings of Y – Shaped pylons.
 Different anchoring system of back-stays i.e. self- anchored and partially earth
anchored (bi-stayed) systems.
 With and without intermediate side-span supports.
 With and without dampers at pylon supports of deck.
 The detail dynamic analysis is to be carried out further for

 Establishing relationship between Peak Ground Acceleration (P.G.A.) and Earthquake

Displacement Ratio (E.D.R.).
 Preparation of three-dimensional geometrical computer models using transversally
inclined pylons for curved cable-stayed bridge.
 The effects of these configurations of pylon are further studied
 i. Different vertical inclinations of pylons.
 ii. Different duration of past-earthquakes i.e. long, short and medium duration having
different P.G.A.
 iii. With and without back-stays
 concluded that
 For long span cable-stayed bridge, Option of Bi- stayed Bridge with intermediate side
span gives lowest bending moment of pylon base.
 For controlling the central deck deflection for long span cable-stayed bridge, is
inclination of cables key factor for seismic performance of cable stayed bridge. Spread
pylon bridge with spread angle ∝ = 300 and Bi-stayed bridge with intermediate side
span supports options gives lowest central deck deflection.
 Bi-stayed cable-stayed bridge has reduced cable forces and bending moment of pylon
as compared to conventional cable-stayed bridge.
 Back-stay in curved cable-stayed bridge reduces pylon base bending moment,
deflection of deck and fundamental time period of the bridge.
 The seismic isolation using damper in the cable- stayed bridge helps to reduce the
acceleration response and the base shear response substantially in all types of cable-
stayed bridges.

Chapter: 4 Dimension and characteristics of proposed bridges
Chapter 4
Dimension and characteristics of proposed bridges
A large number of cable stayed bridges have been studied ,among their
characteristics dimensions there are variable parameters (like the tower shape) , and also
canonical property which are taken from constructed cable –stayed bridges and maintained
constant since they are not object of study.
The most significant parameters of the proposed cable stayed bridges are
described in this chapter, such as bridge geometry, calculation of deck properties, cables
etc.
4.1 Tower height and span distribution.
In this research work model the cable stayed bridges with two towers. Both
towers have same dimension in all models, which are in turn completely symmetric about
the vertical plane crossing the span center transversely (Y) and also about the vertical
plane along the longitudinal axis of the deck(X).
The relation between the height of the tower above the deck level (H) and the
main span (Lp), as well as the ratio between the main span and lateral spans (Ls) was
suggested by Como et al. [como 1985] more than two decades ago
= ; (4.1.1)
Nowadays , the trend is to increase the size of the towers as it is observed in tables
[manterola 1994], where the mentioned ratio are obtained in several constructed cable
stayed bridge worldwide .in light of this two tables, it has been decided to modify the
classical parameters proposed by como et al, considering instead the following:
(4.1.2)

The height of tower between the deck level and the foundation (Hi) is determined
by the local conditions and the traffic which is expected to cross below the bridge, among
other factors.it is very important in dynamic calculations, since
Table 4.1 summary of dimension and geometric ratios in lateral cable plane (LCP) cable
stayed bridges. Measurement in meters. The symbol (*) denotes that the bridge has only
one tower and hence the main span has been doubled in the calculation of the ratios. The
symbol (h) indicates harp-cable assembly (the rest are semi-harp).adapted from the work
of manterola [manterola 1994.]
Bridges Lp Ls Deck Deck Tower

height(h) width(B) height(H)
jacksonville 396 198 1.52 32 90 1/4.33 1/264 1/2

Diepoldsan 37 40.15 .55 14.5 28.7 1/3.28 1/176 1/2.3
skarnsundet 530 190 2.15 11.3 105 1/5 1/246 1/2.7
Helgeland 425 177.5 1.36 12 89.3 1/4.7 1/310 1/2.3
Guadiana 324 135 2.50 18 77 1/4.2 1/129 1/2.4
Sama 130 65 1.20 14.2 48 1/5.40 1/216 1/4
langreo
Arade 256 107 1.63 17 52.6 1/4.80 1/157 1/2.39
Yobuko 250 121 2.20 10.9 62.6 1/4 1/113 1/2.10
c.saone 151.8 44.8 1.03 15.5 33.3 1/4.5 1/146 1/3.39
G.isere 103 67 1.90 11.8 38.0 1/5.40 1/108 1/3.07
centenario 256 102 2.70 22 60 1/4.4 1/98 1/2.60

Table 4.2 Summary of the dimension and geometric ratio in central cable plane (CCP)
cable stayed bridges. Measurement in meters. The symbol (*) denotes that the bridge has
only one tower and hence the main span has been doubled in the calculation of the ratios.
All the bridges have semi-harp cable configurations. Adapted from the work of manterola
[manterola 1994].
Bridges Lp Ls Deck Deck Tower

height(h) width(B) height(H)
Tampa 363 164 4.47 28.2 73.7 1/4.92 1/181 1/2.21

Aomori 240 128 2.5-3.5 25 64.3 1/3.73 1/68 1/1.87
Coatzacoalcos 288 112 3.30 18 61.3 1/4.68 1/87 1/2.57
Usui* 111 111 2.50 21.4 61 1/3.63 1/88 1/2
Wandre* 168 144 3.30 21.8 79.0 1/4.25 1/100 1/.93
Elorn 400 100 3.47 23.1 83.0 1/4.81 1/115 1/4
Chandoline 140 72 2.50 32.3 28 1/4.40 1/49 ½.01
The height of the gravity center of the bridges is strongly influenced by Hi.
However, this parameter is governed by the specific site conditions and, therefore, it is not
consider in the study as a design variable. Instead, a value proportional to the model
remains unchanged. It was decided to consider a reasonable value of Hi=0.5H, being H the
height of towers above the deck is fixed so that when it changes, the proportions of the
model remain unchanged.it was decided to consider a reasonable value of Hi=0.5H, being
of towers above the deck level.
The length of central part of the deck between the end cables corresponding to
each tower is considered constant and equal to 20 m in all the models, which is twice the
separation between the cable anchorages in the main span, as it is represented in figure
below.

Figure 4.1 schematic bridge elevations. Measurement in meters.
4.2 Cross section of the deck.
The deck holds four lane traffic lanes with a steel concrete composite section. This
is commonly used to cover all the considered main spans (from 200 to 600m). The axis of
deck is horizontal and straight both in plan and elevation. The total width (B) is constant
and equal to 25 m.
The design of deck section in bridge with lateral cable planes (LPS) is in
accordance with the current trend in constructed cable-stayed bridges, disposing two
longitudinal edge steel girders and one upper concrete slab. On the other hand, the cross-
section of the deck adopted in structures with central cable plane (CCP) is a „U‟-shaped
steel section below the concrete slab, which is able to withstand the torsion that is not
resisted by the cable-system.
Table 4.1 and 4.2 included the ratio between the height of the deck (h) and the
main span (Lp) in constructed cable-stayed LCP and CCP bridges. As it may be observed,
the height of the deck is higher in structures with central cable arrangement (CCP) since
the torsional resistance is entrusted to the deck. The average deck ratios from these tables
are
(LCP) (4.2.1)
(CCP) (4.2.2)

However, expression (4.2.1) is questionable since, in real projects, the depth of the
deck in LCP cable-stayed bridges is nearly independent of their main span, instead it is
influenced by the transverse and longitudinal distance between consecutive cable
anchorages. Nonetheless, the depth of the deck slightly increases with the main span
because of the increment in the length of the cables and the consequent increase of the
edibility, which requires a stiffer deck due to wind considerations. The work of Astiz
[Astiz 2001] suggests the variation of the depth of the deck with the main span in several
composite LCP cable-stayed bridges
h = 0:78 + 0:00302LP (LCP) (4.2.3)
Where h and LP are expressed in meters.
Static analysis conducted here have varied that the level of stresses in LCP and
CCP composite decks are admissible considering the worst situation; imposing the self-
weight and the live load in the central part of the bridge, where the distance between cable
anchorages is larger (20 meters). Therefore, the relationship between the depth of the deck
and the main span in LCP models proposed by Astiz (expression (4.2.3)) and the ratio
presented in equation (4.2.2) for CCP models are accepted.
Figure 4.2 presents the considered sections of the deck in both LCP and CCP
models (excluding the non-structural mass), being their principal dimensions constant or
variable in terms of the main span. The dimensions of the longitudinal and transverse
girders in LCP deck cross-sections, or the plate thickness and stiffners in CCP models, are
the result of the simple elastic static analysis mentioned above (with 20 m span), preventing
the extreme stresses from exceeding the design allowable values. The longitudinal separation
of the cables at the level of the deck was expressed in figure 4.1.

Figure 4.2 deck cross-sections for LCP and CCP Arrangement

4.3 Dimensions of the towers
The dimensions of the towers in proposed models are obtained from the specific
study of a set of constructed cable-stayed bridges, which is deemed representative of each
studied tower shape and cable-system arrangement. The geometric ratios, which lead to
the final cross-sections and proportions of the towers, are presented here in figures below
The cable-system assembly is always semi-harp, trying to minimize the length of

the area where the anchorages are located (HA) in order to maximize the effectiveness of
the cables, Therefore, the distance between anchorages in the tower is reduced to a
minimum space which allows the construction. In these bridges, such distance is
reasonably δ T = 2 m, which fixes the length of the anchorage area in the tower:
HA = δ T (NT - 1) (4.3.1)
Where NT Is the number of stays per half main span and cable-plane
(obtained with the expression NT= (Lp-20)/20, which is depends on the main span
LP.
If the area of the tower where the anchorages are located is not vertical but
forms an angle α<90 with the horizontal line.
The length HA is,
HA = δ T (NT - 1) sin (α) (4.3.2)
Due to the large number of cable-stayed bridges studied, and the required
parameterization, the design simplicity is strongly recommended. Hence, constant sections
between different parts of the towers have been considered in the parametric definition. To
facilitate the comparison of the results between models with different towers, the sections
have been established as similar as possible.
The proportions and sections of `H'-shaped towers in terms of the height above the
deck, which in turn depends on the main span (H = LP =4:8), have been obtained from a
set of bridges with the same type of towers, included in table 4.3 and 4.4, along with the
ratios proposed here (X, Y and Z are the longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions

respectively). The final version of the `H'-shaped tower employed in the thesis is
illustrated in figure 4.3.
The proportions of the `Y-shaped' towers with and without lower diamond of several
cable-stayed bridges are summarized in tables 4.5 and 4.6, including the proposed ratios
used in the final version of the towers employed in the thesis, which are presented in
figures 4.4 and 4.5.
Finally, the dimensions of the À'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond in
several cable-stayed bridges are presented in tables 4.7 and 4.8, besides the proposed
parameters employed in this work which are illustrated graphically in figures 4.6 and 4.7.
Table 4.3 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges with `H'-

shaped towers and proposed ratios in this study.
Bridge LP H Anchorage area Inclined legs Lower piers
a(x) b(y) a(x) b(y) a(x) b(y)

Barrios de Luna, 440 90 H=24 H=20 H=20 H=18 H=15 H=16
1983
Suez canal, 2001 404 80 H=18 H=32 H=13 H=16 H=11 H=11
Bill Emerson, 2003 351 75 H=11 H=27 H=11 H=23 H=11 H=10
Yokohama Bay,1989 460 105 H=20 H=26 H=17 H=26 H=15 H=18
Sidney Lanier, 2003 375 87 H=13 H=31 H=13 H=23 H=13 H=13
Proposed H=15 H=25 H=15 H=20 H=13 H=13

Table 4.4 Dimensionless proportions of cable-stayed bridges with `H'-shaped

towers and proposed ratios (continued). Parameters detailed in figure 4.3.1.
Measurements in meters.
Bridge LP H Upper strut Intermediate strut Lower strut
a(x) h(z) a(x) h(z) a(x) h(z)

Barrios de Luna, 1983 440 90 H=24 H=25 H=22 H=22 - -
Suez canal, 2001 404 80 - - H=19 H=19 H=17 H=17
Bill Emerson, 2003 351 75 - - H=14 H=17 H=15 H=15
Yokohama Bay,1989 460 105 - - H=26 H=21 H=21 H=17
Sidney Lanier, 2003 375 87 - - H=15 H=19 H=15 H=16
Proposed H=15 H=25 H=18 H=19 H=15 H=16
Table 4.5 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges incorporating

`Y'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond, and proposed ratios in this
study.
Bridge LP H Anchorage area Inclined legs Lower piers
a(x) B(y) a(x) b(y) a(x) b(y)

Rijeka Dubrovacka, 244* 93 H/18.6 H/16.6 H/18.6 H/23.3 H/18.6 H/23.3
2002
Boine, 2003 170* 71 H/16.9 H/8.9 H/16.9 H/19.2 H/14.2 H/14.8
Rhein 335* 115 H/28.7 H/14.4 H/28.7 H/29.4
Flehe, 1979 368* 130 H/20.2 H/16.4 H/20.2 H/24.4 H/20.2 H/24.4
Wandre, 1989 168* 79 H/19 H/19.7 H/19 H/24.6 H/19 H/24.6
Incheon, 2009 800 171 H/21 H/28.4 H/21 H/34 H/21 H/21
Proposed H/18 H/13 H/18 H/23 H/18 H/20


`Y'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond,
Bridge LP H Anchorage area Inclined legs
a(x) h(z) a(x) b(y)

Rijeka Dubrovacka, 244* 93 H/18.6 H/31
2002
Boine, 2003 170* 71 H/17.7 H/18.2
Rhein 335* 115 H/28.7 1.4B
Flehe, 1979 368* 130 H/20.2 H/23.5
Wandre, 1989 168* 79
Incheon, 2009 800 171 H/21 H/29
Proposed H/18 H/13 H/15 H/6

À'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond, and proposed ratios in this
study.
Bridge LP H Inclined legs Lower piers
a(x) b(y) a(x) b(y)

William Natcher, 2002 366 79.7 H/16 H/29.5 H/12.3 H/17.7
Chao Phraya, 2006 500 120 H/18.4 H/27.3 H/15.5 H/13.6
Jindo, 1984 344 69 H/18 H/34 H/16 H/12.5
Helgeland, 1991 425 90 H/17 H/36 H/15 H/22


À'-shaped towers with and without lower diamond, and proposed ratios in this
study (continued). Parameters detailed in gures B.6 and B.7. Measurements in
meters.
Bridge LP H Lower strut Vertical pier
(lower diamond)
a(x) h(Z) a(x) b(y)

William Natcher, 2002 366 79.7 H/13.3 H/29.5 H/10 H/3.5
Chao Phraya, 2006 500 120 H/20 H/13.3
Jindo, 1984 344 69 H/16 H/12.5
Helgeland, 1991 425 90 H/15 H/25 H/15 H/7.4

Figure 4.3 Parameterized dimensions of the `H'-shaped tower in terms of the

main span LP , since H = LP =4:8. H-LCP model.

Figure 4.4 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `Y'-shaped tower

without diamond in terms of the main span LP

Figure 4.5 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted `Y'-shaped tower with lower
diamond in terms of the main span LP

Figure 4.6 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted À'-shaped tower without diamond in
terms of the main span LP

Figure 4.7 Parameterized dimensions of the inverted À'-shaped tower with diamond in
terms of the main span LP

4.4 Thickness of the tower sections
The thickness of concrete sections (tc) in the anchorage area of the tower is obtained
so that the maximum allowable compression is not exceed when the self- weight and the
live load are applied to the structure. The same value of the thickness is considered in the
rest of the tower since the stresses are lower. For constructive reason, the vertical pier of
the lower diamond is the exception, where a constant value of 0.45m is considered
regardless of the main span length.
The maximum allowable uniform compression in the concrete is considered 10MPa.

This is lower than the design value in M40 grade of concrete. Allowable compressive
stress = 40/1.5=26.67MPa. As it was verified, the maximum stress along the tower due to
the self-weight and live load is below limit = 10MPa with the proposed thickness of the
section.
4.5 Characteristics of each stay. Cable cross-section
The determination of the required area in each cable comprises an initial trial phase
and a subsequent iterative process that takes into account the redistribution of stresses in
the bridge. In the initial trial stage, the area of the cross-section in each cable is obtained
so that the vertical component of the cable force balances the self-weight and the live load
over the corresponding deck length, being their stress equal to 40 % of the ultimate stress
allowed in the prestressing steel of the cables. Figure 4.5.1 shows the areas of the deck
which correspond to each stay in lateral and central cable-system assemblies, along with
the calculation scheme

Figure 4.8 contributing surfaces of the deck associated with each stay and calculation
scheme to determinate their area, both in LCP and CCP modes. Measurement in meter

CHAPTER: 5 parametric study
Chapter 5
Parametric study
A cable stayed bridge with the main span length 300m , width 25m with different
pylon shape is modeled and static analysis is carried out by using sap 2000 (version 18).
The proposed bridges have a conventional configuration with two concrete towers and a
composite deck. The distribution is completely symmetric in the transverse direction (Y)
and also in the longitudinal direction (X). The back span–to–main span ratio and the
tower height (above the deck level)–to–main span ratio are taken from a compilation of
43 constructed cable- stayed bridges which is describe in chapter 4.
5.1 Common parameters of the cable stayed bridge having

300m and main span length
5.1.1 Material property
Table 5.1 Material Property

M50 Fe 415 A416Gr270
Material type concrete steel Prestressing cable
Minimum yield 50 415 1689.9052

2)
stress (N/mm
Modulus of 27386.128 210000 196500.6
2
elasticity(N/mm )
Use in Deck slab and Longitudinal and cables
pylon transverse girder
5.1.2 Parameters of proposed bridges
 Main span length ( LP) = 300M

 side span length ( LS) = LP/2.5 = 120M
 Height of the tower above the deck level (H)=( LP/4.8) = 62.5M
 Deck level (Hi) = H/2 = 31.25M
 Length of anchorage area in the tower = HA = δ T (NT - 1) = 26M

Where, δ T = 2m and NT = (Lp-20)/20 = 14M
5.1.3 Configuration and justification of Deck Section

In all models of cable stayed bridge the cross section of deck remain same
The deck holds four lane traffic lanes with steel concrete composite section. This is
commonly used to cover all the considered main spans and side spans. The axis of deck is
horizontal and straight both in plan and elevation. The total width (B) is constant and
equal to 25 m.
The depth of the deck (h) = 0.78 + 0:00302LP = 1.686m
Thickness of concrete deck slab = 0.250m
 Cross section of longitudinal and transverse girder
Table 5.2 Cross Section of Deck
Component Longitudinal girder Transverse girder

Outside height (m) 1.43 1.356
Top flange width (m) 0.8 0.5
Top flange thickness (m) 0.05 0.05
Web thickness (m) 0.04 0.02
Bottom flange width (m) 1 0.8
Bottom flange thickness (m) 0.08 0.05
Cross section area (m) 0.157 0.0733

Transverse girder is provided every 5m in main span and every 120/28 = 4.28m in side
span.
 Justification of deck section
Load Calculation
1. Dead load
 Self-weight of deck slab = 25*0.250 = 6.25 kN/m2

Self-weight of W.C = 1.76 kN/m2

Foot path, kerb & finishes = 0.64 kN/m2
 Therefor total dead load form the deck slab = (6.25+1.76+0.64) = 8.65 kN/m2
 Self-weight of longitudinal girder = 76.97 * 0.157 =12.084 kN/m
 Self-weight of transverse girder =76.97 * 0.0733 = 5.64 KN/m
2. Live load
The bridge is check for combination of loading of IRC Class A and IRC class 70R.
Combination of loading is taken from IRC 6.
Figure 5.1 load combination of irc class A and irc class 70R
 Consider 2.5m footpath at each side of deck hence the effective span of the deck will
be 20m.
 The cables are provided at every 10m in main span do the panel length is 10m.
For Maximum reaction the critical loading position of IRC class 70R and class A tracked
vehicle loads as show in fig

Fig 5.2 maximum live load reaction in longitudinal girder
Live load per meter length for class 7R tracked vehicle= (700/2.28) =307 kN
Live load per meter length for class A tracked vehicle = (228/2.15) =107 kN
Fig 5.3 Position of IRC class 70R loads and IRC class A loads for maximum shear force at
support
Maximum live load with 10 % impact.
= 1.1 [{(306*17.35)/(20)}+{(306*13.25)/(20)}+{(107*9.45)/(20)}+{(107*5.95)/(20)}]
= 1.1 [266.32 + 203.38 + 50.55 + 31.83]
=607.28 kN
 So the loads are acting on the longitudinal girder

1. total uniformly distributed load = due to self-weight of longitudinal girder + live load
=12.084 + 607.28 = 619.36 kN/m
2. point loads due to transverse girder which is show in figure below
Fig 5.4 total load on the one panel of longitudinal girder
Therefor reaction at the support = [(70.5*2*1.5) + (619.28*1.5*10)]/2 = 4750.35 KN
Maximum Bending moment at the mid span = [(4750.35 *5)]-[{(35.25*5) +

(619.36*5*2.5)}] = 22027.1 kN.m
As per IS 800
 Check for moment capacity of flange

b/tf = 400/50 = 8 < 8.4e (therefor flange is plastic)
Md = βb * Zp * fy / γmo
Where,
βb = 1( plastic section)
Zp = plastic section modulus
= moment of flange
= 2 * (800*50) * 675
=54 * 10^6 mm3
Md = (1 * 54 * 10^6 * 415) / 1.10
=22090.90 KN.m > 22027.1 KN.m……………….. .O.K
 Cheak for shear capacity of web

Vb = AV * fyw / 1.73 * γmo

AV = d * tw for welded section
Therefor Vb = (1300*40) * 250 / 1.73 * 1.10
=12296.34 KN > 4750.35 KN………………O.K
5.1.4 Cable property
 Cables are provided as a lateral cable planes (LCP) in every models of 300m main
span length.
 Spacing of cables is 10m in main span and 8.57m in lateral span.
 Material: prestressing steel: A416Gr270
 Standard specifications of strands
Table 5.3 standard specification of strands
Standard A416Gr270
Nominal diameter(mm) 15.24
Nominal tensile strength(N/mm2) 1689
Nominal steel area(mm2) 140
Nominal weight (kg/m) 1.102
Characteristic breaking load(KN) 260.7
The diameter and the force in each cable is manually calculated and directly applied in
software.
Diameter and force in each cable.
 Design of cable
In initial stage , the area of cross section in each cable is obtain so that the vertical
component of cable force balance the self – weight and the live load over the
corresponding deck length , being their stress equal to 40% of the ultimate stress in the
prestressing steel of cable.
Since the allowable stress of stay is limited to 40% of its yield stress
Yield stress of prestressing steel = 1689 N/mm2
There for taken =0.4*1689 = 675.6 N/mm2

. Fig 5.5 computation of force in cable

 Area of cable = R/{(675.6)*sin(α)}
Where R = reaction at point of cable joining at deck due to dead load and live load.
α = angle made by cable with horizontal deck.
For example calculate area of cable and tensile force transfer in the cable no 14 of
main span
 Reaction R due to dead load
total dead load form the deck slab = (6.25+1.76+0.64) = 8.65 kN/m2
Therefor 8.65*12.5*15 = 1621.87KN (where, 12.5 =half width of deck & 15= panel
length for last cable
Dead weight of longitudinal girder = 12.084*15 =181.26 KN
Dead weight of transverse girder = 5.64 * 37.5 = 211.5 KN
Total dead load reaction = (1621.87 + 181.26 + 211.5) =2014.63 KN
 Reaction R due to live load
Fig 5.6 maximum live load reaction position

=1.1*[{(700*17.35)/(20)+(700*13.25)/(20)+(228/9.45)/(20)+(228*5.95)/(20)}]
=1246.56KN
Total reaction R =2014.63 + 1246.56 = 3261.19 KN
 Angle of last cable with horizontal = α =tan-1(60.5/140) =23.37 deg
 Therefor area of last cable = R/{(675.6)*sin(α)} = 12180.92 mm2
 Therefor diameter = 124.56mm
 Force transferring in the cable = 3261.19 / sin(23.37) = 8229.43 KN
 The diameter of remaining cables is computed as same procedure as above according
to their panel length.
 Main span
Numbering is starting from end of deck
Table 5.4 Force and diameter of each cable in main span
Cable Yield Allowable Area Of Force Pass

Cable Reaction Stress Stress Cable In Cable
no
Angle (N) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (mm2) Dia(mm) (KN)
14
23.37 3262000 1689 675.6 12180.9247 124.5676 8229.432743
13
24.22 2579000 1689 675.6 9311.78996 108.9135 6291.0453
12
25.21 2579000 1689 675.6 8968.61522 106.8877 6059.196447
11
26.35 2579000 1689 675.6 8606.55675 104.7080 5814.589743
10
27.69 2579000 1689 675.6 8220.63639 102.3335 5553.861949
9
29.29 2579000 1689 675.6 7808.18292 99.73329 5275.208383
8
31.22 2579000 1689 675.6 7369.81484 96.89323 4979.04691
7
33.59 2579000 1689 675.6 6904.55029 93.78488 4664.714176
6
36.56 2579000 1689 675.6 6412.75882 90.38318 4332.459859
5
40.36 2579000 1689 675.6 5898.4398 86.68296 3984.985929
4
45.35 2579000 1689 675.6 5369.06500 82.70171 3627.340315
3
52.07 2579000 1689 675.6 4842.08299 78.53826 3271.311271
2
61.27 2579000 1689 675.6 4355.20278 74.48509 2942.375002
1
73.83 3262000 1689 675.6 5028.61113 80.03670 3397.329685

 Side span
Table 5.5 force and diameter of each cable in side span
Cable Yield Allowable Area Of Force Pass

Cable Reaction Stress Stress Cable Dia In Cable
no
Angle (N) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (mm2) (mm) (KN)
14
26.75 1867000 1689 675.6 6157.1206 88.5633 4159.7506
13
27.07 2418000 1689 675.6 7886.9343 100.235 5328.4128
12
28.78 2418000 1689 675.6 7454.7371 97.4498 5036.4204
11
30.03 2418000 1689 675.6 7171.4608 95.5804 4845.0389
10
31.48 2418000 1689 675.6 6872.6016 93.5676 4643.1296
9
33.2 2418000 1689 675.6 6554.0371 91.3733 4427.9074
8
35.27 2418000 1689 675.6 6214.7498 88.9768 4198.6850
7
37.77 2418000 1689 675.6 5858.6276 86.3899 3958.0888
6
40.86 2418000 1689 675.6 5484.5776 83.5866 3705.3806
5
44.75 2418000 1689 675.6 5096.0327 80.5714 3442.8797
4
49.74 2418000 1689 675.6 4700.5810 77.3821 3175.7125
3
62.06 2418000 1689 675.6 4058.4019 71.9022 2741.8563
2
69.75 2418000 1689 675.6 3820.0954 69.7593 2580.8564
1
79.08 2989000 1689 675.6 4509.5103 75.7931 3046.6251

5.2 Modeling of cable stayed bridge in sap 2000
5.2.1 Modeling Of Cable Stayed Bridge With H-shape pylon (H).
 Material property
Concrete M50
All the pylon components have tube section with 0.45m thickness (hollow section)
Table 5.6 cross section of H-shaped pylon

Component Width(m) Depth(m)
Top portion of pylon 2.5 4.16
Mid portion of pylon 3.125 4.16
Bottom portion of pylon 4.8 4.8
Top bracing 2.5 2.6
Mid bracing 3.28 3.47
Bottom bracing 2.5 2.6
Figure 5.7 Modeling of h shaped pyon

5.2.2 Modeling Of Cable Stayed Bridge With Inverted Y Shape Pylon

without Lower Dimond (Y)
Table 5.7 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon without lower dimond

Figure 5.8 Modeling of inverted Y shaped pylon without lower dimond

5.2.3 Modeling of Cable Stayed Bridge with Inverted Y Shape Pylon with
Lower Diamond (YD)
Table 5.8 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon with lower dimond

Pylon base 10.41 4.16
Figure 5.9 Modeling of inverted Y shaped pylon with lower dimond

5.2.4 Modeling Of Cable Stayed Bridge With A Shape Pylon Without

Lower Dimond (A)
Table 5.9 cross section of A shaped pylon without lower dimond

Figure 5.10 Modeling of A shaped pylon without lower dimond

5.2.5 Modeling Of Cable Stayed Bridge With A Shape Pylon With Lower
Dimond (YA).
Table 5.10 cross section of A shaped pylon with lower dimond

Pylon base 10.41 4.16
Figure 5.11 Modeling of A shaped pylon with lower dimond

Chapter: 6 software validation
Chapter 6
Software Validation
 Software validation is carried out by manually calculated cable forces are matching
with cable forces is obtained from software sap2000.
 For calculation of the cable force only the dead load was considered.
Main span
Cable no 14,
 Manually calculated
Reaction due to dead load = (6.25*12.5*10) + (12.084*10) + (5.64*25) =1043.09 KN
Therefor force transferring in cable = 1043.09/sin (23.37) = 2631.52 KN
 Software result (2928.08 KN)

 According to above equations all the forces of cables of main span are manually
calculated and compared with software result of cable forces.

Chapter: 6 software validation
Fig 6.1 force transfer in cable no 14
Table 6.1 difference of cable forces between software and manually
Force In Cable From Difference in

Cable No Angle Reaction(kN) (Manually) Software %
14 23.37 1043.09 2631.526364 2928.08 10.12
13 24.22 1043.09 2544.446081 2521.36 -0.91
12 25.21 1043.09 2450.673603 2615.52 6.30
11 26.35 1043.09 2351.741146 2607.26 9.80
10 27.69 1043.09 2246.28843 2526.2 11.08
9 29.29 1043.09 2133.585542 2352.05 9.28
8 31.22 1043.09 2013.80149 2159.82 6.76
7 33.59 1043.09 1886.667976 1966.83 4.07
6 36.56 1043.09 1752.285985 1910.01 8.25
5 40.36 1043.09 1611.748342 1594.06 -1.10
4 45.35 1043.09 1467.096708 1432.09 -2.44
3 52.073 1043.09 1323.098904 1305.23 -1.36
2 61.27 1043.09 1190.058915 1231.54 3.36
1 73.83 1504.63 1567.052165 1620.4 3.29

Chapter: 7 Results And Discussion
Chapter 7
Results and discussion
7.1 Dynamic Analysis

For dynamic analysis of structure nonlinear model time history method is used.in this
study time history of bhuj earthquake is selected.
Table 7.1 Details of earthquakes considered in this study
Earthquake Recording station Component Total time

Bhuj 2001 Ahemdabad 2302 N 34.94 (sec)
Fig 7.1 Bhuj earthquake time history

7.2 Results and Discussion
7.2.1 Natural time period

Table 7.2 Natural time period
mode no Natural time period
H Shape inverted Y inverted YD A AD

1 6.018816 6.04229 6.042279 6.026483 6.0265
2 3.302914 3.474251 3.427025 3.469321 3.4346
3 2.377477 2.606821 2.538252 2.605279 2.556332
4 1.522972 1.538423 1.543795 1.528609 1.67774
5 1.43658 1.416849 1.455521 1.399556 1.6759
6 1.338882 1.092177 1.445682 1.072999 1.5277
7 1.229625 0.973959 1.37205 0.973312 1.3708
8 1.54772 0.970575 1.070805 0.972687 1.06066
9 1.54744 0.940453 0.969387 0.928042 0.972474
10 1.013728 0.920408 0.966479 0.901524 0.971581
11 0.98504 0.803279 0.946315 0.860332 0.932534
12 0.985035 0.702875 0.906384 0.800281 0.89336
14
12
10
H shape
8
inverted Y
Mode no
6 inverted YD
A
4
AD
2
0
0 2 4 6 8
Time in sec
Fig 7.2 Natural time period for various shapes of pylons
Up to four modes there is no significant difference in natural time period for all shape,
because all models have same heights and approximately same mass. After mode no 4
there is change in time period appear in all shape of pylon shape cable stayed bridge,
because different geometries of the pylon. After mode no 4 the time period of h shape
cable stayed bridge is relatively large then others.

7.2.2 Displacement of pylon in transverse direction along the height
Table 7.3 Displacement of pylon in transverse direction at various levels

Height in Level of Displacement
(m) pylon (m)
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 0.061 0.006229 0.157 0.082604 0.168033
level of
65.75 cable stat 0.2744 0.003542 0.4899 0.2567 0.68799
level of
91.75 cable end 0.36167 0.05631 0.8533 0.138179 0.84621
93.75 top 0.361606 0.06 0.8805 0.121022 0.8522
Height (m)
Fig 7.3 Displacement of different shapes of pylon in transverse direction with respect to height
This chart show the displacement of pylon in transverse direction at different

levels such as level bottom bracing , level at which cable start, level of cable ending and
top of pylon. We can show that the displacement of inverted Y shape tower is very low
with compare to other pylons. Which is because of transverse movement at the connection
point above the deck is constrained in the transverse direction due to the inclination of the
legs, on other hand in YD shape of pylon which show more displacement then Y shape
because diamond shape of legs below deck, for better understanding we can resist more
force in transverse direction when we stand with making distance between two legs in
transverse direction then we stands with joining both legs. This effect is also can see in A

shape and A shape with lower diamond shape pylon. Due to larger inclination angle o in A
shape pylons then Y shape pylons which result more displacement in transverse direction.
7.2.3 Base Reaction in transverse direction
60000
50000
Base Reaction (KN)
H shape
40000
inverted Y
30000 inverted YD
20000 A
AD
10000
0
1
Fig 7.4 base reaction of cable stayed bridge in transverse direction of different shape of pylon
Base reaction of inverted Y shape without lower diamond cable stayed bridge is
very low with compare to other.
7.2.4 Acceleration of pylon in transverse direction along the height

Table 7.4 Acceleration of pylon in transverse direction at various levels
Height in Level of Acceleration

(m) pylon (m/s2)
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 5.935 6.6589 5.26 8.274 6.85
level of
65.75 cable stat 9.55 6.95 9.134 17.27 9.08
level of
91.75 cable end 12.456 9.2498 16.37 10.57 11.2
93.75 top 12.453 9.46781 16.91 9.585 11.28

100
90
80
70
60 H shape
50 y shape
Height (m)
YD shape
40
A shape
30
AD shape
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Acceleration (m/s2)
Fig 7.5 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in transverse direction with respect to height
This chart show the acceleration of different shape of pylon in transverse direction
at different levels such as level bottom bracing , level at which cable start, level of cable
ending and top of pylon. We can show that in all shape of pylon there is decrease in the
value of acceleration at the level of cable start which is because of at the level of cable
start in all shape of pylon there is increment in the stiffness, in H shape of pylon there is a
bracing at cable start point, in Y shapes of pylon at the level of cable start there is merge
both the leg of pylon which increase the stiffness of pylon at the level of cable start. Also
in A shapes of pylon there is merge of legs of pylon which increase the stiffness.
7.2.5 Displacement of pylon in longitudinal direction along the height
Table 7.5 Displacement of tower in longitudinal direction along the height

Height in Level of Displacement
(m) pylon (m)
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 0.025898 0.061366 0.025244 0.048043 0.025219
level of
65.75 cable stat 0.12894 0.11775 0.08125 0.106271 0.093407
level of
91.75 cable end 0.149284 0.082694 0.07983 0.082424 0.083247

100
90
80
70
60 H shape
Height (m)
50 Y shape
40 YD shape
30
A shape
20
AD shape
10
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Displacement (m)
Fig 7.6 Displacement of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal direction with respect to height
This chart show the displacement of different shape of pylon in longitudinal

direction at different levels such as level bottom bracing , level at which cable start, level
of cable ending and top of pylon. We can show that the in also longitudinal direction the
displacement of H shape pylon is more than other shape of pylon, but in other four shapes
of pylons the pylon with lower diamond shape shows less displacement than pylon without
diamond. For example YD (Y shape with lower diamond) shows the less displacement
than Y (Y shape without lower diamond (Y). Also same in A shape and AD shape of
pylon.
7.2.6 Base Reaction in longitudinal direction
12000
10000
Base reaction (kN)
8000 H shape
Y shape
6000
YD shape
A shape
4000
AD shape
2000
0
1
Fig 7.7 Base reaction of cable stayed bridge in longitudinal direction of different shape of pylon
Above chart shows the base reaction in longitudinal direction in all five shapes of
pylon. Chart shows that the base reaction of lower diamond shapes such as YD and AD
shape pylon is less than other shape of pylon.

7.2.7 Acceleration of pylon in longitudinal direction along the height

Table 7.6 Acceleration of tower in transverse direction at various levels
Height in Level of Acceleration
(m) pylon (m/s2)
h shape y yd A AD
lower
26.45 bracing 5.935 6.6589 5.26 8.274 6.85
level of
65.75 cable stat 9.55 6.95 9.134 17.27 9.08
level of
91.75 cable end 12.456 9.2498 16.37 10.57 11.2
93.75 top 12.453 9.46781 16.91 9.585 11.28
100
90
80
70
60
H shape
50
Height (m)
40 Y shape
30 YD shape
20 A shape
10
0 AD shape
0 2 4 6 8
Acceleration (m/s2)
Fig 7.8 Acceleration of different shapes of pylons in longitudinal direction with respect to height
This chart show the acceleration of different shape of pylon in longitudinal

direction at different levels such as level bottom bracing , level at which cable start, level
of cable ending and top of pylon.

Chapter: 8 conclusions
Chapter 8
Conclusions
In this study dynamic analysis of cable stayed bridge with 5 different pylon shapes
were carried out in SAP2000 by time history method. It concludes that the shape of pylon
plays an important role in seismic response of cable stayed bridge.
1. After 4 mode the natural time period of H shape cable stayed bridge is relatively
large then other shapes, so H shape pylon prove to be flexible than other. On other
hand the natural time period of inverted Y and A shape pylon is less which show
that which is relatively stiff.
2. Inclination of pylon legs above deck plays an importance role in transverse seismic
response of cable stayed bridge.
3. After study the different parameters, the inverted Y shape without lower diamond
prove to be ideal option when we considering seismic response of cable stayed
bridge in transverse direction.
4. The pylon with lower diamond shape proves more effective when we considering
seismic response of cable stayed bridge in longitudinal direction.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Camara And E. Efthymiou, “Deck–Tower Interaction In The Transverse Seismic

Response Of Cable-Stayed Bridges And Optimum Configurations,” Eng. Struct., Vol. 124,
Pp. 494–506, 2016.
[2] A. Camara, M. A. Astiz, And A. J. Ye, “Fundamental Mode Estimation For Modern
Cable-Stayed Bridges Considering The Tower Flexibility,” J. Bridg. Eng., Vol. 19, No. 6,
P. 4014015, 2014.
[3] B. Atmaca, M. Yurdakul, And ??Evket Ate??, “Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Of Base
Isolated Cable-Stayed Bridge Under Earthquake Excitations,” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., Vol.
66, Pp. 314–318, 2014
[4] C. M. Mozos And A. C. Aparicio, “Parametric Study On The Dynamic Response Of
Cable Stayed Bridges To The Sudden Failure Of A Stay, Part Ii: Bending Moment Acting
On The Pylons And Stress On The Stays,” Eng. Struct., Vol. 32, No. 10, Pp. 3301–3312,
2010.
[5] E. Caetano, A. Cunha, And C. A. Taylor, “Investigation Of Dynamic Cable–Deck
Interaction In A Physical Model Of A Cable-Stayed Bridge. Part I : Modal Analysis,” J.
Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., Vol. 29, No. 4, Pp. 481–498, 2000.
[6] S. G. Shah, B. Gujarat, and A. Mechanics, “Effect of Pylon Shape on seismic response
of Cable stayed bridge with soil,” vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 667–682, 2010.
[7] Walther R, Houriet B, Isler W, Moia P. Cable-stayed bridges. Thelford; 1988.
[8] Dr.Atul k. desai, “Seismic time history analysis for cable-stayed bridge
consideringdifferent geometrical configuration for near field earthquakes,” geo
technical conference, 2010.
Compliance Report of all previous exam comments
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Sr. Comments given by internal review
Comments (To be filled by
No. panel(DPR-1)
Supervisor)
1 Learn basic terms related topic done
2 Show your references as per guidelines References are show as per guidelines
3 To study more journal proper & try to More journals are referring &
understand main aim topic Determine aim & Topic.
Sr. Comments given by External review
No. panel(DPR-1)
Supervisor)
1 Revise the objectives Objectives are revise
2 Literature review is not proper hence , done
student has to carry out the work in his
research only
3 Fundamental knowledge should be Fundamentals is clear satisfactory
improved
No. panel(DP-1)
Supervisor)
1 Better if you go for nonlinear static Nonlinear dynamic analysis is done
analysis rather to go for only linear static.
No. panel(DP-1)
Supervisor)
1 Modify the title Title is change.
2 Validation required Validation is done
3 For live load- IRC 70R is required IRC loading is apply
4 Accelerate the work done
5 Optimum criteria of pylon is not done done
6 Conclusion to be shown as per current done
work
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Supervisor)
1 Remove the content which you are not done
going to do
2 Accelerate the work present work is too done
slow
3 Software validation Already done but not shown in ppt
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Seismic Analysis of Cable Stayed Bridge With Different Pylon Shapes

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SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE WITH

DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES

Partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala

Under the supervision of

Mr. Anil Kannauzia

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE

Mr.Sachin Shah Mr. Anil Kannauzia Dr Shital shah

H.O.D,Civil, PIT PGCoordinator Principal, PIT

External Examiners’ Sign and Name:

ANALYSIS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGE WITH DIFFERENT PYLON SHAPES

carried out by Mr. Ashish Mukeshkumar Jariwala (150305209016) at Parul Institute of

Technology for partial fulfillment of M.Tech degree to be awarded by Parul University,

Pylon Shapes at International Journel Of Technical Innovation In Mordern Engineering &

Science, during March 2017

Jariwala Ashish M Mr. Anil Kannauzia

List of Figures …………………………………….. xii

1.2.1 Cable Stayed Bridge 2

1.2.3 Cable System Arrangement 3

3.1 Investigation of dynamic cable-deck interaction in a physical model 10

5.1.1 Material property 33

5.2.1 Modeling of cable stayed bridge with H shape pylon 43

Chapter 6 Software Validation 47

Chapter 7 Model Analysis 49

7.2 Results and discussion 50

7.2.1 Natural time period 50

7.2.2 Displacement of tower in transverse direction along the height 51

7.2.3 Base reaction in transverse direction 52

7.2.4 Acceleration of pylon in transverse direction along the height 52

7.2.5 Displacement of tower in longitudinal direction along the height 53

7.2.6 Base reaction in longitudinal direction 54

7.2.7 Acceleration of pylon in longitudinal direction along the height 55

Dissertation Review Card…………………………………...

Compliance Report of all previous exam comments……....

4.2 Summary of the dimension and geometric ratio in central cable 17

4.3 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges with 22

4.4 Dimensionless proportions of cable-stayed bridges with `H'- 23

4.5 Dimensionless proportions of cable-stayed bridges incorporating 23

4.6 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges 24

4.7 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges 24

4.8 Dimensionless proportions of several cable-stayed bridges 25

5.1 Material property 33

5.2 cross section of deck 34

5.3 standard specification of strands 38

5.4 force and diameter of each cable in main span 40

5.5 force and diameter of each cable in side span 41

5.6 Cross section if h shape of pylon 42

5.7 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon without lower dimond 43

5.8 cross section of inverted Y shaped pylon with lower dimond 44

5.9 cross section of A shaped pylon without lower dimond 45

6.1 Difference of cable forces by software and manually 48

7.1 Details of earthquakes considered in this study 49

7.2 Natural time period 50

7.3 Displacement of pylon in transverse direction at various level 51

7.4 Acceleration of pylon in transverse direction at various level 52

7.5 Displacement of pylon in longitudinal direction at various level 53

7.6 Acceleration of pylon in longitudinal direction at various level 55

1.2 Cable System Arrangement 4

1.3 Single Central Cable Plane 5

1.4 Two Lateral Cable Plane 5

1.5 Different Shape Of Pylon 6