EGR 334 Thermodynamics H omework: 02

Chap 2: 6

An object of mass 1000 kg, initial having a velocity of 100 m/s decelerates to a final velocity of 20 m/s. What is the
change in kinetic energy of the objet in kJ?
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Solution:
KE  KE2  KE1
1 1
 mv2 2  mv12
2 2
1 1
 (1000kg )(20m / s) 2  (1000kg )(100m / s) 2
2 2
1N 1J 1kJ
 4800000 kg  m2 / s 2  4800 kJ
kg  m / s 1N  m 1000 J
2
EGR 334 Thermodynamics Homework: 02
Chap 2: 20
The drag force Fd imposed by the surrounding air on a vehicle moving with velocity V is given by
1
Fd  Cd A V 2
2
where Cd is a constant called the drag coefficient, A is the projected frontal area of the vehicle, and ρ is the air
density. Determine the power in HP required to overcome aerodynamic drag for an automobile moving at
a) 25 mph.
b) 70 mph.

Assume Cd = 0.28 A = 25 sq. ft, and ρ = 0.075 lbm/ft2

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Solution: Fdrag

F  0
Fdrive  Fdrag  0
1
Fdrive  Cd A V 2 Fdrive
2
At 25 mph:
2 2
2  5280 ft   1hr  1slug
1 1lb f
Fdrive  (0.28)(25 ft )( )(0.075lbm / ft )(25mi / hr ) 
2 3
  
 1mi   3600sec  32.2lbm 1slug  ft / s
2
2
= 10.96 lbf

At 100 mph
2 2
1  5280 ft   1hr  1slug 1lb f
Fdrive  (0.28)(25 ft 2 )( )(0.075lbm / ft 3 )(70mi / hr ) 2    
 1mi   3600sec  32.2lbm 1slug  ft / s
2
2
= 85.95 lbf

Power:
P  Fdrive v  Fdrivev

at 25 mph
5280 ft 1hr 1hp
P  Fdrive v  10.96lb f  25mi / hr  0.731 hp
1mi 3600s 550 ft  lb f / s
at 70 mph

5280 ft 1hr 1hp

P  Fdrive v  85.95lb f  70mi / hr  16.0 hp
1mi 3600s 550 ft  lb f / s
EGR 334 Thermodynamics H omework: 02
Chap 2:24
Measured data for pressure versus volume during the expansion of gases within the cylinder of an internal
combustion engine are given in the table below. Using data from the table, complete the following:
a) Determine a value of n such that the data are fit by an equation of the form pVn = constant.
b) Evaluate analytically the work done by the gasses in kJ, using eq. 2.17 along with the result of part (a).
c) Using graphic or numerical integration of the data, evaluate the work done by the gases in kJ.
d) Compare the different method for estimating the work use in parts b) an c). Why are they estimates?
Data P (bar) V (cm3)
1 15 300
2 12 361
3 9 459
4 6 644
5 4 903
6 2 1608

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Solution:
a) this will be done using a best fit power curve such that

A Chart Title
p  AV  n  AV B
Vn therefore B = -n 16
The spreadsheet Excel is a good tool for this use. 14 y = 14044x-1.2
12
Pressure, [bar]
R² = 1
The best power fit is p = 14044 V-1.2 10
and n = 1.2 8
6
Therefore the constant is 14044 bar-(cm3)1.2 4
2
14044 bar-cm3.6
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
the correlation coefficient of 1 indicates this is an extremely
good fit to the data. Volume [cm3]

b) To find the work done as it goes from data point 1 to 6

V6

W16   pdV
V1
V6
V 0.2 
V6 V6

W16   14044V 1.2

dV  14044  V 1.2
dV  14044
V1 V1
0.2 V
1

W16  70220 bar  cm 3.6

(1608cm ) 3 0.2
 (300cm ) 3 0.2
  6399 bar  cm3.6cm 0.6
3
105 N / m2  1m  1J 1kJ
W16  6399 bar  cm3    0.6399 kJ
1bar  100cm  1N  m 1000 J
c) Use graphical or numerical method:
i) Use Trapezoidal method:
( pi 1  pi )(Vi 1  Vi )
5
W16  W1 2  W23  ...  W56  
i 1 2
( p  p2 )(V2  V1 ) ( p3  p2 )(V3  V2 ) ( p  p5 )(V6  V5 )
W16  1   ...  6
2 2 2
Since the change in V is not constant, each term needs to be calculated individually.

This is calculated using the spreadsheet.

which gives the answer: W = 6650 bar-cm3 = 0.6650 kJ

d) Compare the different method for estimating the work use in parts b) an c). Why are they estimates?

The numerical trapezoidal method gives a slightly larger answer than the integration of the best fit. It an be seen on
the plot that the trapezoidal method enclose slightly more area than the concave up best fit.

These are both estimates because neither completely accurately follows the true function between points since only a
few point are given.
I suspect the fit is the better answer, since it appears to follow the point better than using straight lines
approximations of the trapezoidal fit.
EGR 334 Thermodynamics Homework: 02
Chap 2:32
A gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series.
Process 1-2: Constant volume from p1 = 1 bar , V1 = 4 m3 to state 2 where p2 = 2 bar.
Process 2-3 : Compression to V3 = 2 m3, during which the pressure volume relationship is pV = constant.
Process 3-4: Constant pressure to state 4 where V4 = 1 m3.
Sketch the process in series on p-V coordinates and evaluate the work for each process in kJ.
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Work is found by p [bar]

Vb

Wa b   pdV
Va
4 3
?

For process 1:

V2

W12   pdV  Area under pV

V1
plot
2 2

= 0
for process 2:
pV  C1 1
1
C1  p2V2  (2bar )(4m3 )  8 bar  m3
therefore:
8 bar  m3
p3  C1 / V3   4bar
2m3 1 2 4 V [m3]
and the work is found as
V 
V3 V3

W23   pdV   (C V
1
)dV  C1 ln(V )V3  C1  ln(V3 )  ln(V2 )   C1 ln  3 
V
1
V2 V2
2
 V2 
V  2m3
W23  C1 ln  3   (8bar  m3 ) ln 3  5.545 bar  m3
 V2  4m
for process 3:
p3  p4  C2  4bar
therefore the work is found as
V4 V4

W34   pdV  p  dV  p(V

V3 V3
4  V3 )  (4bar )(1m3  2m3 )  4 bar  m3

Converting the work done in each process to kJ.

W12  0 kJ
105 N / m2 J 1kJ
W23  5.545 bar  m3  554.5 kJ
1bar N  m 1000 J
105 N / m2 J 1kJ
W34  4 bar  m3  400 kJ
1bar N  m 1000 J