CHAPTER-5

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF GRID CONNECTED PV

INVERTER
5.1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, as the requirement for the need of electric power is

increasing and the work regarding grid connected PV system has increased
rapidly. The photovoltaic cell produces pollution less electricity. It requires
almost no maintenance and has long lifespan. Nowadays, the photovoltaic is
one of the most promising market in the world because of these advantages.
Nevertheless, PV power is quite costly, and the reduction of cost of PV
systems is contingent on wide research. From the standpoint of power
electronics, this target can be reached by boosting up the output energy of a
given PV array. This can be done by using power electronics converter. A.
M. Hava explains different issues for line commutated grid PWM
Inverter[36]. Author H. Haeberlin presented the expansion of inverters for
grid-interactive PV systems from 1989 to 2000[37]. J. M. Carrasco, et al.
[38] has given a survey of power electronics equipments used for PV system
required for grid connection. Different power conditioning system used for
PV power generation is discussed by different authors in ref.[38-40].An
overview of different type of inverters used for grid connected photovoltaic
system is reported in ref.[41-43].They described about different Inverter
topology used for Grid connected PV system, their advantages and
limitations are also given. The primary objective of this study is to co-
ordinate the voltage, active power as well as reactive power injected to grid
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which is not analyzed in the previous papers. The proposed work gives the
information about a three-phase PWM inverter modeling and its regulation
techniques. Dynamic modeling and simulation of a single-stage grid
connected inverter have been carried out in this work. For simplicity, PV
system is realized as a constant DC voltage source by using MPPT and a
boost converter. Particularly, the control design of grid connected inverter
using PI control technique has been proposed in dq rotating frame in order to
achieve maximum output voltage and maximum active power. A current
control strategy with PWM technique has been proposed to provide pulse for
VSI. Different regulation techniques have been suggested for these types of
converters. The final aim in the regulation of PWM DC-AC converters are to
produce a nearly unity power factor and less harmonics distortion of input
line currents. To ensure the finest achievement of the converters in each state
the controller requires more attention. The proposed model is simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the obtained different output
waveforms for three different conditions are analyzed.

Many research papers have been published on this technology

considering various control strategies for three-phase systems. For high
power quality grid connection, the detailed modeling of photovoltaic system
is discussed in ref.[44-51]. The Phase Locked Loop necessitates a power
factor operation which involves coordination of the inverter output current
with the grid voltage and delivers a pure sinusoidal current reference.
Different PLL structure for three phase power conversion system is
explained in ref.[52-56].The specification and requirement of

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of DG with existing power system are discussed by different authors[57-

60]. An overview and evaluation of coordination techniques for three phase
distributed power generation systems are reported in ref.[61-62]. Impact of
distributed generation on power system has proposed by many authors [63-
68]. The authors have presented an overview of control and grid
synchronization for distributed power generation systems. The inverter is the
key component for the successful operation of grid connected PV system.
Generally PWM techniques is applied to control the performance of inverter.
Schonardie, et al. [69-73] have applied dq0 transformation on the three-
phase grid connected PV system with active power control. Cai, et al. [74]
have analyzed and simulated the grid connected photovoltaic PV systems
using MATLAB. A control methodology has been proposed by Yazdani, et
al. [75] and depiction of dynamics for a photovoltaic system interfaced with
a distribution network has been made. Blaabjerg, et al. [76] have presented
an overview of regulation and grid coordination for distributed power
generation systems. Many earlier works have tested various control
techniques of inverter that is connected to grid. Most of the analysis is done
to reduce Total harmonic Distortion (THD) of the system [78-79]. Some of
the advantages that have given below motivate the grid-connected
photovoltaic system applications i) Cost minimization of the PV panels ii)
Operation is pollution free iii)Capacity to supply AC loads iv)Photovoltaic
system injects active power to the grid and also relieving the demand of the
grid (distributed generation). In addition, one of the most significant
advantages is the possibility to carry out a reactive power control originated
from linear and non-linear loads that is connected to the system.

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This fact looks very attractive, so a single system is able to analyze the
following two different functionalities. Energy generation to supply AC
loads; active filtering. Advantages of different current control techniques
and implementation of PI controller is described by authors [84-85]. Wu
Xunjiang, et al. [86] has described the implementation of hysteresis current
control technique to track the reference sinusoidal current.

5.2 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The proposed method is based on the controlling current, active

power and reactive power injected to the grid. The figure 5.1 given below
illustrates the block diagram of grid connected PV inverter. The total system
consist of a PV panel, MPPT controller, boost converter, three phase voltage
source inverter, sinusoidal filter, step up delta/star transformer, distribution
network, phase locked loop, dq-abc transformation block, PWM generator
,distribution network, load and grid. The 305 solar panel is being chosen for
modeling and simulation using MATLAB. Three phase Inverter converts
1200 V of constant DC voltage which is the output of boost converter into
sinusoidal A.C voltage of magnitude 800V,then a step up delta/star
transformer is used to boost voltage up to 11 KV. A phase locked loop
(PLL) is used to track the phase angle which is required by the dq-abc
transformation block. Again the signal is transformed back to abc reference
frame and that is fed to the PWM generator which provides pulse for grid
connected PV inverter. L and R represent the transformer resistance and
leakage reactance.L1 and R1 represents the distribution network resistance
and inductance. In the following sections each subsystem of the proposed
methodology are described individually.
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Fig.5.1 Block diagram of the proposed system

Three phase inverter plays important role in converting power from

PV source to grid. In the next section VSI and its control techniques are
discussed.

5.3 VSI and its control technique

Broadly inverters are of two types according to voltage and current

requirements in the load end.

 CSI (current source inverter)

The semiconductor devices like a GTO, SCR or a power transistor with a
series diode with reverse blocking capability are used in CSI. At least one of
the lower leg switches has to be gated on and continued to remain on at any
time. Contrarily, the inductor would open circuited and damage the devices.
The open-circuit problem by Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) noise’s
misgating-OFF is a major concern of the converter’s reliability.

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 VSI (voltage source inverter)

A power transistor and an antiparallel (or free-wheeling) diode are
used to provide bidirectional current flow and unidirectional voltage
blocking capability. At one time the upper and lower devices of each phase
leg cannot be gated on. Otherwise, a shoot-through would occur and destroy
the devices. An output LC filter is needed for providing a sinusoidal voltage
compared with the current-source inverter, which causes additional power
loss and control complexity.

Except some specific load most of the application require constant

voltage supply and hence, VSI is more often used and well-known. Grid
connected 3-Φ inverters are normally VSIs. It can provide constant voltage
in output end and maintain the load torque.

5.4 CONTROL TECHNIQUES

PV panel is connected to the ac grid which is maintained at 11KV via

a common DC/AC inverter. Inverters must produce higher voltage than the
grid to assure power flow to the grid. So PV inverter needs more attention
from control point of view. PWM techniques are used for switching of the
inverter. For the last few years several researches are going on to attain all
the features of DC-AC converter, consequently to control the voltage,
current and the power factor several controllers have been suggested.
Among all of them the commonly used controller is proportional and
integral (PI) controller, which handles two loop of control. Generally, there
is a fast internal current loop, which controls the grid current, and an
external voltage loop, which regulates the dc-link voltage. The speed of
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control loop depends on the bandwidth of the loop. So by varying the cut-off
frequency of open loop transfer function (transfer function of inner loop
multiplies with PI transfer function), the differential speeds can be achieved.
Since some of the state variables are multiplied with the control inputs, the
mathematical model of the converter becomes nonlinear one. The model is
developed on the basis of power balance concept between the input and the
output side of the converter.
5.4.1 DC-link voltage control scheme

The Fig. 5.2 shows block diagram of dc-link voltage control scheme.

Fig. 5.2 Block diagram of DC link voltage control scheme

Here which is reference DC voltage tracked by the MPPT

controller according to the maximum power point. Then reference value
compares with the actual DC voltage and the error signal is fed to the PI
compensator. Then the PI compensator generates which is the ref.
current value of d-axis component. This ref. current value passed through

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current controller to generate actual d-axis current . Then passed

through integrator and generate .

(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)

(5.4)

(5.5)

Where C is the DC link capacitance, ic is capacitance current, ipv is

the photovoltaic current, udc is the DC link voltage, udref the ref. DC voltage,
id is d-axis component of grid current, idref is it’s reference value.

5.4.2 Current control scheme

In the given control scheme, because of the control action the output
current of the inverter follows a specified reference signal. This is achieved
by transforming the three phase output currents of the inverter to the rotating
reference frame (dq0) and then again convert them to the desired value. Here
the system is assumed as a balanced system. So by using Park’s
transformation theory the abc component of output currents injected by the
inverter are converted into three constant DC variables named as the direct,

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quadrature and zero variables Id, Iq and I0 respectively. From this dq

transformation the constant DC quantities are obtained which can be easily
controlled by using proportional-integral (PI) controllers.

𝐼𝑑 𝐼𝑎
2
𝐼𝑞 = × 𝑇 × 𝐼𝑏 (5.6)
3
𝐼0 𝐼𝑐

By using the above formula given in 5.6, the transformation between

two frames is done where T is the transformation matrix.

Since the grid voltage is uncontrollable, the most possible way of

controlling the operation of the system is by controlling Id and Iq that is
flowing to the grid. This fig. 5.3 shows that the control signal Ud is the
output of a compensator, processing the error signal

(5.7)

Similarly, is the output of another regulator that processes

(5.8)

The error signals are passed through a PI regulator. The PI regulator

constants are chosen such that
(5.9)

(5.10)

where is time constant of the current control loop. 2 khz is chosen as the
switching frequency of the inverter and is set to be ten times smaller than

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the switching time .R and L represents the total resistance and inductance of
the distribution network.

Fig. 5.3 Block diagram of Current control scheme

The PWM modulating signals are generated by using the equations

(5.11)

(5.12)

Where are d-axis and q-axis components of modulating signals, Vdc is

the DC link voltage, are d-axis and q-axis control signals, Usd ,Usq are
the d-axis and q-axis components of VSI filtered voltage, is the grid
angular frequency. The PWM modulating signals are developed by
conversion of d and q signals into a,b,c and the gating pulses for the VSC
valves are sent out. By controlling the values md and mq , id and iq rapidly

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track their respective reference commands idref and iqref. Then active and
reactive outputs of PV system are expressed as

(5.13)

(5.14)

Where are the active and reactive power injected to grid

respectively. Since the grid voltage is uncontrollable, the most practicable
way of controlling the operation of the system is by controlling Id and Iq that
are flowing to the grid. As active power is dependent on the current Id, so to
inject real power to the grid, Id must be regulated to follow a specified
reference signal Idref, reactive power injection to the grid was set to zero and
thus Iqref = 0. The voltage VPV and current IPV of the PV arrays are used for
calculating the inverter real power output delivered to the grid. In
accordance with IEEE recommended practice for utility interface of PV
system (IEEE Std 929-2000), most PV inverters designed for utility-
interconnected service operate close to unity power factor. For a unity power
factor, the command Iqref is set to zero.

5.5 ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULTS

The figure 5.4 given below illustrates the block diagram of grid connected
inverter. The total system consist of three phase inverter, sinusoidal filter,
step up delta/star transformer, distribution network, phase locked loop, dq-
abc transformation block, PWM generator ,distribution network, load and
grid. Initially the closed loop control of grid connected Inverter is analyzed.
After the successful operation of the system, PV is used at the input which is
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discussed in the next section. Three phase Inverter converts 1500 V of

constant DC voltage into sinusoidal A.C voltage, then a step up delta/star
transformer is used to boost voltage up to 11 KV. A phase locked loop
(PLL) is used to track the phase angle which is required by the dq-abc
transformation block. Again the signal is transformed back to abc reference
frame and that is fed to the PWM generator which provides pulse for grid
connected inverter.

Fig.5.4 Block diagram of the grid connected inverter

5.5.1 Simulink model

The figure 5.5(a) depicts about the simulink model of grid connected
inverter. The total system is simulated in MATLAB/simulink environment.
At the input side a constant D.C voltage of magnitude 1500V is used, which
in future can be generated by using PV, MPPT and Boost converter
combination. The three phase voltage source Inverter is simulated by using 3
arm universal bridges, where IGBT with antiparallel diodes are used as
power electronics switches. Here designing of filter is eliminated. A three

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phase two winding ∆/Ƴ transformer is used to step up the voltage up to grid
voltage that is 11KV.Grid is analyzed by using a three phase programmable
voltage source having Vrms phase to phase 11KV voltage. Three phase
voltage and current measurement units are used to measure voltage and
current either in per unit values or in volts and amperes. Here the voltage
and currents measurement are taken in p.u system to normalize the system.

Fig.5.5 (a) Simulink Model of grid connected Inverter

Fig.5.5 (b) Simulink Model of control strategies of grid connected Inverter

The figure 5.5(b) depicts about simulink model of the current control
strategies of grid connected inverter. The current control strategy is mainly
based on d-q reference frame. The measurement unit tracks Vabc and Iabc that
is voltage and current of the grid. By using abc-dq transformation block ,Vabc
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and Iabc can be converted into Vd, Vq , Id and Iq. The controller block
performs control action. Then by comparing Id , Iq with Idref and Iqref ,the

error signals are generated. They are fed to the PI controller. A PI controller
is a closed loop controller which drives the process to be regulated with a

weighted sum of errors and integral of that value. PI controllers are

particularly common, since derivative action is very sensitive to
measurement noise and the absence of an integral value prevent the system
from reaching its target value due to the control action. The proportional
value determines the reaction to the current error. It can be adjusted by
multiplying the error by a constant Kp (proportional gain, tuning
parameter).A increase in the value of Kp causes a large change in the output
for a given change in error and the system can become unstable. If K p is too
low, the control action may be too small for responding system disturbances.
Integral value determines the reaction based on the sum of recent errors and
the control action is determined by integral gain (Ki).The integral term when
added to the proportional term, accelerates the movement of the process
towards the set point and eliminates the residual steady state error.

Then the signals are transformed back to abc reference frame

afterwards fed to the PWM generator which provides pulse for grid
connected PV inverter. In current control technique the inverter is used with
PWM switching mechanism to force the inductor current to track the
sinusoidal reference current and generate a less THD injected current.
5.5.2 Simulation Results

Simulation studies are performed on grid connected inverter

implemented with all proposed PWM techniques in MATLAB/Simulink.
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The results obtained from the simulations are taken with some specific
values of the parameters taken. In this paper, the simulation model proposes
a 11 kV grid integrated solar system. For simplicity, the input side is
considered as 1500V constant DC source. PV with MPPT and Boost
Converter can be used to achieve constant D.C voltage source of 1500V.The
voltage and currents measurement are taken in per unit system.

The 2-level 3-phase VSI is converting the DC voltage into sinusoidal

AC voltage. A step up delta/star transformer is used to step the voltage to
11KV.The dynamics of the three phase grid connected Inverter are evaluated
through simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment for these
three Conditions

1) Normal operation

2) Cloudy condition

3) Shut down condition.

5.5.2.1 During Normal Condition

Idref is generated by using a bell shape membership function , which

resembles solar irradiance. As PV Inverter output depends on the solar
irradiation, so the power injected to the grid as well as three phase line
current injected to the grid is also not constant. Figure 5.6,5.7 and 5.8 shows
the behavior of three phase line current during morning, noon and evening
during normal condition. Figure 5.9, 5.10 shows the behavior of active and
reactive power at different intervals during normal condition.

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Fig.5.6 Three-phase Line Current in Morning during normal condition

Total simulation time is taken as 2secs.These 2 secs can be realized as

12hrs of a sunny day that is 6A.M to 6 P.M. Figure 3 depicts that three phase
line current during morning. The result shows that it rises gradually up to 0.9
sec. During morning as the solar irradiance increases w.r.t time, accordingly
three phase line current rises gradually up to a certain instant.

Fig.5.7 Three-phase Line Current in Noon during normal condition

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Figure 5.7 depicts that three phase line current is constant during 1 to
1.1 sec. During noon as the solar irradiance is constant w.r.t time,
accordingly three phase line current is constant up to a certain instant.

Fig.5.8 Three-phase Line current in Evening during normal condition

Figure 5.8 depicts that three phase line current is decreasing gradually
during 1.2 to 1.3 sec. During evening as the solar irradiance decreases w.r.t
time, accordingly three phase line current is decreasing thereafter.

Fig.5.9 Active power at different time interval during normal condition

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Figure 5.9 depicts about the variation of active power at different time
interval. It increases linearly during morning, maximum at noon, decreases
linearly evening. During no-shadow condition, it varies linearly with time.

Fig.5.10 Reactive power at different time interval during normal condition

Figure 5.10 depicts about the variation of reactive power at different

time interval As Iqref was set to zero, thus reactive power during different
time interval is zero independent of irradiance.

5.5.2.2 During Cloudy condition

During Cloudy condition Idref is generated by adding a triangular
function to a bell shape membership function. During Shadow period
(cloudy condition) power injected to the grid as well as three phase line
current injected to the grid is not linear. Figure 5.11, 5.12 and 5.13 shows the
behavior of three phase line current during morning, noon and evening
during cloudy condition. Figure 5.14, 5.15 shows the behavior of active and
reactive power at different intervals during cloudy condition.

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Fig.5.11 Three-phase Line Current in Morning during cloudy condition

Figure 5.11 depicts that three phase line current rises gradually up to
0.9 sec. The result is same as that of three phase line current during normal
condition as the disturbance is created after 1.2 sec.

Fig.5.12 Three-phase Line Current in Noon during cloudy condition

Figure 5.12 depicts that three phase line current is constant during 1 to
1.1 sec. It is not affected by the disturbance which is created after 1.2 sec.

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Fig.5.13 Three-phase Line Current in Evening during cloudy condition

Figure 5.13 depicts that three phase line current decreases drastically
during 1.2 to 1.3 sec instead of gradually decreasing. The disturbance
created at time 1.2 sec forces the three phase line current to decreases
drastically.

Fig.5.14 Active power at different time interval during cloudy condition

Figure 5.14 depicts about the variation of active power at different

time interval during cloudy condition. It increases linearly during morning ,
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maximum at noon but decreases nonlinearly in the evening because of the

disturbance.

Fig.5.15 Reactive power at different time interval during cloudy condition

Figure 5.15 depicts about the variation of reactive power at different

time interval during cloudy condition. The disturbance has no effect on the
reactive power because of the control action.

5.5.2.3 During Shut down period

In the event of a black out, the grid-tie inverter will shut down to
prevent energy it transfers from harming any line workers. During Shut
down period power injected to the grid as well as three phase line current
injected to the grid is also not linear. The shut down condition is realized by
making the bell shape membership function zero at time 1.2 sec. Figure
5.16, 5.17and 5.18 show the behavior of three phase line current during
morning, noon and evening during shut down condition. Figure 5.19, 5.20
show the behavior of active and reactive power at different intervals during
shut down condition.
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Fig.5.16 Three-phase Line Current in Morning during shutdown condition

Figure 5.16 depicts that three phase line current rises gradually up to
0.9 sec. The result is same as that of three phase line current during normal
condition as well as cloudy condition as the function is made zero at 1.2 sec.
so it does not affect three phase line current in the morning.

Fig.5.17 Three-phase Line Current in Noon during shutdown condition

Figure 5.17 depicts that three phase line current during noon is
constant during 1 to 1.1 sec. It is not affected by the disturbance which is
created at 1.2 sec.
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Fig.5.18 Three-phase Line Current in Evening during shutdown condition

Figure 5.18 depicts that three phase line current injected to grid during
evening is suddenly zero at 1.2 sec, instead of gradually decreasing. It is
because of the shutdown of the inverter at time1.2 sec.

Fig.5.19 Active power at different time interval during Shutdown condition

Figure 5.19 depicts about the variation of active power at different

time interval during shut down condition. It increases linearly during
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morning, maximum at noon and suddenly zero at 1.2 sec, instead of

gradually decreasing to zero .

Fig.5.20 Reactive power at different time interval during shutdown condition

Figure 5.20 depicts about the variation of reactive power at different

time interval during shut down condition. The shutdown of inverter has no
effect on the reactive power because of the control action.

5.6 ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULT WITH PV SYSTEM

The figure 5.1 the block diagram of the proposed system is already
mentioned, where PV is connected at the input. The figure 5.21 shows the
simulink diagram of the proposed system. In this work, an 11 kV grid
integrated PV system is simulated. At 1000 W/m2 solar irradiance the PV
array delivers a maximum power of 70 kW. At 1000 W/m2 solar irradiance,
the PV array generates voltage of about 321 V. The Voc, Isc, Vmp and Imp of
one module of PV array is 64.2 V , 5.96 A ,54.7 V and 5.58 A respectively.
A three phase pi section line of 15 km length is chosen as a distribution
network. A 5MW, 100VAR load is connected to the distribution network.

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Fig. 5.21 Simulink diagram of grid connected PV system

Table 5.1 gives the data of the system parameter and specifications
used for the analysis of the proposed system.

Table 5.1: System parameter and specifications

Parameter Values Parameter Values

Grid voltage 11KV Vdc 1200V
Fs(Fundamental 50 hz Fsw_inv 2 khz
frequency)
Filter Inductor 10 mH Filter Capacitor 100µF

Inverter output voltage 1200V Inverter output 800V

before filtering voltage after filtering

Three phase pi section line 15 km length Load 5MW,100VAR

Initially all the parameters are analyzed at grid without considering

any fault in the distribution network.The DC voltage delivered by boost
converter is given in figure 5.22. Figure 5.23 shows the voltage delivered by
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PV inverter after filtering. Figure 5.24 and 5.25 show the three phase voltage
and current generated at grid. Figure 5.26 and 5.27 give the idea about active
and reactive power injected to the grid.

Fig 5.22 DC voltage delivered by the Boost converter

Figure 5.22 depicts about DC voltage generated by boost converter.

At 1000 W/m2 solar irradiance, the PV array generates voltage of about 321
V. The boost converter is increasing voltage from PV natural voltage to
1200 V DC voltage.

Fig 5.23 Inverter output voltage after filtering

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Figure 5.23 shows the curve of output voltage of inverter after passes
through filter. The conversion of sinusoidal AC voltage to the boosted DC
voltage is done by 2-level 3-phase voltage source inverter. For filtering
harmonics produced by VSI, the sinusoidal LC filter of the series inductance
branch of10 mH with internal resistance 1Ω and 100-µF capacitor bank is
used.

Fig.5.24 3-phase voltage at grid

Figure 5.24 depicts about 3 phase voltage injected to grid. Inverter

voltage is stepped up by using a delta/star transformer before grid which
boosts up the voltage nearer to the grid voltage. Three phase voltage of
magnitude 8KV is injected to grid.

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Fig 5.25.3-phase current at grid

Figure 5.25 depicts about the behavior of 3 phase current injected to grid.
Some transients are seen in the beginning, which can be avoided by
optimizing the value of the filter components. After 0.1 sec, three phase
current of 6 ampere flows to the grid.

Fig 5.26.Active power injected to grid

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Figure 5.26 depicts that 0.06 MW of active power injected to the grid.
Initially transients are seen up to a certain instant that is 0.15 sec,then
because of the controlling action after 0.15 sec power injected to grid is
stable.

Fig 5.27.Reactive power injected to grid

Figure 5.27 depicts about the variation of reactive power at different

time interval .As Iqref was set to zero, thus reactive power during different
time interval is zero independent of irradiance. Initially PV draws reactive
power from the grid up to 0.15 sec, there after it is zero because of the
control strategy.

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Fig. 5.28 THD analysis of grid current

According to the IEEE Std 929-2000,THD of grid current and voltage

must lie within 5%.Figure 5.28 indicates that the total harmonic distortion
(THD) of the grid current 0.28% is smaller than 5% which is recommended
in IEEE Std 929-2000.

Fig. 5.29 THD analysis of grid voltage

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Figure 5.29 shows that the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid
voltage 0.26% is smaller than 5% which is recommended in IEEE Std 929-
2000.

Fig 5.30.Effect of Change in Irradiance on P and Q

Figure 5.30 depicts about the variation of active and reactive power
with change in irradiance. With increase in irradiance from
[400,600,800,1000,1200,1400]w/m2 at[0 0.51 1.5 2 2.5 ] sec the active
power as well as reactive power flow to the grid also increases.

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Fig5.31 Effect of Change in temperature on P and Q

Figure 5.31 depicts about the variation of active and reactive power
with change in temperature. With step change in temp from [20,40,60,80]°c
at[0 0.51 1.5 ] sec P and Q both are decreasing slightly . The step change in
the temperature affects the active power as well as reactive power flow to
the grid.

5.7 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, initially a simulation study of grid connected inverter
based on the behavioral model is presented. A control strategy for a single-
stage, three-phase system that is connected to a distribution network
proposed. Here modeling, analysis and design of the DC-AC converter is
done. This system is transferring energy from the DC link to the three-phase
AC system with controlled active and reactive power and without injecting
harmonic currents. The PI Controller is used to maximize the real-power
output of the Inverter. Three conditions are studied for 1) normal operation

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2) cloudy condition 3) shut down condition of inverter. Variation of three

phase current, voltage, active power, reactive power injected to grid at
different time intervals are studied. The mathematical model of the
converters is based upon the d-q frame. As PV Inverter input depends on the
solar irradiation, so the power injected to the grid is also not constant. It is
maximum at noon, less during morning & evening. During no-shadow
condition three phase line current, voltage, active power vary linearly with
solar radiation but during shadow period (cloudy condition) power is not
linear. Same thing is happening in case of three phase voltage & line current.

Then, the accurate designing of grid connected PV generation system

is developed. The DC bus voltage is maintained constant with the help of
DC-DC boost converter which optimize the PV array output with the closed
loop control. Then voltage source inverter is converting the DC into the
sinusoidal AC voltage .A current controller regulates of the solar inverter.
This controller tracks the phase and frequency of the utility grid voltage
using the Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) system and generates the switching
pulses for the solar inverter. Using this controller the output voltage of the
solar inverter and the grid voltage are in phase. Thus the PV system can be
integrated to the grid. The simulation results presented in this chapter is to
validate the grid connected PV system model and the applied control
scheme.

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