Geotechnical

Testing Journal
H. Jebali,1 W. Frikha,1 and M. Bouassida2

DOI: 10.1520/GTJ20160067

3D Consolidation of Tunis Soft

Clay Improved by Geodrains
VOL. 40 NO. 3 / MAY 2017
 Geotechnical Testing Journal
doi:10.1520/GTJ20160067 Vol. 40
Manuscript received April 5, 2016;
accepted for publication December 20,
2016; published online February 16,
2017.
1
Université de Tunis El Manar – Ecole
Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis.
LR14ES03-Ingénierie Géotechnique. BP
37 Le Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisie
2
Université de Tunis El Manar – Ecole
Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis.
LR14ES03-Ingénierie Géotechnique. BP
37 Le Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisie,
(Corresponding author), e-mail:
mounir.bouassida@fulbrightmail.org
Copyright V
C 2017 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
No. 3 / May 0000 / available online at www.astm.org
H. Jebali,1 W. Frikha,1 and M. Bouassida2
3D Consolidation of Tunis Soft Clay Improved
by Geodrains
Reference
Jebali, H., Frikha, W., and Bouassida, M., “3D Consolidation of Tunis Soft Clay Improved by Geodrains,”
Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017, pp. 1–10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160067.
ISSN 0149-6115
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an experimental study carried out on undisturbed cored samples of
Tunis soft soil extracted at 17.25 m depth at the lagoon of Sejoumi. Three series of
oedometer tests were performed: the first one was a standard test on Tunis soft soil, the
second one was performed on the same soil improved by a prefabricated vertical drain
Mebradrain 88 (Mb88) type during which vertical drainage was prevented. The third series
comprised similar tests to those of series two, during which horizontal and vertical drainage
were allowed. The assessment of Carillo’s theory was studied by quantifying the effect of
radial and vertical consolidation from the observed global degree of consolidation of
improved Tunis soft soil specimens by geodrains. The rate in decrease of coefficients cr and
kr was greater than that recorded for coefficients cv and kr, respectively. Using the Carillo’s
theory, a lower degree of consolidation which starts from 10 % is obtained; however, when
using simple approximate methods by considering recorded measures from series 3, higher
degrees of consolidation starting from 70 % were obtained.
Keywords
coefficient of consolidation, hydraulic conductivity, geodrains, degree of consolidation
Nomenclature
Cc ¼ compression index
Cs ¼ swelling index
cr ¼ radial coefficient of consolidation
cv ¼ vertical coefficient of consolidation
e(0) ¼ (initial) void ratio
Ic ¼ consistency index
1
2 Geotechnical Testing Journal
Ip ¼ plasticity index
kr ¼ radial hydraulic conductivity
kv ¼ vertical hydraulic conductivity
PVD ¼ Prefabricated Vertical Drain
RD ¼ radial drainage
VD ¼ vertical drainage
U ¼ global degree of consolidation
Ur ¼ radial degree of consolidation
Uv ¼ vertical degree of consolidation
V & RD ¼ vertical and radial drainage
Wl ¼ liquid limit
Wp ¼ plastic limit
r0 ¼ Vertical effective stress.
Introduction
In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted world-
wide to the problem of building structures on highly compress-
ible saturated soils and to the development of soil improvement
techniques for increasing bearing capacity, reducing settle-
ments, and accelerating consolidation of soft soils.
Prefabricated verticals drains (PVD) with preloading
method was considered the most practiced improvement tech-
nique to accelerate the consolidation of soft soils and, hence, to
increase their bearing capacity (Indraratna et al. 2009). In Tuni-
sia, the PVD associated with preloading became of current use
since the 1990s to accelerate the consolidation of Tunis soft soil
for numerous infrastructure projects (Bouassida and Hazzar
2008; Kanoun and Bouassida 2008).
Sridhar and Robinson (2011) proposed a method for the
determination of the coefficient of radial consolidation (cr)
using the “log t” method from the compression data obtained
from radial drainage consolidation tests. The method is vali-
dated by comparing the experimental data with theoretical
predictions.
Yune and Chung (2005) developed a consolidometer for
peripheral radial drainage measurement of Korea reconstituted
and undisturbed clays. These authors concluded that there is no
noticeable difference in compression curves recorded either
from radial and vertical drainage. In the over-consolidated state,
the effect of drainage direction is hardly observed; cr values for
the normally consolidated state are higher than cv values. Such a
result reflects that the anisotropy of permeability (i.e., higher
permeability in horizontal direction) revealed noticeable in virgin
compression. A higher anisotropy is also observed for undisturbed
samples (cr/cv ¼ 1.7) than for reconstituted ones (cr/cv ¼ 1.3).
From the tests carried out by Seah and Juirnarongrit
(2003), it was concluded that the ratios of kr/kv and cr/cv
increased from 1.5 to 3 with increased effective vertical stress
from 20 to 500 kPa. The ratios of kr/kv and cr/cv are close to
unity at in situ effective stress with an over-consolidation ratio
of 2.
The obtained results from tests performed by Jia (2010)
showed that the horizontal coefficient of consolidation (cr) is
greater than the vertical coefficient of consolidation (cv). This
result is almost due to the recorded anisotropy of hydraulic con-
ductivity. The ratio between the horizontal and vertical hydrau-
lic conductivities is about 1.65. Hsu and Tsai (2016) presented
analytical and experimental investigations of the combined and
radial consolidation drainage under linear time-dependent load-
ing by taking account of the loading-dependent coefficients of
vertical and radial consolidation using a viscoelastic approach.
The results indicate that for any given effective pressure, the
coefficient of radial permeability kr exhibited higher values com-
pared with the coefficients of vertical permeability kv for the
tested soils. Likewise, cr values were generally higher than cv val-
ues owing to higher values of kr. Azari et al. (2016) applied an
elastic–viscoplastic model to model a soft soil improved by ver-
tical drains and compared their simulation results with field
measurements. Their results showed that the distribution of the
overconsolidation ratios in the disturbed zone greatly influ-
enced the viscoplastic strain rates, creep strain limits, and
consolidation.
Parsa-Pajouh et al. (2016) evaluated the efficiency of several
proposed formulations for plane-strain modeling of vertical
drain-assisted consolidation through an integrated numerical
and experimental investigation. By comparing the predicted
and measured pore pressures in well-controlled laboratory tests,
the advantages and disadvantages of these formulations were
discussed. The authors mentioned that the stress–strain behav-
ior of natural soft soils is highly nonlinear and very complex
owing to different fundamental features of soil, such as anisot-
ropy and creep.
Rujikiatkamjorn et al. (2016) mentioned that previous stud-
ies on different aspects of soil disturbance due to driving vertical
drains are limited. An extensive soil characterization was carried
out while installing drains at Ballina (Australia), to obtain more
realistic smear zone. Soil disturbance was evaluated by deter-
mining the change in the coefficient of permeability, the water
content, and volume compressibility away from the drain. The
characteristics of the smear zone were compared to the data
available from past literatures and indicated that the radius of
the smear zone was about 6.3 times the equivalent mandrel
radius, which was larger than that observed in the laboratory
using reconstituted specimens.
The objective of this paper is to measure the coefficient of
consolidation and hydraulic conductivity of improved Tunis
soft soil by geodrains when subjected to vertical and horizon-
tal drainage. These measurements will serve to compare
between the predictions of global degree of consolidation
using the Carillo’s theory and measurements from the
oedometer test performed on Tunis soft soil improved by
central geodrain. Obtained results are discussed and then
interpreted.
 ON JEBALI ET AL. ON IMPROVEMENT OF TUNIS SOFT SOIL 3

Determination of Radial and was suggested by combining the vertical and radial drainage
effects to predict the global degree of consolidation, U as:
Vertical Coefficients of
ð1  UÞ ¼ ð1  Ur Þð1  Uv Þ (1)
Consolidation
in which Ur and Uv are the radial and the vertical degree of con-
In the presence of PVD (Prefabricated Vertical Drain), the
solidation, respectively.
radial drainage mostly controls the consolidation of soft soil
Theoretically speaking, Carillo’s formula given by Eq 1 is
while the role of vertical drainage is negligible.
only valid for an instantaneously applied load.
Therefore, the commonly adopted consolidation theories for
The consolidation of soft soil is related to the dissipation of
designing prefabricated vertical drains using the unit cell model
excess pore pressure generated by the surcharge load. For radial
were those of Barron (1948) (Kjellman, 1948a) and Hansbo
consolidation problem with centered vertical drain in oedome-
(1981). Because the solutions considering both vertical and radial
ter cell, the governing differential equation of excess pore pres-
drainage are complicated, those most used in practice ignore the
sure is written (Sridharan et al. 1996):
effect of vertical drainage, such as Barron’s theory (Kjellman,  2 
1948b). Barron (1948) developed solutions for two types of bound- @ðDur Þ @ ðDur Þ 1 @ðDur Þ
¼ cr þ (2)
ary conditions at the surface of improved soil: (i) “free vertical @t @r 2 r @r
strain,” resulting from a uniform distribution of vertical load, and where:
(ii) “equal vertical strain,” which results from imposing the same cr ¼ the coefficient of radial consolidation of soft soil, and
vertical deformation. However, in some cases, the vertical drainage Dður Þ ¼ Du(r, t) is the excess of pore pressure at radius r
by PVD has a considerable effect on the degree of consolidation of from the drain axis, at time t.
improved soil; Terzaghi (1943) initially suggested the well-known The solution of Eq 2 that uses the condition of equal verti-
simple method for one-dimensional (1D) vertical consolidation cal strain without smear effect is given by (Barron 1948):
theory, which applies for unimproved soil. Theory which applies  
8Tr
for unimproved soil when subjected to such load the dissipation of Ur ¼ 1  exp  (3)
FðnÞ
excess pore pressure is assumed to occur vertically.
Furthermore, for most cases in practice, the soil is not The smear zone is defined as the disturbed zone of soft soil
homogeneous, and the deformation of PVD improved soil does immediately adjacent to the vertical drain. F(n) is a Barron’s
not occur in 1D condition. Carillo’s theoretical solution (1942) function given by:

FIG. 1
Gradation curve of Tunis soft soil.
4 Geotechnical Testing Journal

 2 
TABLE 1 Atterberg limits of Tunis soft soil extracted at the lagoon @ðDuz Þ @ ðDuz Þ
of Sejoumi. ¼ cv (7)
@t @z 2
WL (%) Wp (%) Ip (%) Ic
where:
48.5 28.7 19.8 0.5 D(uz) ¼ Du(z, t) is the excess pore pressure depending on
   2  the depth z and time t, and
n2 3n  1 cv ¼ the coefficient of vertical consolidation.
FðnÞ ¼ lnðnÞ  (4)
n2  1 4n2
The solution of differential Eq 7 leads to the equation of
where n is the drain spacing ratio given by: vertical degree of consolidation Uv as follows:
Uv < 50 %:
D rffiffiffiffiffiffi
n¼ (5)
dw 2 TV
UV ¼ (8)
p
D and dw denote the equivalent diameters of unit cell and of
PVD, respectively. Uv > 50 %:
Tr is the dimensionless time factor of radial consolidation  
8 TV p2
defined by: UV ¼ 1  exp  (9)
p2 4
cr  t
Tr ¼ (6) Tv denotes the time factor of vertical drainage:
D2
cv  t
where t denotes the time. Tv ¼ (10)
H2
For the vertical consolidation problem, the differential
equation of one-dimensional consolidation for the excess pore where H is the drainage distance that is equal half of the thick-
pressure is written (Terzaghi 1943): ness of specimen drained at top and bottom sides.

FIG. 2 Types of performed oedometer tests.

 ON JEBALI ET AL. ON IMPROVEMENT OF TUNIS SOFT SOIL 5

The applied vertical load was doubled at each increment

FIG. 3 Impervious membrane covering the porous stone.
Studied Soil
Tunis soft soil specimens investigated in this study were
extracted from the Sejoumi’s lagoon at depth of 17.25 m. Those
assumed undisturbed samples are gray colored, having a charac-
teristic smell and containing shell debris. From the grain size
analysis performed by hydrometer and sieve methods in accor-
dance with standards NF P 94-056 (AFNOR 1995a) and NFP
94-057 (AFNOR 1995b), it was found that Tunis soft soil
presents 85 % of particles with dimension less than 80 lm; it
also includes non-negligible fraction of silt (Fig. 1).
Atterberg limits’ tests had been performed according to the
NF P 94-051(AFNOR 1995c) on extracted specimen. Obtained
results in Table 1 indicate that the tested Tunis soft soil is mod-
erately plastic and has medium consistency.
until the maximum required load is attained (50, 100, 200, 400,
800 kPa). The specimen was again unloaded. At the end of the
test, the sample was carefully removed, then its thickness and
water content were measured.
Series 1 (VD): It included two standard oedometer tests
performed according to XP P 94-90-1 (AFNOR 1997). Each test
was carried out on a cylindrical sample of saturated soil with
70 mm diameter and 19 mm thickness. The soil sample was
logged in a metal ring and was placed on a porous stone. The
loading cap also has a porous stone, so the sample was sand-
wiched between two porous stones at the top and bottom of the
sample to allow vertical drainage (VD) (Fig. 2a). When prepar-
ing the sample, filter papers were placed between the soil and
the porous stones. The sample was then placed in the consolida-
tion cell that was mounted a testing apparatus. Water was
added into the cell around the sample, so the sample remains
saturated during the test.
Series 2 (RD): It included two oedometer tests performed
on Tunis soft soil improved by a single geodrain (Mebradrain
88) of sizes (thickness ¼ 0.5 cm, width ¼ 1 cm, and
length ¼ 19 mm). The portion of geodrain was placed before the
placement of soft soil sample. Hence, the disturbance of soft soil
and consequent smear zone are not taken into account in the
present study. In those tests, only radial drainage (RD) was
FIG. 4 Tunis soft soil improved by geodrain.

Consolidation Tests
Three series of oedometer tests were carried out on the
extracted Tunis soft soil specimens (Fig. 2). Those tests con-
sisted in gradually applied increments of vertical load subjected
to the specimen and measurements of the settlement versus
time. For each increment load, the decrease in thickness of the
sample versus time was recorded. Duration of the applied incre-
ment of load depends on the soil and its consolidation proper-
ties; it often required 24 h, which was considered a sufficient
time for the primary consolidation that ends when constant set-
tlement is observed. Accordingly, the creep settlement is not
addressed in the present study, which only focused on the pri-
mary consolidation. The next increment of load was applied
(roughly the double of previous load) up to the maximum load
(25, 50, 100, 200 kPa).
When the primary consolidation at prescribed stress level
was completed (200 kPa) the sample was unloaded in one or
several steps until the increment of load of 25 kPa was dis-
mounted and the swelling of specimen can be measured.
6 Geotechnical Testing Journal
FIG. 5 Standard oedometer test results of series 1.
allowed; vertical drainage was prevented by means of an imper-
vious membrane, which covered the porous stone at the top
and the bottom sides of the specimen (Figs. 2b and 3).
Series 3 (V&RD): It included oedometer tests performed on
Tunis soft soil improved by a single geodrain (Mebradrain 88)
type sized identical to that used in Series 2. In those
tests, the vertical and radial drainage were both allowed (Figs. 2c
and 4).
Results of standard oedometer test carried out on Tunis soft
soil (series 1) are displayed in Fig. 5. They show the variation of
void ratio e plotted as a function of the vertical effective stress in
the logarithmic scale for loading-unloading-reloading sequences.
FIG. 6
Oedometer curves obtained from three
experimental series.
TABLE 2 Values of compression and swelling indices of Tunis soft
soil.
Series of Tests 1: VD 2: RD 3: V&RD
Cc 0.16 0.16 0.30
Cs 0.022 0.022 0.023
From this typical oedometer curve in (e-logr0 ) plan, compression
and swelling indexes and preconsolidated stress are determined.
The initial void ratio e(0) is equal to 0.85 for the three series.
The curves of all performed oedomter tests in the three
Series (1, 2, and 3) plotted in (e-logr0 ) plan are shown in Fig. 5.
Measured compression Cc and swelling Cs indices are deter-
mined from the three series of tests (VD, RD, and V&RD) and
plotted in Fig. 6. Table 2 summarizes the obtained values of Cc
and Cs. It has been noticed that the compression index obtained
from series 3 (V&RD) is roughly the double of that recoded in
series 1 (VD) and 2 (RD). This can be explained by the allowed
vertical and radial drainage paths from which follows enhanced
consolidation of the compressible soil. From Table 2, it is under-
stood that the swelling is only attributed to vertical infiltration
of water during unloading of samples.
Study of Three Dimensional (3D)
Consolidation
COEFFICIENTS OF CONSOLIDATION
The coefficient of vertical and radial consolidation cv and cr
were determined from the evolution of settlement versus time

FIG. 7 Determination of cr by Casagrande’s method.
for each increment of recorded loading (from 50 to 800 kPa).
The results obtained from series 1 and 2: cv and cr were deter-
mined by the logarithmic method, which uses the plot of sample
thickness of sample versus the logarithm of time: log (t) (Casa-
grande 1938). Hence, as shown for example in Fig. 7, one can
determine t50 that is the time corresponding to 50 % of primary
consolidation. Fig. 7 illustrates an example of determination of
cr by the Casagrande’s (logarithmic) method for an applied load
of 100 kPa.
Coefficient of vertical consolidation cv has been determined
from tests performed in series 1 (VD) and the coefficient of
radial consolidation cr has been determined from the test per-
formed in series 2 (RD) by the Casagrande’s method for all
FIG. 8
Coefficients of consolidation cr and cv versus
consolidation stress.
ON JEBALI ET AL. ON IMPROVEMENT OF TUNIS SOFT SOIL 7
levels of load (50 to 800 kPa) plotted in Fig. 8. This result shows
a decreased trend of cr and cv as the consolidation stress
increases.
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES
Vertical and radial hydraulic conductivities (kv and kr) are
determined by the variable head permeability test. In fact, oed-
ometer apparatus (in series 1 and 2) is equipped with a conven-
tional measuring device (tubing connected to the base of the
specimen). The measurements are performed for different levels
of applied load from 100 to 800 kPa (100, 200, 400, and
800 kPa). The minimum value of 100 kPa was chosen to avoid
any swelling of the specimen when subjected to moderate con-
solidation stress.
Fig. 9 shows the variations of vertical and radial hydraulic
conductivities in function of applied load. It is noticed that each
permeability decreases when the consolidation stress increases
in similar trend as observed for the respective coefficients of
consolidation.
Fig. 10 shows opposite variations of the ratios cr/cv and kr/kv
when the consolidation stress varies from 100 to 800 kPa.
Variation of ratio cr/cv in function of the consolidation
stress shows that as the applied load increases the ratio cr/cv
decreases. The rate in decrease of coefficient cr is greater
than that recorded for coefficient cv. In fact, the ratio cr/cv
equals 36 for a consolidation stress of 100 kPa and slows
down up to 12 when the consolidations stress equals
800 kPa.
Fig. 10 also shows the variation of ratio kr/kv in function of
the effective consolidation stress. It is noticed that this ratio is
8 Geotechnical Testing Journal
FIG. 9
Radial and vertical coefficient of permeability versus
consolidation stress.
variable when the applied load increases. The rate in decrease
for kv is greater than that recorded for kr. It is also remarked
that the kr/kv ratio increases with the consolidation stress. Ratio
kr/kv is equal to 4 for the consolidation stress of 100 kPa and
tends to 12 when the consolidation stress equals 800 kPa.
Obtained results show that the assumption made by many
authors, e.g., cr/cv ¼ kr/kv is only valid at high levels of consoli-
dation stress (Jia and Chai 2010).
DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION
In this paper, the global degree of consolidation U(t) is pre-
dicted by two methods. The first one uses the measured
FIG. 10
Ratios kr/kv and cr/cv versus consolidation stress.
settlement at different levels of applied load in series 3 (case of
vertical and radial drainage, V&RD):
sðtÞ
UðtÞ ¼ (11)
s1
where s(t) and s1 denote the settlements at given time, t, and at
the end of consolidation, respectively.
The second method consists in calculating U by the Caril-
lo’s Eq 1. The radial degree of consolidation Ur is estimated
from the experimental results of series 2 (case of radial consoli-
dation RC) and Eq 3. The vertical consolidation Uv is obtained
from recorded results in series 1 (case of vertical consolidation
VC) by using Eqs 8 and 9.

FIG. 11
Variation of global degree of consolidation.
Figs. 11a, 11b, 11c, and 11d illustrate the variation of global
degree of consolidation U in function of time for vertical con-
solidation stress of 100, 200, 400, and 800 kPa.
For applied loads (100, 200, 400, and 800 kPa), it is noted
that the degree of consolidation as predicted by the Carillo’s
theory reaches 100 % at a time less than 24 h, while the global
degree of consolidation U, estimated from Eq 11 by using meas-
urements of Series 3 results, reaches 100 % in 24 h.
One can also noticed that using the Carillo’s theory, a lower
degree of consolidation, which starts from 10 %, is predicted;
however, when using simple approximate methods by consider-
ing recorded measures from series 3, higher degrees of consoli-
dation starting from 70 % are obtained. Comparing the
recorded and predicted global degree of consolidation U, it fol-
lows that the evolution of global degree of consolidation U pre-
dicted by the Carillo’s theory is overestimated with respect to
that deduced from the recorded settlement from series 3. The
final global consolidation degree U is identical using the two
methods.
Conclusions
This paper presented an experimental study conducted on
Tunis soft soil, in which three types of oedometer tests were
executed: first, a standard oedometer test; second, an oedom-
eter test on soil specimen improved by a geodrain element
during which vertical drainage was prevented; and third, a
ON JEBALI ET AL. ON IMPROVEMENT OF TUNIS SOFT SOIL 9
similar test to the second one where horizontal and vertical
drainage were allowed. Measurements of coefficients of per-
meability kv and kr were determined by the variable head
permeability test. In addition, coefficients of vertical and
radial coefficients of consolidation cv and cr were determined
from the evolution in time of settlement at different levels of
consolidation stress. Comparison between the ratios kr/ kv
and cr/cv demonstrated that equality between the two ratios
only happens at high level of stress consolidation, contrarily
to the common assumption made in previous studies. Pre-
dictions of the global degree of consolidation showed that
the Carillo’s theory leads to overestimated results with
respect to predictions from recorded settlements. Further-
more, the effect of vertical and radial consolidations from
the observed global consolidation of improved Tunis soft
soils was discussed. Subsequent researches were conducted to
study the soft soil creep, such as the study carried out by
Mitchell and Soga (2007), who found that different soil types
exhibit viscoelastic behavior with varying amounts of time-
dependent deformation, as exhibited by secondary compres-
sion or creep. Moreover, they showed that more plastic clay
soil results in more pronounced viscoelastic behavior. In
addition, the specimens with higher plasticity indices exhib-
ited more volumetric strain in the steady-state creep rates.
Due to this, the creep behavior of Tunis soft soil should be
studied in forthcoming research work.
10 Geotechnical Testing Journal
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully appreciate the help provided by Dr.
Samia Boussetta during the experimental work carried out at
the soil mechanics laboratory of the National Engineering
School of Tunis.
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