Liquid Waste

Management for
Rural India

16 July 2016

Shrikant Navrekar

www.wsp.org | www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater

What is Liquid Waste ?

Water wasted as a result of various human activities at

home, in businesses & in industries is called Liquid
Waste
OR
Used & unwanted waste water generated in household
or Commercial activities is called Liquid Waste.

Liquid Waste is also called Waste Water

2
 Types of Liquid Waste / Waste Water

Liquid Waste / Waste Water

Domestic Waste Water Commercial Waste Water

Waste Water from

Black Water Grey Water
1. Small scale industries
2. Hotels
• Black Water : Water from toilets / 3. Hospitals
contaminated with fecal matter 4. Slaughter houses
• Grey Water : All other waste water (from kitchen 5. Laundries
bathroom, cloth wash, vessel wash )
In Rural India : LWM = GWM

Source of waste water Type of waste water

1. Toilets Black water

2. Bathroom Grey water

3. Kitchen Grey water

4. Washing cloth Grey water

5. Washing animals Grey water

• Generation of Grey water is almost to the tune of 70 to 80 % of the fresh

water coming in a household.
 Current Practices : Grey Water

• Indiscriminate disposal in the open

• Open or Surface drainage system
• Unscientific kitchen garden
• Unscientific soakage pits
 Current Practices : Black Water

• Effluent from Septic Tank Toilets

• Discharged in the open • Discharged in open drain

Basic Principles of Waste Water Management

1. Judicious use of fresh water : Minimum Generation of

waste water
2. Separation of Black Water (if any) & Grey Water
3. Reuse of Waste Water to maximum possible extent
4. Treatment of Waste water at nearest possible point from
the point of generation / adopt Decentralized systems.
 Decentralized v/s Centralized Systems
Decentralized Systems
1. Soak pits, Leach Pits, Kitchen
Gardens at HH level
2. Low capital cost
3. Low maintenance cost
4. Maintenance also
decentralized : by the HH owner
5. No centralized space required
Centralized Systems
1. Drains + Treatment units like
Waste Stabilization ponds
2. High Capital cost
3. High Maintenance cost
4. Maintenance centralized
needs to be done by GP
5. Centralized space required for
treatment unit
Criteria for selection of Technology

1. Availability of space near houses & housing pattern

2. Geophysical condition of the village including
topography, soil structure & ground water conditions
3. Sources of water & pattern of water supply (individual /
public)
4. Availability of common spaces in & around the village
5. Economic status of the GP & human resource
available with the GP
Criteria for selection of Technology
Criteria for selection of Technology
Technological Options at a Glance

Grey Water

(A) Management at Domestic level (B) Management at Community level

(B.1) Grey Water at Public Places (B.2) Grey Water from houses
Like Hand pumps, stand posts, managed collectively
wells etc
How to Select a Technology : General strata

Space at HH

Inadequate space

Permeable Soil Leach Pit

Semi Permeable Soil / B.C. Soil Modified Leach Pit

Impermeable Soil
Space with Community Leach pit for
Permeable Soil nearby group of houses

No Space nearby WSP / Reed Bed System

/ DEWATS
Domestic Level Management (On site )

1. Kitchen Garden
Nhani Trap
Silt chamber /
Grease trap
Domestic Level Management (On site )
Domestic Level Management (On site )

Magic Pit
Domestic Level Management (On site )
Domestic Level Management (On site )

2. Magic Pit
Domestic Level Management (On site )

2. Magic Pit

1. Anaerobic condition inside the pit

2. Periodical cleaning essential

3.Cleaning is not easy

4. Gravels required
Domestic Level Management (On site )

2.Leach pit
1. Less excavation

2. No filling with gravel

3. No stagnation of water

4. Less maintenance
 Community Level Management (Off site )

Community Leach Pits for a group of houses

 Community Level Management (Off site )

1. Community Leach Pits for a group of houses

2. DEWATS Systems like Reed Bed, Anaerobic Baffled Reactor etc

3. Waste Stabilization Ponds

Components of Community Level Management

1. Transport of Grey Water preferably through pipes

2. Intercepting chambers at intervals

3. Final treatment Unit

Components of Waste Stabilization System

1. Transport of Grey Water preferably through pipes

Components of Waste Stabilization System

2. Intercepting chambers at intervals

Components of Waste Stabilization System

3. Final treatment Unit

Comparison of Technologies based on Capex /
Opex

Technology Capex Opex

Kitchen Garden Low Low
Leach Pit at HH Low Low
Community L.P. for a
Moderate Moderate
Group of Houses
Waste Stabilization
High High
Pond
Moderate to Moderate to
DEWATS / Phytorid
high high
Urine : The Orphaned Waste

• Urine : A principal liquid waste of human origin

• Urinal not essential in HH with toilets
• Urinals are essential at public places
- Not adequate
- Not maintained properly
- Urine is generally discharged in the open / open drain
- Precious source of organic manure is wasted
• Provision of Scientific urinals should be an integral part
of LWM at village level
Indicators for an Ideal LWM Village

I. Physical Indicators

a. Dry Environment
b. Mosquito Free Environment
c. Pig Free Premises
Indicators for an Ideal LWM Village

Type of Waste Indicators

Water
1. Zero generation of black water (adoption of toilet types
which do not generate waste water)
2. If at all black water is generated
Black Water - It is not let in the open / open drains
- It is not flown into water bodies
- Treated properly either in individual leach pits or
common treatment units
1. Less quantity generated : Judicious use of fresh water
2. Not let in the open / open drains
Grey Water 3. Treated properly either in individual kitchen gardens /
leach pits or in community type treatment units as per the
situation.
Indicators of an Ideal LWM Village

Type of Waste Indicators

Water

Commercial / 1. Treated / contained / reused as per the

Industrial existing laws & rules
waste water
1. Not let in the open / open drains / water
bodies
Yellow Water
2. Scientific design of public urinals adopted
(Human Urine)
3. Proper containment (in leach pits / soak
pits) & or Treatment & use in agriculture
Comparison of CAPEX & OPEX for a few
treatment options

Capital cost
S.No Wastewater treatment O&M cost (Rs/HH)
(Rs/HH)

Leach pits
1 3000 – 15,000 # Negligible
(individual / community)

2 DEWATS * 13,500 – 32,500/HH 145 – 630/HH

Conventional sewer
41,000 – 112,000
3 and waste stabilization 400/HH
(174 – 744 HH §)
ponds
Notes:
1. # - individual and serving 5 households
2. * - Costs provided by CDD; 100 – 1000 households
3. § - Data from Punjab
 IMPLEMENTATION

34
LWM through SBM (G) : Challenges

1. Ignorance at various levels

2. Negligent Attitude of the society

3. Inclination towards urban model

4. Sustainability- the biggest challenge
LWM through SBM (G) : How do we go ?

1. Selection of right technology

2. Strict adherence to technological standards
3. Concurrent Quality monitoring
4. Effective O & M
5. Involvement of people from level zero
Institutional Arrangements for LWM

1. SLWM resource team at State level:

2. SLWM resource team at District level:
3. Explore need for qualified persons/group at GP for
O&M and enable GP to make provision
4. Involve SHGs, other community groups, and
private sector / entrepreneurs for SLWM as Village
Level Sanitarian (service provider)
5. Enable basic monitoring/recording systems at GP
level for identified indicators through SBM-G
 “ It is easier to organize a
seminar on sanitation
than to bend down & pick up
a chocolate wrapper ”

“ Be the change that you

wish to see in the society “
Thank you
Shrikant Navrekar

safaiwala@gmail.com
09405177107

www.wsp.org | www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater