Contents

From Authors’ Desk—Why ROAMS is Important?.................................................................................................................................................................... ix

Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xi
From Publisher’s Desk...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xiii
How to Prepare for PGMEE?........................................................................................................................................................................................................... xv

Chapter 1 Anatomy 1
1.1 Historical Aspects 2 Parts of Brain 34
1.2 Blood Vessels 2 White Matter of Cerebrum 37
Source of Hemorrhage/Bleeding in 2 Thalamus 38
Preferred Vascular Sites 2 Arteries of Brain & Effects of Lesion 38
Veins: Important Points 4 1.14 Orbit 39
1.3 Anatomical Values 5 1.15 Spine 39
1.4 Anatomy Basics 6 1.16 Face 40
End Arteries 6 1.17 Oral Cavity 40
Capillaries  6 Palatine/ Faucial Tonsil 40
Anastomosis  6 Teeth 40
Dangerous Areas in the Body 7 Tongue 41
Structures forming Various Bed 7 Palate 42
1.5 Osteology (Bones & Joints) 7 1.18 Neck 42
Bones 7 Triangles of Neck 42
Structure of Bone 10 Thyroid Gland 42
Cartilage 10 1.19 Thymus 43
Joints  11 1.20 Esophagus 43
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint 13 1.21 Lungs/Thorax 43
Joints of the foot  14 Ribs & Intercostal Spaces 44
Arches of the Foot 14 Trachea 44
1.6 Lymphatic Drainage 15 1.22 Diaphragm 45
Lymphatics 15 1.23 Heart 45
Lymphatic Drainage of  15 Arterial Supply of heart 47
1.7 Fascia 16 Venous Drainage of Heart 47
1.8 Glands & Ganglia 17 Aorta 48
Salivary Glands 17 1.24 Upper Limb 48
Ganglia of Head & Neck 17 1.25 GIT & Abdomen 50
1.9 Nerves 18 Peritoneum 51
Nerves in Relation to Humerus 18 Mesentery 51
Named Nerves   20 Stomach 52
Imp Sensory Nerves  21 Duodenum 52
Cranial Nerves (CN) 24 Liver 53
Some Important Mononeuropathies 26 Portal Venous System 53
1.10 Ligaments, Tendons, Triangles, Angles 26 Gall Bladder 54
Ligaments 26 Spleen 54
Tendons 27 Pancreas 54
Triangles (D) 27 Appendix 55
Angles 28 Rectum 55
1.11 Muscles 28 Anal Canal 56
Terminology in Muscles 29 Umbilicus 57
Attachment over Bones 32 Inguinal Region 57
1.12 Foramina/Canals 33 1.26 Kub Region 58
1.13 Head and Neck 34 Kidney 58
 Adrenal Glands 59 Important Histological Structures 67
Ureter  59 G.I.T. 67
Urinary Bladder 60 Skin Glands 68
Prostate 60 1.31 Embryology 68
Urethra 60 Neural Tube (NT) 70
1.27 Perineal Region 61 Notochord 70
Perineal Body 61 Development of CVS 71
Perineal Pouch/Spaces 61 Derivatives of Mesentery of Foregut 73
Vagina 62 Development of Kidney 74
Uterus 62 Derivatives of Undifferentiated Gonads /Related
Fallopian Tube (Uterine Tubes/ Oviducts) 62 Structures 74
Important Histological Structures 63 Derivatives of Urogenital Primordia 75
Testes 64 IMP. Derivatives of 3 Germ Layers  76
1.28 Gluteal Region 64 Branchial/ Pharyngeal Apparatus 77
1.29 Lower Limb 64 Branchial/Pharyngeal Arches 77
1.30 Histology 65 1.32 Laryngeal Cartilages 79
Epithelium 65 1.33 Procedures 79
3 Germ Layers & Developmental Tree 66 1.34 Vertebral Levels 81

Chapter 2 Physiology 87
2.1 Cellular Physiology 88 Laws related to Sensory Physiology  112
Cell Cycle 88 Reflexes 113
Cell Division 88 2.8 CVS 115
Cell Membrane 89 Cardiac Fibres 115
Intercellular Connections 89 Cardiac Cycle 116
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)  89 N/s of Heart 117
Cytoskeleton of a Cell 90 Jugular Venous Pulse (JVP)  117
Cellular Organelles 92 Cardiac Cycle 118
2.2 General Physiology 93 Blood Pressure (BP)  118
ESR and BMR 93 Cardiac Variables  119
Feedback Mechanisms 93 JVP 120
Fluid Types 94 Heart Sounds 120
2.3 Transport across Cell Membrane 95 Exercise Physiology 121
Distribution of Body Water 96 2.9 Blood Vessels & Haemodynamics 122
Buffers in the Body 96 Viscocity 122
To Summarize 97 Blood Flow 122
2.4 Plasma 97 Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)  123
Plasma Proteins  97 2.10 Respiratory System 124
Acute Phase Proteins 98 Characteristic of Pulmonary Circulation 124
2.5 Neuro Physiology 98 Surfactant 125
Voltage Gated Channels 98 Lung Volumes and Spirometry 125
2.6 Muscle Physiology 100 Airflow/Airway Resistance 126
M/S Proteins  100 Oxygen Therapy 127
Reflexes on the Basis of No. of Synapse 103 Hypoxia  128
Muscle Spindle 103 Oxygen Hb Dissociation Curve (ODC)  129
2.7 Nervous System 104 Nitrogen Narcosis  130
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)  104 CO2 Narcosis 130
Important Barriers  104 Decompression Sickness/Caisson's d/s 130
Sensory Spinal Tracts (Ascending Tracts) 105 Changes seen in Acclimatization to High Altitude 131
Motor Tracts (Descending Tracts) 105 Brainstem/Neural Respiratory Centres 131
Sleep Waves 106 Non-respiratory Function of Lung  132
Motor Disorders 106 2.11 GIT and Liver 132
Basal Ganglia (Basal Nuclei)  107 Appetite 132
Hypothalamus 108 Absorption 132
Autonomic Nervous System 109 Gastric Emptying 134
Neurotransmitters (NT) 109 Factors Affecting 135
Types of Inhibition 110 Bile  135
xviii Receptors 110 Bile Salts 135
Pain Pathway  112 Hormones Control of G.I.T. 136
 Pancreatic Secretions  137
Bilirubin Metabolism & Jaundice 137
2.12 Kidney and Urinary Tract 138
Parts of Renal tubule 139
GFR 140
Clearance 140
Chapter 3 Biochemistry 149
3.1 Amino Acids 150
Structure based Classification 151
General consideration 151
Amino acids required for Sp. Products 153
Important Peptides/Polypeptides 154
Glutathione 154
Chaperones 154
3.2 Proteins 155
Classification 155
Structure of Proteins 155
Separation & Purification of Proteins  157
Chromatography  157
Collagen 158
Elastin 159
Keratin 159
Ubiquitin 159
3.3 Metabolism 159
Metabolism in Starvation 160
Metabolism in Well Fed/Absorptive Phase 160
Ketosis 160
Metabolic Adoptations in Alcoholic 160
Glycolysis/EMP 161
TCA Cycle (Kreb's or Citric Acid Cycle) 162
HMP Shunt 164
Metabolic Pathway in Various States  164
Insulin 166
GLUT (Glucose Transporters) 167
Cyclic AMP 168
Rate Limiting Steps / Key Enzymes 169
Urea cycle (Krebs Henseleit Cycle) 170
Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis 171
Glycosylation 172
Chapter 4 Genetics 203
4.1 Historical Aspect 204
4.2 Nucleic acids
Purines & Pyrimidines 204
DNA 204
4.3 Dna Synthesis 205
Chromosomal (DNA) replication 205
4.4 Protein Synthesis 206
Transcription 206
Codons/ Genetic codes 208
Translation 208
Histone 210
Diseases due to DNA Defects 210
4.5 Chromosomes 210
Chromosomal Associations 212
Chromosomal Aberrations 212
2.13 Reproductive System 142
Oogenesis 143
Spermatogenesis 144
Male Reproductive Organs 144
Sequence of Pubertal Events  145
2.14 Miscellaneous 146
3.4 Metabolism of Lipids/Fats 172
Fatty Acid Oxidation  173
3.5 Carbohydrates 178
Monosaccharides (Reducing Sugars) 178
Disaccharides 178
Polysaccharides 179
Glycosaaminoglycans (GAGs) 179
3.6 Metabolic Disorders 179
Phenylketonuria 179
Alkaptonuria 180
Tyrosinemia 180
Other Imp IEM 180
Some Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) 182
3.7 Biochemical Tests 183
Urinary Tests 183
3.8 Lysosomal Storage Disorders 184
Lysosomal storage disorders 184
3.9 Cellular Biochemistry 185
Biomembrane Characteristics  185
3.10 Red Cells (RBCs) 186
3.11 Enzymes 186
Definitions 186
Enzyme Inhibition 187
3.12 Detoxification/Xenobiotics 189
3.13 Hemoglobin (Hb) 190
Porphyria 191
3.14 VITAMINS 192
3.15 MINERALS 197
Micro-nutrients/Minerals/ Trace Elements 197
Vitamins : Summary  198
3.16 Hormones 199
Micro & Macronutrients : Summary (ICMR 2010) 200
Cytogenetic Disorders 213
Chromosomal Analysis 213
Cytogenetic Techniques  213
4.6 Genetic Basis of Diseases 214
Prenatal Diagnosis 214
Mendelian Inheritance 214
Exception to Simple Mendelian Inheritance 217
4.7 Bacterial Genetics 218
4.8 Recombinant DNA Technology 219
DNA Amplification Techniques 220
4.9 Gene Therapy 220
4.10 Population Genetics 220
4.11 Other Important Points 221
Glossary 221
xix
 Chapter 5 Pathology 223
5.1 Pathology Basics  224 5.8 CNS 240
Important Rossettes  225 Berry’s Aneurysm 241
Some Important Cells 225 Hypertensive Bleed 241
Important Stainings  226 Lacunar Infarcts 241
5.2 Cellular Pathology 226 5.9 Diseases of Vessels 241
Respiratory burst 226 Kawasaki D/S 242
Atherosclerosis 242

Neutrophilic granules  227 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 243
Cell Injury  227 Major Vasculitides 243
Apoptosis  228 5.10 CVS 244
Cell Necrosis 229 Infective Endocarditis (IE) 245
Calcification 229 Cardiac Tumours 246
Ageing 229 Pericarditis 246
5.3 Amyloidosis 230 5.11 Respiratory System 246
5.4 vascular stasis 231 5.12 Git & Liver 247
Chronic Venous Congesions (CVC) 231 Steatosis  248
Ischemia 232 Alcoholic Fatty Liver D/S 249
5.5 Inflammation and Healing 233 Cirrhosis of Liver: Types 249
Acute Inflammation 233 NCPF (Non Cirrhotic Portal Fibrosis) 249
Anaphylaxis 235 5.13 kidney and Gut 250
5.6 Wound Healing 235 Glomerulonephritis 250
Growth Factors 236 Kidney in Hypertension 251
5.7 Infections 237 Renal Papillary Necrosis 253
Typhoid  237 5.14 Points of Special Mention 254
H. Pylori  237 Characteristic Pathological Findings 254
Hepatitis B (HBV) 238

Chapter 6 Immunology 257

6.1 CD Markers 258 6.7 Complements 268
6.2 MHC Antigens & HLA 258 6.8 Chemokines 269
Some IMP. HLA Associations 259 Chemokines 269
6.3 Organ Transplantation  259 Interleukins 269
Organ Transplantation & Grafts 259 Interferons 269
6.4 Hypersensitivity  261 Important Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes 270
6.5 Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins  262 6.9 Immunodeficiency Diseases 270
Antibodies 262 Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes 270
Antigens  262 6.10 Thymus 271
Immunoglobulins (Ig) 263 Thymus  271
6.6 Immune Cells 265 6.11 Miscellaneous Points 272
T Cells & B- Cells 265

Chapter 7 Microbiology 273

7.1 Sterilization 274 Serological Test 283
Sterilization by Dry Heat 274 Clostridia  286
Sterilization by Moist Heat 274 Vibrio 287
Sterilization by Gases/ Other Methods 275 Atypical Mycobacteria 288
Chlorination 276 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 288
Efficacy of Disinfection 276 Ricketssia 289
7.2 Protista 277 Nosocomial Infection  290
7.3 Bacteriology 277 Bacterial Flora 290
Motility of Bacteria 278 Salmonella 290
Numerically Named Diseases 281 S. Typhi Antigens 290
Imp. Fevers 281 Bacteria and their Characteristics, Infections, TOC 292
xx Bacterial Toxins 282 Enterobacteria 298
 Anthrax 298 HPV 303
Mycoplasma  298 Influenza Virus 303
N gonorrhoeae  299 Some Medically Important Viruses 304
Chlamydia  299 7.5 Mycology 306
Actinomycosis Vs Nocardia  299 7.6 Points of Special Mention 309
Mycetoma 300 7.7 Imp Appearances of Bacteria 309
7.4 Virology 300
Rota virus 302

Chapter 8 Parasitology 313

8.1 General Parasitology 314
Concept of Hosts 314
Parasites: Common Points 314
8.2 Diagnosis of Parasitic D/S 315
Clinical Pointers In Some Parasitic D/S 315
Parasitic Tests 315
Antigen Detection In Parasitic D/S 315
8.3 Protozoa 316
General Features 316
Entamoeba Histolytica 316
Giardia Lamblia 317
Trichomonas Vaginalis 317
Acute/ Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
(PAM) 317
Trypanosomiasis 317
Leishmaniasis, Kala-Azar 318
8.4 Helminths 320
8.5 Cestodes (Tapeworms) 320
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) 320
8.6 Nematodes 321
Trematodes (Blood Flukes) 323
Filaria & Microfilariae 323
8.7 Trematodes (Flukes) 324

Chapter 9 Lab Medicine 327

9.1 Laboratory values 328 9.5 KFT (Kidney Function Test) 334
9.2 Urine Analysis 328 9.6 Ascitic Fluid Analysis 334
Bactriuria 329 9.7 Synovial Fluid Analysis 334
Hematuria 329 9.8 Sputum Examination 334
Urinary Casts 330 9.9 Pleural Fluid Analysis 334
9.3 CSF Analysis 330 9.10 Seminal Fluid Analys 335
Normal CSF: Facts 330 9.11 Liver Function Test (Lft) 335
Abnormal CSF 331 9.12 Toxic Levels 336
CSF Findings in Important CNS Disorders 331 9.13 Recent Points 336
9.4 Acid-base Disturbances 332 9.14 Exfoliative Cytology 336
The Mixed Disturbance  333 9.15 Histopathology 336

Chapter 10 Pharmacology 341

10.1 Anti-Oxidants 342 10.6 Antibiotic Resistance 349
10.2 No (Nitric Oxide, Edrf ) 342 10.7 Safety Of Drugs 350
10.3 Pharma Basics 343 In Pregnancy 350
Terminology 343 Saftey of Drugs In Breastfeeding 351
Pharma Regulations 343 10.8 Adverse Effects Of Some Important Drugs 352
Routes of Drug Administration 343 Disulfiram 354
Clinical Trials 344 Drugs Causing Megaloblastic Anemia 355
10.4 Prodrugs 344 Drug Combination To Be Avoided 356
10.5 Drug Metabolism 344 10.9 Mechanism Of Action Of Drugs 356
Absorption of Drugs 344 Drugs Inhibiting Protein Synthesis 357
Phase 1 & Phase Ii Reactions 345 10.10 Penicillins 357
Enzyme Inducers 345 10.11 Cephalosporins 358
Enzyme Inhibitors 345 10.12 Fluoroquinolones 359
Drug Targets 346 10.13 Macrolides 359
Clearance of Drugs 347 10.14 Aminoglycoside 359
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Tdm) 347 10.15 Tetracyclines 360
Kinetics of Elimination 348 10.16 Anti-Malarials 360 xxi
Dose Response Curve (DRC) 349 10.17 Anti-Parasitic Drugs 361
 10.18 Anti-Viral Drugs 361 10.35 Haemopoietic System 380
10.19 Anti-Retroviral Drugs (ART) 362 Coagulants 380
10.20 Anti-Tubercular Drugs 363 Anticoagulants 380
10.21 Anti Fungal Drugs 364 10.36 Anti-Platelet Drugs 381
10.22 Anti-Histaminics 365 10.37 Hematinics 381
10.23 Opioids 365 10.38 Hemopoietic Growth Factors 382
10.24 Anti-Epileptic Drugs 366 10.39 Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (Oha) 382
10.25 Cns Drugs/Receptors 367 Biguanides 382
Bzd's 367 Thiazolidinediones (Euglycemics) 382
Peripheral Decarboxylase Inducer 368 A-Glucosidase Inhibitors 383
Peripheral Decarboxylase Inhibitor 368 Incretins : Newer Drugs for Diabetes  383
Cerebro Active Drugs 370 Insulins 383
10.26 Ophthalmic Drugs 370 10.40 Hyperglycemic Agents 383
10.27 Respiratory System 370 Diazoxide 383
10.28 CVS And Drugs 371 10.41 Steroids 383
Ionotrops 371 10.42 Cox & Lox Pathway 384
Digoxin/Digitalis 371 Prostaglandins 386
Nitrates 372 10.43 Indications of 387
Parasympathomimetic Drugs 372 10.44 Miscellaneous Drugs 387
Sympathomimetic Drugs 372 10.45 Drugs During Surgery 388
Antiarrhythmics  374 10.46 Target Therapy 388
10.29 Anti Hypertensives 375 Interleukin Antagonists 388
Drugs Acting on RAS (Renin Angiotensin System) 375 Molecular Biologic Agents (Biologic Response
10.30 Hypolipidemic Drugs 376 Modifiers) 388
10.31 Gi Drugs 376 10.47 Monoclonal Antibodies (MABS) 389
10.32 Diuretics 377 10.48 Important/New Drugs 389
Detrusor Instability 378 10.49 Important Points From Recent Exams 390
10.33 Sexual Dysfunction 378 10.50 Some Imp. Negative Points 391
10.34 Hormonal/Endocrinal Drugs 378 10.51 Some Newer Drugs 392
Anti-Thyroid Drugs 379
Bisphosphonates (Bpn) 379

Chapter 11 FMT 395

11.1 Legal Procedure, Law & Ethics 396 11.5 Fire Arm Injuries/Ballistic 408
Indian Penal Code (IPC) 396 Rifled Firearm Vs Shotgun 408
Offence 398 Bullets 410
Importance of Age For Medicolegal Purpose 398 Blast Injuries 411
Consent 398 Grevious Injury (Sec 320 IPC)  411
Important Rules/Definitions 399 Skull Injuries And Fractures  411
Court of Law And Their Powers 399 11.6 Thermal Deaths 412
Exhumation 400 Burns 412
Witness 400 Hypothermic Injuries 412
Medical Council and Ethics 401 11.7 Sexual Jurisprudence 413
Negligence 401 Sexual Paraphilias/Perversions 413
Euthanasia 402 Natural Sexual Offenses 413
11.2 Identification 402 Unnatural Sexual Offenses 414
Diff. B/N Male And Female Skeleton 402 Examination in Case Of Sexual Offence 414
Age Determination 403 Impotency and Sterlity 414
Hairs 404 11.8 Infanticide 414
Finger Printing 405 11.9 Medical Ethics/Rules 415
Lipprints 405 11.10 Thanatology 416
Superimposition 405 Concept of Death 416
Stature 405 Postmortem Changes 416
11.3 Autopsy And Preservatives 406 11.11 Mechanical Asphyxia 419
11.4 Mechanical Injuries 407 Hanging  419
Abrasions 407 Strangulation  419
Bruise (Contusion)  407 Methods of Torture 420
xxii Drowning 420
 11.12 Blood and Seminal Stains 421 Cyanide Poisonong (Prussic Acid/Hcn) 427
Seminal Stains 421 Aluminium Phosphide (Celphos)  427
11.13 Forensic Psychiatry 422 Alcohol 427
11.14 Toxicology 423 Barbiturates 428
Poisoning And Their Specific Antidotes 423 Datura 428
Some Imp. Poisons 424 Phenol (Carbolic Acid) 429
Pupils In Poisoning 425 H2so4 (Sulfuric Acid) 429
Popular Names 426 Organophosphorus Poisoning 429
11.15 Some Important Poisons 426 Phosphorus Poisoning 429
Lead (Pb) 426 Aconite Poisoning 429
Zinc (Zn) 426 11.16 Snakes 430
Arsenic (As) 426 11.17 Some Points Of Quick
Mercury (Hg) 427 Revision 431

Chapter 12 Social & Preventive Medicine 433

12.1 Disease Prevention in Epidemiology 434 Poliomyelitis 460
Levels of Prevention 434 Yellow Fever 460
Types of Research Studies in Epidemiology 436 Dengue 460
12.2 Epidemiological Studies 437 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars)  461
Case Control / Retrospective Study 438 Swine Flu (H1n1 Disease) 461
Cohort Study 438 Tetanus 461
Other Study Designs 438 Malaria  462
Bias / Systematic Error 438 Tuberculosis 464
Confounding 439 ARI  466
Epidemiological Indicators 440 Leprosy 466
12.3 Vaccines and Immunization 441 HIV / Aids 467
Strains of Vaccines 442 Stds 467
Vaccine Carriers & Cold Chain  442 Some Emerging Viruses/ D/S Of Interest  467
Vaccination In Special Situation 445 12.6 Non-Communicable Diseases 468
Summary: Vaccines 447 Rheumatic Fever/ RHD 468
Open Vial Policy 2015 449 Rta (Accidents) 468
12.4 Communicable D/S Epidemiology 449 Obesity 468
Important Definitions 449 Hypertension 469
Epidemic 449 Blindness 470
Pandemic 450 Road Traffic Accidents (Rta) 470
Endemic 450 12.7 Social Health 470
Bioterrorism 450 Imp. Definitions 471
Carriers, Types 451 Family 471
Some Important Definitions 453 12.8 Health Education 472
12.5 Infectious Diseases 453 12.9 Demography & Family Planing 472
Mode of Transmission Of Some Diseases  453 Population Growth 473
Period of Infectivity 454 Population Composition In India 473
Period of Isolation 454 Vital Statistics, India 473
Drugs For Chemoprophylaxis & T/T 454 Fertility Related Indicators 474
Rural Urban Variations Of D/S 454 Poverty 476
Small Pox 454 12.10 Mother & Child Health (Mch) 477
Measles (Rubeola) 455 IMCI 477
Chickenpox (Varicella) 455 IMNCI 477
Mumps 455 National Health Policy 2002 478
Rubella 455 National Population Policy 2000 478
Meningococcal Meningitis 456 Health Goals For 12Th Plan 478
Pertussis 456 12.11 Indian Health Care System 479
Diphtheria 456 Three-Tier System Of Health Care Delivery In India 479
Rabies 457 12.12 Environment 479
Plague 457 Noise Pollution 480
Typhoid (Enteric Fever) 458 Light 480
Cholera 458 Water 480
Kala-Azar 459 Insecticides 482 xxiii
Filaria 459 Arthropod Borne Diseases 482
JE  459 Occupational Lung Diseases 483
 12.13 Nutrition 484 12.15 International Health 489
Milk 484 Imp. Embelem & Logo 490
Calcium 485 12.16 Management 490
Iron 485 Waste Management 491
Proteins 485 Disaster 492
Fats 486 12.17 Important Milestones In Spm 493
Fluorosis 486 Important Dates And Days 493
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Idd) 486 Important Year 493
Vitamin A Deficiency 486 Historians in Public Health 494
Food-Borne Intoxicants 487 12.18 National Health Programmes 494
Important Food Poisonings 487 Important Definitions 494
12.14 National Health 488 Rmnch+A 498

Chapter 13 Statistics 503

13.1 Measurement of Values 504 Non-Parametric Tests 510
Measures of Central Tendency 504 13.5 Hypothesis 511
Measures of Dispersion 504 13.6 Data 512
Measures of Skewness 505 Methods of Representation of Data 512
Measures of Chance 506 13.7 Screening of Diseases 514
13.2 Distribution of Data 506 Sampling Methods 517
13.3 Measurement / Types of Data 508 Survival Analysis  517
Scales of Measurement of Data 508 13.8 Correlational Techniques 517
Expressions Used When Making Inferences About 13.9 Recent/Imp. Points 518
Data 509 Some Imp. Statistical Formulae 518
13.4 Test of Significance 510 Practice Questions 519
Parametric Tests 510

Chapter 14 Medicine 521

14.1 Medicine Basics 522 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 539
Fever 522 Osteoarthritis (OA) 540
Clubbing 522 Psoriatic Arthritis 540
Cyanosis 522 Reiter's Arthritis 540
Exudate & Transudate 523 Ankylosing Spondylitis 540
Miscellaneous 524 Gout Vs. Pseudogout 541
14.2 CNS 526 14.5 Collagen Vascular Disorders 542
Tremors 526 Sle  542
Abnormal Gait  526 Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis 543
Cortex And Higher Functions 526 Sjögren’s Syndrome 543
Aphasia 526 Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis) 543
Alexia and Agraphia 527 14.6 Oral Diseases 544
Monoplegia  527 14.7 Respiratory System 544
Motor Neuron Lesions 527 Pulmonary Embolism  545
Anatomical and Functional Cortical Areas 528 Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (Pphn) 545
Parkinson's Disease (Pd) 529 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (Copd) 545
Dementia 530 Asthma 546
Meningoencephalitis  531 Pneumonia 546
Gbs (Guillain - Barré Syndrome)  531 14.8 Cardiovascular System 547
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Murmurs 547
(Als Or Lou Gehrig’s D/S) 532 Surface Anatomy of Heart Valves 548
Friedrich's Ataxia  532 ECG 548
Sub Acute Combined Degeneration (Sacd) 532 Orthostatic Hypotension 551
Multiple Sclerosis  533 Coronary Artery Diseases (Cads) 551
Neurocutaneous Disorders/Syndromes 534 Myocardial Infarction - Types 553
Tuberus Sclerosis 535 14.9 Arrhythmia  555
14.3 Neuropathies, Paralysis 536 Ventricular Tachyarrthmias 556
xxiv 14.4 Rheumatology 538 Heart Block 556
Arthritides 538 Co-Arctation of Aorta (Coa) 557
 HOCM 557 Cryoglobulinemia 566
DCM And Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 558 Polycystic Ds of Kidney (Pkd) 567
Rheumatic Fever (Rf ) 559 Renal Vein Thrombosis (Rvt) 567
Tamponade Vs Consirictive Pericarditis 560 Siadh  568
Mvp/Barlow’s Syndrome 560 Other Renal Diseases 569
14.10 Git 561 14.13 Tuberculosis (Tb) 570
Blind Loop Syndrome 561 Diagnosis 570
Small Bowel (Short Bowel) Syndrome 561 14.14 Hiv/Aids 571
Malabsorption  561 Wilson's Disease 574
14.11 Liver 562 Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) 574
Portal Hypertension 562 Hemochromatosis  574
14.12 Kidney & Genito Urinary Tract 564 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis 575
Renal Failure Indices In Arf 564 Sarcoidosis  575
Renal Tubular Acidosis (Rta) 564 Asbestosis 575
Interstitial Nephritis 565 Fat Embolism 576
Barter and Gittelman Syndromes 565 Air Embolism 576
Renal Osteodystrophy 566 Pseudotumour Cerebri 576
CRF (Uremia) 566 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus  576
Dialysis for Renal Diseases 566 Porphyria 577

Chapter 15 Endocrinology 581

15.1 Basics of Endocrinology 582 Delayed Puberty (Dp) 593
15.2 Pituitary Hormones 582 Precocious Puberty (Pp) 593
Hormones: Summary 583 15.6 Hormones Secreted By Kidney 593
15.3 Thyroid Hormones 585 Gynaecomastia  594
Thyroid Hormones & Tft (Thyroid Function Tests) 585 Hirsuitism  594
Thyroiditis 586 Obesity  595
Hyperthyroidism 587 Metabolic Syndrome 595
Hypothyroidism 587 15.7 PGA & Men 596
15.4 Parathyroid Gland, Vitamin D 588 Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndromes (Pga) 596
Vitamin D 588 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (Men)  596
Hypoparathyroidism  588 Pheochromocytoma 597
Hyperparathyroidism (↑Pth) 589 15.8 Diabetes Mellitus (Dm) 597
15.5 Adrenal Hormones  590 Insulin Chart 599
Adrenal Hormones 590 15.9 Male Sex Hormones  600
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)  591 Androgens 600

Chapter 16 Dermatology 603

16.1 Anatomical and Physiological Consideration 604 16.7 Dermatitis/ Eczema 616
Morophology of Skin 604 Atopic dermatitis 616
16.2 Some Diagnostic Method 604 Contact dermatitis 616
Wood Lamp's Light 605 16.8 Erythema 617
Configuration of Lesion 606 16.9 Dermatophytosis 619
16.3 Papular Lesions/Warts 606 Tinea /Ringworm  619
Warts (Verrucae) 606 Scabies 620
16.4 Vesico-Bullous Disorders 608 Pediculosis 621
Impetigo 608 Cutaneous Tuberculosis (TB-Skin) 622
Pemphigus 609 Tuberculids 622
Bullous / Senile Pemphigoid 609 Acne Vulgaris 623
Dermatitis Herpetiformis 610 Palpable Purpura 625
16.5 Scaling Dermatoses 610 Icthyosis  625
16.6 Disorders of Pigmentation 613 Imp. Skin Preparations 625
Pityriasis 613 Recall Imp. Signs in Dermatology 626
Vitiligo 615 D/D of Genital Ulcers 627
Syphilis: Stages 629
Non-venereal/Endemic Treponematoses 630 xxv
 Chapter 17 Surgery 637
17.1 Electrolyte Imbalance 638 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Ibds) 665
Sodium  638 Intestinal Tuberculosis 665
Potassium  639 Diverticulosis  666
Calcium  639 Hemorrhoids 667
Imp. Metabolic Changes 640 Fistula-in-Ano 668
17.2 Fluid Therapy 640 Anal Fissure  668
17.3 Nutrition In Surgical Patient 642 Pilonidal Sinus 669
17.4 Wound Healing 643 Liver Transplantation 671
Normal Wound Healing  643 Biliary Cirrhosis 672
Abnormal Wound Healing 643 Hydatid Cyst of Liver 672
17.5 Surgical Infections 644 Pyogenic Liver Abscess 673
Surgical Site Infections (Ssi) 645 Amoebic Liver Abscess 673
17.6 Ulcers & Swellings 645 Liver/ Hepatic Trauma  673
Abscesses  646 Acute Pancreatitis  673
Cysts 647 Chronic Pancreatitis 674
Other Points About Swellings 647 Pseudopancreatic Cyst 674
17.7 Arterial Disorders 647 Splenic Trauma 675
Intermittent Claudication 648 Hydronephrosis 678
Sympathectomy 649 Renal Transplantation 678
Aneurysm 649 BPH 679
Aortic Rupture 649 Prostatitis 679
17.8 Venous Disorders 650 Rupture of Bladder 680
Venous Thrombosis /Phlebothrombosis)  650 Urethral Injuries 680
Arteriovenous (A-V) Fistula 651 Capillary Hemangiomas 682
Lymphedema 651 Langer’s Lines 682
Vascular Malformations 651 Catheters In Surgery 683
17.9 Head & Neck 652 Sutures 683
Thyroidectomy 652 Surgical Positions 684
Parotid Gland 653 Diseases of Penis 685
Teeth 654 Surgical Nodes 686
Aortic Transection 654 Important Signs 686
Aortic Dissection 654 EDH Vs SDH 688
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 654 Vesicoureteric Reflux (Vur) 691
Chest Trauma 655 Anencephaly 694
Flail Chest/Rib # 655 Cephalic Disorders 694
Gynaecomastia 656 Hydrocephalus 695
Esophageal Diverticula 656 Intussusception 698
Achalasia Cardia (Megaesophagus) 657 Cardiac Loop Defects/Isomerism 698
Gerd  657 Flaps Used For Sx Reconstruction 704
Barret's Esophagus 658 Hand & Foot Surgery 705
Diaphragmatic Hernia 658 Abdominal Trauma 705
Intestinal Obstruction  663 Missile Injuries 706
G.J. Bleeding  664

Chapter 18 Obstetrics 709

18.1 Reproductive Physiology 710 Emergency/Post Coital Contraception  719
Menstrual Cycle 710 Tubal Ligation 719
Corpus Luteum (Cl) 711 18.3 Prenatal Diagnosis 720
Hormones 711 Maternal Serum Screening 720
Estriol 712 Alfa Fetoprotein (Afp) 721
Pregnancy Changes  714 Procedures of Cytogenetic Sampling 721
Lactation  715 Antenatal Ultrasound 722
18.2 Contraception 715 Down Syndrome 724
Intra Uterine Devices (Iuds) 715 18.4 Amniotic Fluid (Af ) 725
Ocps (Oral Contra Ceptive Pills) 716 Hydramnios  726
Depot Progestins  718 18.5 Placenta 726
xxvi
Natural Birth Control Methods 718
 18.6 Antenatal Assessment Of Fetal Well-Being 728 Tuberculosis In Pregnancy 743
Doppler Velocimetry 729 Malaria In Pregnancy 743
18.7 Normal Labour  730 Anemia In Pregnancy 743
Preterm Labour 732 Diabetes Mellitus In Pregnancy 743
18.8 Fetal Malapositions 733 Miscellaneous Disorders In Pregnancy 744
Occipitoposterior Position (Opp)  733 Rh–Incompatibility 745
Breech 733 Feto-Maternal Hemorrhage (Fmh) 745
Shoulder Dystocia 734 Fetal Hydrops (Hemolysis In Fetus) 745
18.9 Hemorrhage In Pregnancy 734 Iud (Intra Uterine Demise/Death) 746
Ectopic Pregnancy 735 Iugr 746
Antepartum H'ge (APH) 735 Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy(Icp) 746
PPH (Post–Partum Hemorrhage) 737 H. Mole 748
Preeclampsia 738 Choriocarcinoma 749
Eclampsia 738 Rattamar  752
Heart Diseases In Pregnancy 742

Chapter 19 Gynaecology 755

19.1 Physiology of 756 19.5 Drugs And Hormonal Preparations 764
19.2 Investigations In Gynae 756 19.6 Infections 765
Postmenopausal Bleeding (PMB) 756 PID 765
Pap Smear (Papanicolou Test) 757 T.b. of Genital Tract 765
Endometrial Biopsy 757 Other Pelvic and Genital Infections/Conditions 765
Fern Test 758 Gynaecological Stds 766
Luteal Phase (Progesterone) Defect 758 Syndromic Management Of Sti/Rti 768
Postcoital Test (Sims/ Huhner’s Test) 758 19.7 Urogenital Fistulae 768
Ideal Timing For 758 19.8 Prolapse 768
Hysterosalpingography (Hsg) 759 M/M of Tubal Ectopic 774
Hysteroscopy 760 Ovarian Tumours 774
Vaginal Smear & Cells 760 Endometrial Cancer 777
M/C Sites For 760 Cervical Cancer (Ca-Cervix) 777
19.3 Female Reproductive Organs 761 Ovarian Cancer  778
Vagina 761 Ca-Fallopian Tube 778
Cervix 761 Ca-Vulva 778
Uterus 761 T/T of Gynaecological Cancers 782
19.4 Amenorrhea 762
D/D Of Primary Amenorrhea 762
D/D Of Secondary Amenorrhea 763
Dub 764

Chapter 20 Ophthalmology 787

20.1 Ophthalmic Examination and Instruments 788 20.9 Cornea 802
Ophthalmoscopy 788 Corneal Ulcers  803
Retinoscopy  788 Keratoconus 803
Some Ophthalmic Tools 789 Other Conditions of Cornea 804
20.2 Anatomical and Physiological Consideration 792 Cataract: Important Types 807
Development of Structures of Eye  792 Intraocular Lenses (Iol) 808
Fundus Examination (Fundoscopy) 794 Contact Lenses 808
20.3 Some Imp. Ophthalmic Findings 795 Spectacle Lenses 809
20.4 Refractive Errors 796 Aphakia 809
Myopia 796 Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (Poag) 809
Hypermetropia 796 Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma  810
Astigmatism 797 Secondary Glaucoma 810
20.5 Eye Muscles 797 Other Glaucoma 811
Ophthalmoplegia 798 Vitreous Hemorrhage 812
20.6 Nystagmus 799 Diabetic Retinopathy 812
20.7 Pupil 800 Hypertensive Retinopathy 813
20.8 Conjunctiva 801 Retinal Occlusions 813
Important Conjunctivitis 801 Retinal Detachment (RD) 816 xxvii
Trachoma 802 Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) 816
 Sympathetic Ophthalmia 819
Endophthalmitis 819
# Of Orbital Wall 820
Proptosis (Exophthalmos) 820
Ptosis 820
Chapter 21 ENT 829
21.1 Anatomy and Physiology 830
Development of Ear 830
External Ear 830
Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) 831
Inner Ear (Labyrinth) 832
21.2 Pinna/Auricle 833
21.3 Diseases Of External Ear 833
21.4 Tympanic Membrane (Tm) 834
21.5 Diseases Of Middle Ear 835
Acute Otitis Media (Asom) 835
Csom 835
21.6 Assessment of Hearing 837
Tuning Fork Tests (TFTS) 837
Audiometry 837
Tests of Vestibular Function 838
Deafness 839
Hearing Dysfunction 840
21.7 Disease of Inner Ear 840
Ménière’s Disease 840
Bppv  841
Acoustic Neuroma 841
Glomus Jugulare 841
Otosclerosis 842
Chapter 22 Orthopaedics 861
22.1 Basics in Orthopaedics 862
Fracture (#) Overview 862
Neuropraxia 864
Important Tests 865
Treatment of Fractures 865
Amputations 866
22.2 Named Fractures 867
22.3 Maxillofacial Injuries & # 868
22.4 Complication of Fractures 869
Non- Union 869
Malunion 869
Pseudoarthrosis (False Joint)  869
Dupuytren’s Contracture 869
Compartment Syndrome 870
Volkman’s Ischemic Contracture (Vic) 870
Sudeck's Osteodystrophy 870
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  870
22.5 Shoulder 872
Dislocation Of The Shoulder 872
Frozen Shoulder  872
Impingement Syndrome  872
22.6 Upper Limb 872
# Humerus 873
Lateral Condyle # Humerus/ Jupitor # 873
# Medial Epicondyle Of Humerus 874
xxviii
Forearm Bone # 874
Colles # 874
Smith's # 874
# Scaphoid 874
Retinoblastoma 821
Pseudoglioma 821
Mydriatics 823
Community Ophthalmology Blindness 824
21.8 Nose 843
Openings In Lateral Wall Of Nose 843
Nasal Septum  843
Epistaxis 844
Granulomatous/Chronic Diseases Of Nose 845
Rhinoscleroma (Woody Nose) 845
Rhinosporidiosis 845
Important Rhinitis 846
Paranasal Sinuses 846
Neoplasm of Paranasal Sinuses 848
Neoplasm of Nasal Cavity 848
Nasal Polyps 849
21.9 Nasopharynx and Oral Cavity 849
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma  849
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 849
Pharyngeal Space Infection 850
Vincent’s Angina Vs. Ludwig’s Angina 850
Tonsillectomy 850
Anatomy of Larynx 851
Carcinoma Larynx/ Glottis 854
Vocal Cords (Vc) 855
Bell's Palsy 856
Other Orthopedic Conditions of Ul 875
Thumb 875
Toe 875
22.7 Spine & Vertebral Column 875
Prolapsed Ivd (Intervertebral Disc)  876
Scoliosis 876
Dislocation Of Hip 877
Supratrochanteric # 877
Leg Length Discrepancy 878
Avascular Necrosis Of Femur Head 878
# Neck Of Femur (# Nof ) 879
22.8 Knee Joint, Ligaments And Injuries 880
22.9 Ankle 882
Comparison Of Some Important Bone Diseases 883
Pagets Disease Of Bone 884
Ostoechondritis 885
Arthritides 885
Osteoporosis 886
Bone Grafting 886
Septic (Pyogenic) Arthritis 886
Osteomyelitis  886
Tb Spine/ Pott’s Disease  887
Tuberculosis Of Hip 888
Poliomyelitis 888
22.12 Physiotherapy & Sports Medicine 889
Deformities Of Hand 890
Deformities Of Foot And Hip 890
Some Bony Sites Most Commonly Affected In
Orthopedic Conditions /# 895
Chapter 23 Paediatrics 899
23.1 Fetal Medicine 900 23.5 Growth & Development 921
Fetal Therapy 902 Target Height of A Child 921
Infant of A Dibetic Mother 902 Important Developmental Milestones 922
23.2 Intrauterine Infections & Outcome 903 Short Stature Workup 923
HBV 903 Approach to A Child With Short Stature 923
Chiken Pox (VZV) 903 Growth Parameters 923
Toxoplasmosis 903 23.6 Nutrition 924
Rubella  903 Indicators of Nutritional Status 924
Perinatal Tuberculosis  904 23.7 Infections 925
Perinatal HIV 905 23.8 Pediatric Cardiology 926
23.3 Neonatology 906 Congenital Heart Diseases 926
Neonatal Resuscitation Algorithm 908 Lt-To-Right Shunt Lesions 929
Umbilical Cord 909 VSD 929
Perinatal Hypoxia 909 PDA 930
Hie 909 Cyanotic Heart D/S (Rt To Left Shunts) 931
Iugrs/Sga Babies 911 TOF 931
Preterm Babies 911 23.9 Diarrheal Diseases  933
Retinopathy Of Prematurity (Rop) 912 Oral Rehydration Solution (Ors) 933
Neonatal Sepsis  913 Resomal 933
Necrotising Enterocolitis (Nec) 913 IMNCI 933
Neonatal Reflexes 913 Acute Flaccid Paralysis & Polio 933
Neonatal Seizures  915 D/D of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (Afp) 934
Choanal Atresia 915 D/D of Muscle Dystrophies 934
HMD/RDS 915 Duchenne M/S Dystrophy (DMD) 935
Mas 916 Mitochondrial Myopathies  935
Transient Tachypnea Of The Newborn (Ttn)  916 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Jra) 935
Respiratory Distress In Newborn : D/D  916 Rta (Renal Tubular Acidosis) 936
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Cdh) 916 Nephronophthisis 937
Cyanosis 916 Uti 937
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia (Nnhb) 917 Meningoencephalitis In Children  937
Anemia of Prematurity(Aop) 919 Meningitis In Children  937
Neonatal Pain 919 Febrile Seizures In Children  938
Neonatal Pda 919 Absence Seizure  938
23.4 Breastfeeding 920 23.15 Clinical Vignettes/ Practice Qs 938
Mammalian Sexual Development Genes 941

Chapter 24 Radiology 943

24.1 Principles of Radiological Procedures 944 24.6 Ent/Neck 954
Investigation Procedures In Radiology 944 24.7 Thorax 954
Contrast Media In Radiology 944 Ribs 956
Ultrasound (USG) 945 Lung Metastases 956
Doppler 945 Mammogram 958
X-Rays 946 24.8 Abdomen 959
Computed Tomography (Ct / Cat Scan) 947 Contrast Studies Of G.i.t 959
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri) 947  24.9 Liver, Biliary Apparatus 962
PET 948 Scurvy 964
DEXA 949 Rickets Vs Scurvy 964
Some Radiological Procedures 949 Obstetric Ultrasound 966
24.2 Interventional Radiology 949 HSG (Hystero-Salpingiography) 967
24.3 Radionuclides 950 Radioiodine 970
24.4 Investigation Of Choice (Ioc) 950 Radiation Dose And Units 971
24.5 Skull, Head/Brain 952 Radiosensitivity 971
Calcification Cranial Structures 953 Radiation Hazards 972
Head Injury And Hematoma on Ct 953
xxix
 Chapter 25 Anaesthesiology 977
25.1 History of Anaesthesia 978 Nitrous Oxide (N2o) 987
25.2 Central Neuraxial Blockade 978 Ether 987
Subarachanoid Block (Sab)/Spinal Anaesthesia 978 Methoxyflurane 987
Epidural Block/Epidural Anesthesia 979 Newer Fluranes 988
25.3 Anaesthetic Equipments 980 25.7 Intravenous Induction Agents 989
Flowmeter 980 Thiopentone  989
Vaporisers 981 Ketamine 989
Open System 981 Propofol 990
Semi-Open/Semi Closed Systems Etomidate 990
(Mapelson Circuits) 981 Fentanyl 990
Closed Circuits/Soda Lime Circuit 981 Remifentanil 990
25.4 Assessment Of Airway 982 Sufentanyl 990
25.5 Monitoring 983 25.8 Local Anaesthetics 990
Minimum Mandatory Monitoring  983 Classification 990
Invasive Monitoring  984 Lidocaine (Lignocaine, Xylocaine) 991
25.6 General Anaesthetics 985 Bupivacaine 991
Mac 985 Topical Anaesthesia 991
Halothane 986 25.9 Muscle Relaxant 992
Trilene (Trichloroethylene) 986 Classification 992
Chloroform 986 D-Tubocurarine (D-Tc) 994
Entonox 986 Malignant Hyperthermia 994
Helium 986 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome 994
Xenon 986

Chapter 26 Critical Care 1005

26.1 Bls (Basic Life Support)Guidelines  1006 26.6 Trauma 1015
Guidelines For Cpr In Bls (Aha 2015 Flail Chest  1017
Recommendations) 1007 26.7 Respiratory Emergencies 1018
Changes In 2015 Acls/Bls Guidelines 1008 Respiratory Failure 1018
Changes In Nrp-2015 Guidelines 1008 Hypercapnea 1018
26.2 Advanced Life Support (Als)  1009 26.8 Ventilators 1019
26.3 Cardiovascular Emergencies 1010 Ventilatory Strategies In Diseases 1020
26.4 Injury To Brain 1013 Pulse Oximetry 1021
26.5 Shock 1015 26.9 Practical Aspect 1021
Septic Shock 1015 Central Venous Catheter 1021
Intubation 1021

Chapter 27 Psychiatry 1025

27.1 Sleep And Related Disorders 1026 27.6 Therapeutic 1031
Rem and Nrem Sleep  1026 Electroconvulsive Therapy (Ect) 1032
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Osa) 1026 Lithium 1033
Periodic Limb Movement Antipsychotics 1033
Disorder (Plmd) 1027 Clozapine 1033
27.2 General Psychiatry 1027 Tricyclic Anti Depressants  1034
27.3 Important Psychiatric Tests 1027 Behavior Therapy  1034
27.4 Hallucinations, Delusions 1028 27.7 Psychiatric Disorders 1034
Illusion 1028 27.8 Organic Mental Disorders 1036
Hallucinations 1028 Dementia 1037
Delusions 1029 Amnesia 1037
27.5 Child Psychiatry 1030 Suicide 1037
Learning Disability Disorders 1030 27.9 Psychotic Disorders 1038
Pervasive Developmental Disorders 1030 Schizophrenia (Szp) 1038
Conduct Disorder 1031 Mood Disorders 1040
xxx Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (Adhd) 1031 Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (Ocd) 1041
Mental Retardation (Mr) 1031 General Adaptation Syndrome (Gas)  1041
 Personality Disorders 1041 Sexual Paraphilia 1045
Adjustment Disorder 1042 Alcoholism 1045
Dissociative Disorders 1042 Opioid Abuse 1047
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)  1042 Drug Dependence 1047
Phobic Disorders Or Phobia 1043 Serotonin Syndrome 1048
Impulse 1043 Anticholinergic Syndrome 1048
Obsession 1043 Defense Mechanisms 1048
Affective Types 1043 Acts & Laws 1049
Anxiety Disorders 1044 International Classification Of Diseases (Icd) 1050
Somatoform Disorders  1044 Dsm IV Classification 1050
Psycho-Somatic Disorders  1044 Some Common Terms In Psychiatry 1050

Chapter 28 Oncology 1053

28.1 General Oncology 1054 28.9 Skin Cancers 1069

Staging and Grading Of Tumours 1054 Melanoma 1069
Various Plasia in Oncology  1055 Nevi 1071
Prognostic Factors In Cancers 1055 Kaposi Sarcoma 1072
Screening  1056 Retinoblastoma 1074
28.2 Biopsy For Neoplasms 1057 Tumours of Head & Neck Region 1074
28.3 Onco-Pathology 1057 Salivary Gland Neoplasms 1075
Tumour Markers 1058 Zollinger Elision Syndrome (Zes) 1084
28.4 Oncogenesis 1059 Insulinoma  1084
Radiation Induced Cancers 1059 Gist 1084
Chemical Carcinogenes & Cancers 1059 Vipoma 1084
Tumours A/W Supressor Gene Inactivation 1060 Carcinoids 1084
Cytogenetics & Translocations 1061 Gi/Colonic Polyps 1085
Proto-Oncogenes & Carcinoma Colon 1085
Their Expression In Neoplasms 1061 Ca Anal Canal 1086
28.5 Tumours: Common Points 1062 Ca Head of Pancreas 1086
Pnet (Primitive Neuro Ectodermal Tumours) 1063 Hepatocellular Cancer (Hcc) 1087
Net (Neuro Endocrinal Tumours) 1063 Carcinoma Gb 1087
Gist 1063 Cholangiocarcinoma
Carcinoid Tumours 1063 (Bile Duct Cancer) 1088
Pre-Malignant Conditions Of Cancers  1063 Klatskin Tumour  1088
Inherited Predisposition To Cancer 1064 28.24 Tumours Of Kidney & Urinary Tract 1088
28.6 Cancer Radiotherapy 1064 Wilm's Tumour 1088
Imp. Form Of Radiation 1065 Neuroblastoma  1089
28.7 Cancer Chemotheray 1065 Bladder Cancer 1090
Adjuvant Chemotherapy 1065 Prostate Cancer 1090
Anti-Cancer Drugs 1066 Testicualr Cancer 1091
28.8 Other Modes of Cancer T/T 1068 Malignant Bone Tumours 1092
Benign Bone Tumours 1094
28.28 Paraneoplastic Syndromes & Cancers 1097
28.29 Some Points of Special Mention 1098

Chapter 29 Hematology 1101

29.1 Hematology Basics 1102 Fanconi Anemia 1109
29.2 Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia 1103 Sideroblastic Anemia 1109
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)  1103 29.6 Disorder of Bleeding And Coagulation 1109
Thalassemia 1105 29.7 Platelets Disorders 1111
29.3 Hemolytic Anemia 1105 29.8 Coagulation Disorders 1112
Micro-Angiopathic Hemolytic Anemias 1106 ALL 1115
Hereditary Spherocytosis (Hs) 1106 AML 1115
29.4 Megaloblastic Anemias 1107 CLL 1116
29.5 Other Anemias 1107 CML 1116
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 1107 Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL)  1117 xxxi
 Mycosis Fungoides 1117 Multiple Myeloma (Mm) 1120
Hodgkin's Disease (Hd Or Hl) 1117 Blood Transfusion (Bt) 1121
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL) 1118 Clotting Factors 1123
Burkitt’s Lymphoma  1118 Blood Groups  1123
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 1119

Chapter 30 Syndromes 1127

Brain Stem Syndromes A/W Hemiplegia  1128 30.2 Clinical Vignettes 1136
Spinal Cord Transection Syndromes 1128 30.3 Recent Points 1136
30.1 Some Impt. Negative Points 1136

Chapter 31 Miscellaneous 1137

31.1 Useful Mnemonics 1138 Fathers  1150
31.2 Latest Updates 1148 Indications of MRI of Mother During Pregnancy 1150
Newer Drugs 1148 Indications of Fetal Surgery 1150
Changes In National Immunisation Program 2015- Who Theme 1150
2016 1149 In The News 1150
Some Other Imp. Updates  1149 Some Surgical Instruments 1151
31.3 Scientists 1149 Pediatric Rescucitation Equipments 1151
31.4 Miscellaneous 1149 Pedigree Symbols 1152
Nobel Prize In Medicine/Physiology 1149

xxxii