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transformer / translate
transformer An electrical device that uses
electromagnetic induction to transfer power
from one electric circuit to another at the
same frequency. It usually increases voltage
and decreases current (or vice versa) in the
process.
transformer voltage divider An induc-
tive-type voltage divider that is used in some
AC bridge circuits to provide high accuracy,
much as a Kelvin-Varney voltage divider is
used in some DC bridge circuits.
transient 1. In process instrumentation, the
behavior of a variable during transition
between two steady states. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-
1979 (R1993)] 2. The behavior variable during
the transition between two steady states.
[ANSI/ISA-77.42.01-1999] 3. A dynamic con-
dition or characteristic—power level, voltage,
magnetic field strength, force, or pressure, for
example—that is not periodically repeated.
Often, transient implies an anomalous, tempo-
rary departure from a steady-state condition,
the latter being either constant or cyclic.
Sometimes called a "spike." 4. Pertaining to
rapid change.
transient analyzer An electronic device that
is used to capture a record of a transient
event for later analysis.
transient correction A control action that is
specifically applied to minimize any process
error resulting from a temporary process
change. An example would be a temperature
control action that is applied to counter the
effects of over- or under-firing during load
changes. [ANSI/ISA-77.44-1995]
transient deviation See deviation, transient.
transient digitizer A device that records a
transient analog waveform and converts the
information it has collected into digital form.
transient motion An oscillatory or other
irregular motion that occurs while a quantity
is changing into a new steady-state value.
transient overshoot 1. The maximum excur-
sion beyond the final steady-state value of
output as the result of an input change.
[ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)] 2. An excur-
sion beyond the final steady-state value of
the output as the result of a step-input
change. It is usually referred to as the "first
excursion," Transient overshoot is expressed
as a percentage of the steady-state output
step.
transient overvoltage A momentary excur-
sion in voltage occurring in a signal or sup-
ply line of a device that exceeds the
maximum rated conditions specified for that
device. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
516
transient power supply effects Disturbances
with a duration of 200 milliseconds or less.
Some of these effects are specified in ISA's
electromagnetic compatibility standards.
[S71.02]
transient response 1. The response of a trans-
ducer to a step change in the measurand.
Note: Transient response, as such, is not
shown in a specification except as a general
heading, but it is defined by such characteris-
tics as time constant, response time, ringing
period, and the like. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)] 2.
The time required for the output voltage to
return within the DC regulation envelope for
a step change of the input voltage or DC out-
put current. It is normally specified in micro-
seconds for a 50 percent load change from
one-half to full load.
transient temperature error The output of a
transducer as a result of a specified transient
temperature change within a specified oper-
ating temperature range. Note: The associ-
ated capacitance and load resistance as well
as the time, after the applied transient, at
which the amplitude peak occurs must be
specified. [ISA-RP37.2-1982 (R1995)]
transistor A three-terminal solid-state semi-
conductor device that can be used as an
amplifier, switch, detector, or wherever a
three-terminal device with gain or switching
action is required.
transistor/transistor logic (TTL) A type of
digital circuitry.
transit A surveying instrument, on which a
telescope is mounted, for measuring both
horizontal and vertical angles. Also known
as a "transit theodolite" and " theodolite."
transit time The time it takes for a particle,
such as an electron or atom, to move from
one point to another in a system or enclo-
sure.
transition The switching from one state (for
example, positive voltage) to another (nega-
tive voltage) in a serial transmission.
transitional flow The flow regime between
laminar and turbulent flow. Generally present
between pipe Reynolds numbers from 2000 to
7000.
transition frequency See crossover frequency.
transition loss The ratio of the signal power
delivered to the portion of a transmission
system following a discontinuity (after the
insertion of an ideal transducer) to the signal
power that is delivered to the same portion
before the ideal transducer is inserted.
translate To convert from one language into
another language.

translator 1. A program whose input is a
sequence of statements in some language
and whose output is an equivalent sequence
of statements in another language. 2. A trans-
lating device.
transmission The sending of a signal, mes-
sage, or other form of information over some
medium. A series of characters, messages, or
blocks, including control information and
other user data.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Proto-
col (TCP/IP) The obligatory standard to be
used by any system connecting to the Inter-
net. Originated by the U.S. Department of
Defense, this standard allows the sharing of
applications among different vendors' com-
puting devices in a high-speed environment.
TCP/IP corresponds to the transport and
network layers of the OSI model. It breaks
the data stream into packets and gives each
an address and sequence number. IP delivers
its packets from the sender to the receiver in
the shortest time possible. TCP manages
flow and ensures that the data are correct.
transmission line A continuous conductor or
other pathway that is capable of transmitting
electromagnetic power from one location to
another while maintaining the power within
a system of material boundaries.
transmission mode A technique by which a
device recognizes the beginning and end of
character clocking in synchronous transmis-
sion or the start and stop bits in asynchro-
nous transmission.
transmissometer An instrument for measur-
ing the extinction coefficient of the atmo-
sphere and for determining its visual range.
Also known as a "hazemeter" and a "trans-
mittance meter."
transmittance The ratio of transmitted elec-
tromagnetic energy to incident electromag-
netic energy impinging on a body that is
wholly or partly transparent to the particular
wavelength(s) involved.
transmitter 1. The transmit circuitry of a
communication element. 2. A transducer that
responds to a measured variable by means of
a sensing element and converts it into a stan-
dardized transmission signal that is a func-
tion only of the measured variable. [ANSI/
ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)] 3. A device that
senses a process variable through the
medium of a sensor and has an output
whose steady-state value varies only as a
predetermined function of the process vari-
able. The sensor may or may not be integral
with the transmitter. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993)] 4. A device that translates the
517
translator / transparent mode
low-level output of a transmission to a site
where it can be further processed. 5. In pro-
cess control, a transmitter that is mounted
together with a sensor or transducer in a sin-
gle package, which is designed to be used at
or near the point of measurement. 6. A light
source (LED or diode laser) that is combined
with electronic circuitry, which drives it. A
transmitter that is operated directly from the
signal that is generated by the other elec-
tronic equipment so as to produce the drive
current needed for an LED or diode laser. 7.
In process control, a device that converts a
variable into a form that is suitable for trans-
mitting information to another location (for
example, resistance that is changed into the
current that is propagated on wires to a con-
trol installation). 8. The transmit circuitry of a
communication element. [ANSI/ISA-50.02,
Part 2-1992]
transmitter off, transmitter on (XOFF,
XON) The communications control charac-
ters that are used to instruct a terminal to
stop or resume transmissions.
transmitting extensions, electric or
electronic A system that converts the float
position into a proportional electric signal
(either AC or DC), or into a proportional
shift or unbalance in impedance, which is
balanced by a corresponding shift in imped-
ance in the receiving instrument. [ISA-
RP16.4-1960]
transmitting extensions, pneumatic A sys-
tem that converts float position into a pro-
portional standard pneumatic signal. A
magnetic coupling that connects the internal
float extension with an external mechanical
system, which is linked to a pneumatic trans-
mitter. [ISA-RP16.4-1960]
transmutation A nuclear reaction that
changes a nuclide into a nuclide of a different
element.
transparent 1. The quality of a substance that
permits light, some other form of electro-
magnetic radiation, or particulate radiation
to pass through it. 2. In data processing, a
programming routine that allows other pro-
grams to operate identically regardless of
whether the transparent instructions are
installed or not.
transparent GIFs In digital graphics, a subset
of the original GIF file format that adds
header information to a GIF file, which signi-
fies that color will be masked out.
transparent mode The transmission of binary
data in which the recognition of most control
characters is suppressed. In binary synchro-
nous communications, entry to and exit from
transponder / travel cycle
transparent mode is indicated by a sequence
that begins with a special data link escape
(DLE) character.
transponder A type of transmitter-receiver
that is designed to automatically transmit a
signal when it receives a signal that has a
predetermined frequency, pulse pattern, or
other unique characteristic.
transport, tape A hardware device that
moves magnetic tape past heads for the pur-
pose of recording or playback.
transportability A measure of the ability of
computer programs to be reused on an
industrial computer.
transportation and storage conditions The
conditions to which a device may be sub-
jected between the time it is constructed and
the time it is installed as well as those condi-
tions that may exist during shutdown. Note:
No permanent physical damage or impair-
ment of operating characteristics should take
place under these conditions, but after these
conditions minor adjustments-may be
needed to restore a device's performance to
normal. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
transport lag The time required to transport
material from one place to another.
transport layer Layer 4 in the OSI reference
model. It provides a logical connection
between processes on two machines.
transverse acceleration An acceleration that
is perpendicular to the sensitive axis of the
transducer. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)]
transverse electric wave A type of electro-
magnetic wave whose electric field vector is
everywhere perpendicular to the direction of
propagation in a homogeneous isotropic
medium.
transverse electromagnetic wave A type of
electromagnetic wave whose electric field
vector and its magnetic field vector are
everywhere perpendicular to the direction of
propagation in a homogeneous isotropic
medium.
transverse interference See interference, nor-
mal-mode.
transverse response See transverse sensitivity.
transverse sensitivity 1. The maximum sensi-
tivity of a uniaxial transducer to a transverse
acceleration, within a specified frequency
range. It is usually expressed in terms of the
percentage of the reference sensitivity in the
intended measuring direction. [ISA-RP37.2-
1982 (R1995)] 2. The sensitivity of a trans-
ducer to transverse acceleration or other
transverse measurand. Note: It is specified as
the maximum transverse sensitivity when a
specified value of the measurand is applied
518
along the transverse plane in any direction. It
is usually expressed in terms of the percent-
age of the sensitivity of the transducer in its
sensitive axis. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)]
trap 1. A conditional jump to a known loca-
tion that is automatically activated by hard-
ware or software and after which the location
from which the jump occurred is recorded.
Often a temporary measure that is taken to
determine the source of a computer bug. 2. A
vertical S-, U-, or J-bend in a soil pipe that
always contains water in order to prevent
sewer odors from backing up into the build-
ing. 3. A device on the intake, or high-vac-
uum side, of a diffusion pump for the
purpose of reducing the backflow of oil or
mercury vapors from the pumping medium
into the evacuated chamber. 4. A receptacle
for collecting undesirable material.
trapped-air process A method of forming
closed, blow-molded plastics objects, in
which the sliding machine elements pinch
off the top of the object after blowing so as to
form a sealed, inflated product.
trapped fuel Any fuel in a fuel-delivery sys-
tem, such as the fuel system of an internal
combustion engine, that is not contained in
the fuel tanks.
trapping A feature of some computers
whereby an unscheduled jump is made to a
predetermined location in response to a
machine condition, for example, a tagged
instruction or an anomalous arithmetic situa-
tion. Monitor routines commonly use such a
feature to provide automatic checking or for
communication between input-output rou-
tines and the programs that use them.
trapping mode A scheme that is used mainly
in the program diagnostic procedures for cer-
tain computers. If the trapping mode
flip-flop is set and the program includes any
one of certain instructions, the instruction is
not performed and the next instruction is
taken from location 0. The contents of the
program counter are saved in order to
resume the program after the diagnostic pro-
cedure is executed.
travel The movement of the closure member
from the closed position to an intermediate
or rated full open position. [ANSI/ISA-
75.05.01-2000]
travel characteristic The relationship
between the signal input and travel. [ANSI/
ISA-75.05.01-2000]
travel cycle The travel of the closure member
from its closed position to the rated travel
opening as well as its return to the closed
position. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]

travel indicator A pointer and scale that is
used to externally show the position of the
closure member. This position is typically
shown in terms of units of opening, percent-
age of travel, or degrees of rotation. [ANSI/
ISA-75.05.01-2000]
travel indicator scale A scale or plate that is
fastened to a valve and marked with gradua-
tions in order to indicate the valve-opening
position. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
traveling block In a block-and-tackle system,
the portion of the hoisting apparatus—
excluding any slings or special rigging—that
is raised and lowered with the load. It usu-
ally consists of the sheaves, pulley frame, cle-
vis, and hook.
traveling wave A wave in which the ratio of
the instantaneous value for any component
of the wave field at one point to the instanta-
neous value at any other point varies with
time. The wave also has the property of
transmitting energy from one point to
another along its direction of propagation.
travel time The time required for one-half of
a travel cycle. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
traverse 1. To swivel a gun, antenna, tracking
device, or similar mechanism in a horizontal
plane. 2. A survey that consists of a set of
connecting lines of known length, which
meet each other at specific angles.
tray A horizontal plate in a distillation col-
umn that temporarily holds a pool of
descending liquid until it flows into a verti-
cal "downcomer" and onto the next tray.
Each tray has openings to permit the passage
of ascending vapors.
tread 1. The outer surface of a wheel or tire
that contacts the roadway or rails. 2. The hor-
izontal portion of a stair step. 3. The horizon-
tal distance between successive risers in a
stairway.
treadle A bar or machine element that is piv-
oted at one end and connected to one or
more other machine elements so that when it
is stepped on, power or motion, or both, are
transmitted to the other elements.
treated water Water that has been chemically
treated to make it suitable for boiler feed.
tree 1. A decoder whose diagrammatic repre-
sentation resembles the branching of a tree. 2.
In microcomputing, the arrangement of DOS
directories and subdirectories. 3. A LAN
topology that recognizes only one route
between two nodes on the network. The
"map" of the topology resembles a tree or the
letter T.
trend chart A plot that shows a parameter's
value versus time.
519
travel indicator / trim, antinoise
TRI Toxic release inventory. Required of U.S.
companies by the EPA so as to control indus-
trial environmental releases.
triac An electronic switching element. Com-
monly used in AC output modules for PCs.
trial for ignition That period of time during
which the programming flame-failure con-
trols permit the burner fuel valves to be open
before the flame-sensing device is required to
detect the flame.
trial for main-flame ignition A timed inter-
val during which, with the ignition means
proved, the main valve is permitted to
remain open. If the main burner is not
ignited during this period, the main valve
and ignition means are cut off. A safety
switch lockout follows.
trial for pilot ignition A timed interval dur-
ing which the pilot valve is held open and an
attempt is made to ignite and prove it. If the
presence of the pilot is proved at the termina-
tion of the interval, the main valve is ener-
gized. If not, the pilot and ignition are cut off,
which is followed by a safety lockout.
triangulation 1. In navigation, the process of
determining position by laying out lines of
sight to three celestial bodies or landmarks,
which are widely spaced around the horizon.
If the lines are properly corrected for the time
of observation, for the ship's or aircraft's
speed and heading, and for current or wind,
they will meet at a point or will form a small
triangle on a map that indicates the position
at the time of observation. 2. In surveying, a
method of measuring a large land area in
which a baseline is established. A network of
triangles is then built up in which each trian-
gle has at least one side that is common to an
adjacent triangle.
triboluminescence The light that is emitted
when particles bump into one another.
trifilter hydrophotometer An instrument for
measuring the transparency of water at three
wavelengths using red, green, and blue opti-
cal filters.
trigger 1. The initiation of a measurement
activity as a result of on an external event. 2.
An event that is used as a timing device to
initiate measurement.
trim The internal components of a valve,
which modulate the flow of the controlled
fluid. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
trim, anticavitation A combination of control
valve trim components that by its geometry
reduces the tendency of the controlled liquid
to cavitate.
trim, antinoise A combination of control
valve trim components that by its geometry
trim, balanced / true root mean square
reduces the noise that is generated by the
fluid flowing through the valve.
trim, balanced A control valve trim that is
designed to minimize the net static and
dynamic fluid-flow forces acting on the trim.
trim, reduced A control valve trim that has a
flow area which is smaller than the full flow
area for that valve.
trim, restricted A control valve trim that has
a flow area that is less than the full flow area
for that valve. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
trim, soft-seated A valve trim that has an
elastomeric, plastic, or other readily deform-
able material, which is used either in the clo-
sure component or the seat ring so as to
provide shutoff with minimal involvement
of actuator forces.
trimming 1. The process of removing irregu-
lar edges from a stamped or deep-drawn
part. 2. Removing gates, risers, and fins from
a casting. 3. Removing parting-line flash
from a forging. 4. Adding or removing small
amounts of R, L, or C from electronic circuits
so as to cause minor changes in the circuits'
performance or to bring them into specifica-
tion.
triode An electron tube that contains three
electrodes—an anode, a cathode, and a con-
trol electrode or grid.
trip 1. To release a catch or to free a mecha-
nism. 2. An apparatus for automatically
dumping mine cars. 3. The action of auto-
matically removing specific equipment from
operation or automatically discontinuing a
process action or condition as the result of an
interlock or operator action. [ANSI/ISA-
77.44-1995]
trip hammer A large power hammer that
falls by gravity when a cam or lever releases
it from its raised position.
triple point A temperature at which all three
phases of a pure substance—solid, liquid,
and gas—are in equilibrium.
tripod A three-legged support for a transit,
camera, or other instrument that can be
readily set up, collapsed, and adjusted.
tripper 1. A device for unloading a belt con-
veyor at a point between the loading point
and the head pulley. [ISA-RP74.01-1984] 2. A
device that discharges a load from a con-
veyor by snubbing the conveyor belt.
trip setpoint A predetermined value for actu-
ating the final set point device so as to ini-
tiate a protective action. [ANSI/ISA-67.04.01-
2000]
tri-state A type of logic device that has a
high-impedance state in addition to a high-
and low-level output state. The high-imped-
520
ance state effectively disconnects the output
of the device from the circuit. Tri-state
devices are useful in the design of bus-ori-
ented systems.
tri states A three-way switch: 1, 0 and a neu-
tral state (effectively disconnected).
tristimulus values The amounts of each pri-
mary color that must be mixed together in
order to obtain a specific hue or to match the
color of a specific sample.
tritium An isotope of hydrogen that has an
atomic weight of 3 (one proton and two neu-
trons in the nucleus).
trochotron A multiple-electrode electron tube
that generates an output signal that is pro-
portional to an input signal. It does this by
charging elements in sequence through an
electron beam manipulated by a magnetic
field.
Trojan Horse Apparently innocuous soft-
ware which, when loaded into a network or
system, allows access by a virus. From the
Greek strategy that conquered Troy, as
described by Homer, allows a virus to access
that network or system.
trolley A wheeled car that runs on an over-
head track or rail.
tropical finish A coating that is applied to
electronic equipment to protect it from
insects, fungi, and the high humidity charac-
teristic of tropical climates.
trouble contact See field contact.
trouble contact voltage See field contact volt-
age. [ANSI/ISA-18.1-1979 (R1992)]
trouble signal A signal (contact transfer
and/or visible or audible signal) that advises
an instrument user of such abnormal condi-
tions as input power failure, an open circuit
breaker, a blown fuse, the loss of continuity
to the detector head, a defective gas-sensing
element, or significant downscale indication.
[S12.15; ISA-92.02, 03, 04 and 06.01-1998]
troubleshoot To search for and remove the
cause of a malfunction or erroneous problem
behavior. See debug.
true complement See complement.
true mass flow A measurement that is a
direct measurement of mass and is indepen-
dent of the properties and the state of the
fluid.
true ratio A characteristic of an instrument
transformer that is equal to
root-mean-square (rms) primary current (or
voltage) divided by root-mean-square sec-
ondary current (or voltage), as determined
under specified conditions.
true root mean square The true root-mean-
square (rms) value of AC or AC-plus-DC sig-
 true value (data processing) / tube hole
nal, is often used to determine the power of a
signal. For a perfect sine wave, the rms value
is 1.11072 times the rectified average value.
For significantly nonsinusoidal signals, a
true rms converter is required.
true value (data processing) The true value
of a quantity is the value that would be mea-
sured with a perfect (i.e., error-free) measure-
ment instrument. From a practical
standpoint, the true value is often considered
to be the value of a quantity measured via
comparison to a primary standard such as
those maintained by the NIST. For the pur-
poses of such standards, the recommended
true value is the value of a quantity that is
obtained by comparing it with a defined ref-
erence quantity. This reference quantity,
which is described in the relevant standard,
is specified by the vendor or agreed upon by
the vendor and the user. [ISA-RP55.1-1975
(R1983)]
truncate 1. To terminate a computational pro-
cess in accordance with some rule, for exam-
ple, to end the evaluation of a power series at
a specified term. 2. To drop the digits of a
number of terms of a series, thus lessening
precision. For example, the number
3.14159265 (pi) is truncated to five figures in
3.1415, whereas one may round off to 3.1416.
truncated address An operand address
whose address field is shorter than the pro-
grammable memory's memory address reg-
ister. The remaining fields in the instruction
determine the algorithm for computing an
effective address from the truncated address.
truncation error The error that results from
using only a finite number of the terms of an
infinite series. It is also the error resulting
from the approximation of operations in the
infinitesimal calculus for operations in the
calculus of finite differences. It is frequently
convenient to define truncation error, by
exclusion, as an error generated in a compu-
tation that is not caused by rounding, initial
conditions, or mistakes. Contrasted with
rounding error.
trunk A main communication highway that
acts as a source of main supply to a number
of other lines (spurs).
trunk communication system A communica-
tion link that joins two telephone central
offices or other large switching facilities. It is
distinguished by its large capacity and by the
fact that all signals go from point to point,
without branching off to many separate
points, except at the end points.
trunnion A shaft extension on a rotary clo-
sure member, which is used to locate and
521
support the member with bearings within
the valve body. [ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000]
truth table A table that describes a logic func-
tion by listing all possible combinations of
input values and by indicating, for each com-
bination, the true output values.
Flip-Flop Circuit and Truth Table
TSS Total suspended solids. A consideration
in EPA (U.S.) regulations.
TTL-compatible (transistor/transistor logic-
compatible) For digital input circuits, a
logic 1 is obtained for inputs of 2.0 to 5.5 V
that can source 40 mA, and a logic 0 is
obtained for inputs of 0 to 0.8 V that can sink
1.6 mA. For digital output signals, a logic 1 is
represented by 2.4 to 5.5 V with a current
source capability of at least 400 mA; and a
logic 0 is represented by 0 to 0.6 V with a cur-
rent sink capability of at least 16 mA.
tube 1. A long hollow cylinder that is used
for conveying fluids or transmitting pres-
sure. Also known as "tubing." 2. An evacu-
ated, glass-enveloped device that is used in
electronic equipment to modify the operat-
ing characteristics of a signal. Also known as
an electron tube.
tube cleaner A device for cleaning tubes by
brushing, hammering, or by rotating cutters.
tube end bulkhead reducer (BRE) The tub-
ing to a tubing connector, with the tubing
connection on one end and a short length of
different-diameter tubing on the other end. It
is designed to mount on a bulkhead
surface.
tube end female adapter (FA) The tubing to a
pipe connector, with a female pipe thread
connection on one end and a short length of
tubing on the other.
tube end male adapter (MA) The tubing to a
pipe connector, with a male pipe thread con-
nection on one end and a short length of tub-
ing on the other.
tube end reducer (RE) The tubing to a tubing
connector, with a tubing connection on one
end and a short length of different-diameter
tubing on the other end.
tube hole A hole in a drum, header, or tube
sheet for accommodating a tube.
tube plug / turbofan
tube plug A solid plug driven into the end of
a tube.
tube port connector (TPC) A tubing fitting
that resembles a short length of tubing with
ferrules attached. By using a tubing nut, it
can be installed on a tubing fitting (Tee,
elbow, etc.), which results in a short length of
tubing that extends from the connection.
tubercle A localized scab of corrosion prod-
ucts that covers an area of corrosive attack.
tube seat That part of a tube hole with which
a tube makes contact.
tube sheet A perforated plate for mounting
an array of tubes so that fluid on one side of
the plate is admitted to the interior of the
tubes and is kept separate from fluid on the
outside of the tubes. Typically found in a
shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
tube turbining Passing a power-driven rotary
device through a length of tubing in order to
clean its interior surface.
tubing cap (CA) A fitting that connects to a
tubing nut so as to cap or plug an open tub-
ing end.
tubing union (TU) A tubing connector that is
used to join two tubes of the same diameter.
There is a tubing connection on each end.
tubular-type collector A collector that uti-
lizes a number of essentially straight-walled
cyclone tubes in parallel.
tumbling 1. The loss of control in a two-
frame free gyroscope that occurs when both
frames become oriented in the same plane. In
such a case, the gyro wheel rotates about a
diameter as well as about its polar axis. 2. A
process for smoothing and polishing small
parts by placing them in a barrel that has
wooden pegs, sawdust, and abrasives or that
has metal slugs. The barrel is rotated about
its axis until the desired surface smoothness
and luster is obtained.
tunable bandpass filter An adjustable filter
with upper and lower cutoff frequencies, at
which the center frequency can be adjusted.
tundish A pouring basin for molten metal.
tuner In a telemetry receiver, the input cir-
cuitry that selects and amplifies the desired
frequency band.
tungsten inert gas welding A nonpreferred
term for gas-tungsten arc welding. See gas-
tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Also known as
"TIG welding."
tuning The process of adjusting control con-
stants in algorithms or analog controllers so
as to produce the desired control effect.
tuning adjustments Changes to control
parameter settings. No two systems require
the same tuning to achieve optimum control,
522
nor does any one system require the same
tuning under all possible operating condi-
tions. As a result, controllers (and control
algorithms) have adjustable settings to
ensure optimum operation.
turbidity The optical obstruction to the pass-
ing of a ray of light through a body of water.
Turbidity is caused by finely divided sus-
pended matter.
turbine 1. A bladed rotor that turns at a
speed nominally proportional to the volume
rate of flow. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)] 2. A
machine for converting thermal energy in a
flowing stream of fluid into rotary mechani-
cal power by expanding the working fluid
through one or more sets of vanes on the
periphery of a rotor. In a power plant, a tur-
bine converts energy in the steam into
mechanical energy to drive an electric gener-
ator (the mechanical load). 3. A machine for
converting fluid flow into mechanical rotary
motion, such as steam, water, or gas turbines
of single or multiple stages. [ANSI/ISA-
77.13.01-1999]
turbine flowmeter with an electrical
output A flow-measuring device in which
the action of the entire liquid stream turns a
bladed turbine at a speed that is nominally
proportional to the volume flow. This gener-
ates or modulates an output signal at a fre-
quency that is proportional to the turbine
speed. [ISA-RP31.1-1977]
turbine governor valves The primary control
valves used to regulate the flow of steam
through the turbine during normal opera-
tion. [ANSI/ISA-77.13.01-1999]
turbine meter A volumetric flow-measuring
device that uses the rotation of a turbine-type
element to determine flow rate.
turbining See tube turbining.
turboblower An axial flow or centrifugal
compressor.
turbofan An air-breathing jet engine in
which additional thrust is gained by extend-
ing a portion of the compressor or turbine
blades outside the inner engine casing.
 turbojet / two-piece-element clamp
turbojet A type of jet engine in which part of
the energy of the exhaust gases is used to
power a turbine that is mounted along the
axis of the exhaust jet. The turbine drives a
compressor mounted in the engine intake,
which enables the engine to develop more
power for its size.
turbosupercharger A gas-turbine-driven air
compressor that is used to increase the air-
intake pressure of a reciprocating internal
combustion engine.
turbulent burner A burner in which fuel and
air are mixed and discharged into the fur-
nace such that turbulent flow is produced
from the burner.
turbulent flow A flow regime that is charac-
terized by random motion of the fluid parti-
cles in the transverse direction as well as by
motion in the axial direction. This occurs at
high Reynolds numbers (>7000) and is the
type of flow most common in industrial fluid
systems.
turnaround time 1. The time required to
reverse the direction of transmission in half-
duplex lines. 2. The time that is required for a
computation task to get from the requester to
the computer and back to the requester with
the desired results. 3. The time required for
maintenance to be performed on an instru-
ment.
turnbuckle A device for tightening stays or
tension rods. A sleeve with a thread in one
end and a swivel at the other (or with
threads at both ends) is turned about its axis,
which draws the ends of the device together.
turndown See rangeability. [ANSI/ISA-
75.05.01-2000]
turn-down ratio The ratio from the maxi-
mum operating conditions to the minimum
operating conditions, which provides a con-
trollable or measurable span. The device
must perform over this range. [ANSI/ISA-
77.13.01-1999]
Turner fluorometer A type of UV fluorome-
ter in which primary filters pass only UV
radiation to excite the sample and secondary
filters pass only visible light to the photo-
multiplier tube. The intensity of emitted light
is proportional to the sample concentration
even when the exciting and measured light
are not at optimum wavelengths.
turnkey system A piece of equipment or a
computer system that is delivered complete,
installed, and ready to operate.
turnoff time Fall time, which is sometimes
measured between the 80 percent and 20 per-
cent points. See fall time.
523
turn on time Rise time, which is sometimes
measured between the 20 percent and 80 per-
cent points. See rise time.
turnover frequency See crossover frequency.
Twaddle scale A specific-gravity scale that
attempts to simplify the measurement of liq-
uid densities heavier than water, such as
industrial liquors. The range of density from
1.000 to 2.000 is divided into 200 equal parts,
so that one degree Twaddle equals a differ-
ence in specific gravity of 0.005. On this scale,
40° Twaddle indicates a specific gravity of
1.200.
twinax Twinaxial cable. It uses a twisted pair
of conductors within shielding to improve
resistance to radio frequency or electromag-
netic interference (RFI/EMI) over coaxial
cable. See coaxial.
twist The number of turns per unit length in
the lay of fiber, rope, thread, yarn, or cord.
twist drill A sharpened cylindrical tool for
cutting holes in solid material. The cutting
edges run in a general radial direction at one
end of the tool, and helical grooves extend
from the cutting edges along the length of
the tool for ejecting chips and sometimes
admitting coolant.
twisted pair 1. Two insulated wires (signal
and return) that are twisted around each
other. Since both wires have nearly equal
exposure to any electrostatic or electromag-
netic interference, the differential noise is
slight. 2. A communications medium that
consists of two insulated wires loosely
twisted together.
two-element feedwater control A control
system for maintaining the drum level at set
point. Two process variables (steam flow and
drum level) are used as inputs to the control
loop that regulates feedwater flow to the
drum. The feedforward input is steam flow,
and the output of the drum level controller is
the primary control signal. [ANSI/ISA-
77.42.01-1999]
two-mode control A modulating process
control action that uses proportional and
integral actions.
two-out-of-three logic circuit (2/3 logic
circuit) A logic circuit that employs three
independent inputs. The output of the logic
circuit is the same state as any two matching
input states. [ANSI/ISA-77.42.01-1999]
two-phase A fluid state that consists of a mix-
ture of liquid with gas or vapors. [ISA-
RP31.1-1977]
two-piece-element clamp (or pinch valve) A
valve that consists of two flexible elastomeric
elements or liners that are installed between
two-position action / typical measurement
a two-piece flanged body. The flexible ele-
ments or liners also extend over the flange
faces and act as gaskets between the valve
and the connecting piping. No standards
exist for these two-piece-element valves
prior to ANSI/ISA-75.08-1999. [ANSI/ISA-
75.08-1999]
two-position action A type of control-system
action that involves positioning the final con-
trol device in either of two fixed positions,
without permitting it to stop at any interme-
diate position.
Two-position Control of a Heating System
two-position controller See controller,
two-position.
twos complement 1. A method of represent-
ing negative numbers in binary that is
formed by taking the radix complement of a
positive number. 2. A form of binary arith-
metic that is used in most computers to per-
form both addition and subtraction with the
same circuitry. The representation of the
numbers determines the operation to be per-
formed.
two-sided sampling plan Any statistical
quality control method in which the accept-
ability of a production lot is determined
against both upper and lower limits.
two-stroke cycle An engine cycle for a recip-
rocating internal combustion engine that
requires two strokes of the piston to com-
plete.
two-way valve A valve that has one inlet
opening and one outlet opening. [ANSI/ISA-
75.05.01-2000]
two wire A circuit that indicates that infor-
mation signals in both directions are carried
by the same path.
two-wire transmitter An electronic transmit-
ter that uses the power wires for signal trans-
mission, usually by manipulating the current
flow to represent the desired signal.
524
Tyndall effect A physical phenomenon first
observed by Sir John Tyndall, who noted that
particles suspended in a fluid could be easily
seen if illuminated by strong light and
viewed from the side, even though they
could not be seen when viewed from the
front in the same light. This effect is the basis
for nephelometry, which involves measur-
ing the intensity of side-reflected light. It is
commonly used in such applications as ana-
lyzing for trace amounts of silver in solution;
determining the concentration of small
amounts of calcium in titanium alloys; mea-
suring bacterial growth rates; and controlling
the clarity of beverages, potable water, and
effluent discharges.
type of protection The specific measures that
are applied to electrical apparatuses to avoid
igniting a surrounding explosive atmo-
sphere. [ISA-12.00.01-1999 (IEC 60079-0
Mod)]
type test 1. A test of one or more samples of
equipment (or parts of equipment) made to a
particular design to show that the design and
construction meet one or more requirements
of the ANSI/ISA-82.02.01-1999 (IEC 1010-1
Mod) standard. Note: This is an amplifica-
tion of the IEV 151-04-15 definition of type
test to cover both design and construction
requirements. [ANSI/ISA-82.02.01-1999 (IEC
1010-1 Mod)] 2. A test that is performed on
one or more pieces of equipment, representa-
tive of a type, to determine whether the
design, construction, and manufacturing
methods comply with the requirements stip-
ulated by the ISA-RP12.4-1996 recommended
practice. [ISA-RP12.4-1996]
Type X pressurizing A type of pressurization
that reduces the classification within the pro-
tected enclosure from Division 1 to nonclas-
sified. [ISA-RP12.4-1996]
Type Y pressurizing A type of pressurization
that reduces the classification within the pro-
tected enclosure from Division 1 to Division
2. [ISA-RP12.4-1996]
Type Z pressurizing A type of pressurization
that reduces the classification within the pro-
tected enclosure from Division 2 to nonclas-
sified. [ISA-RP12.4-1996]
typical measurement A measurement in
which the error of a value is within plus or
minus one standard deviation (±1%) of the
nominal specified value, as computed from
the total population of values.