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A SIMPLE EXPLANATION OF CHINESE
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CHARACTERS
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Adrien Grandemange | March 17, 2016 | | 25 Comments

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Variations of the post below were first published at Medium.com and on Quora by the same author.

It may be obvious to some, less to others, but the Chinese writing system is not based on an alphabet.
An alphabet consists of a small number of letters. Letters represent sounds. They spell out how words
should be pronounced. Letters don’t have any meaning by themselves.

A Chinese character on the other hand is a more complex unit.

It contains an indication of pronunciation as well as an indication of meaning.

There are more than 100,000 different Chinese characters. It is actually impossible to count them all
precisely. The number of useful characters, for a literate person however, is “only” between 3,000 and
6,000. That is still a huge number compared to the 26 letters of our alphabet.

Related: Why There Is No Chinese Alphabet

WHAT EXACTLY IS A CHINESE CHARACTER?

Here is one way to look at it: take the English word “unexpected” for example.

Let’s split it into smaller units of meaning: [UN]-[EXPECT]-[ED].

Chinese characters are like those 3 parts. In Chinese, UN would be a character, EXPECT would be
another, and ED would be yet another.

The word “unexpected” would then be a 3-character word.

Let’s take an actual Chinese word as example and see how this works:

昨天 (zuó tiān) => yesterday

We have 2 characters here: 昨 (zuó) + 天 (tiān).

Let’s imagine we can split it in English the same way: [YESTER] + [DAY].

As in English, the second character 天 (tiān), means day, and as in English, the first one is not a word
if taken alone. But it is sufficiently unique to give the whole word its meaning.

Now, let’s invent a word in English and Chinese at the same time:

昨⽉月 (zuó yuè) => yestermonth

You can guess what I mean with this word, and a Chinese person would probably guess what I mean
too, even if those words don’t actually exist. This is to show that yester and 昨 (zuó) carry a meaning
of their own, even if they are not words. I hope this gives you a sense of what Chinese characters are
and how they differ from words and letters.

Now there are a few differences between Chinese characters and English morphemes (a morpheme
is what those parts like yester, day, un, expect, ed would be called by a linguist).

When I see 天 (tiān), I see a small icon which represents a person extending his arms under the sky. I
see it this way, because that’s how it has been explained to me, and with a bit of imagination, it
makes sense.

The first meaning of 天 (tiān) is “sky” and by extension “day”. So, Chinese characters are in a way,
like small abstract pictures. And that’s an important difference with English morphemes.

Another difference is that English morphemes change to fit the words they contribute to. The word
“morpheme” is an indication of this phenomenon. For example “day” becomes “dai” in the word
“daily”. There are many words in English for which it is hard to find the morphemes, because they
blend together. In addition, there are grammar rules like conjugation that further transform words so
that their morphemes are not quite visible.

In Chinese, there is no conjugation, and the morphemes never blend in with their surrounding. Instead,
words are made by composing characters like you would compose Lego bricks.

Here is a word I found interesting when I studied Chinese:

共产主义 (gòng chǎn zhǔ yì) => communism

It’s interesting because you can analyze it at multiple levels.

You can take it as a whole word, which means “communism”.

You can split it in 2: 共产 (gòng chǎn) + 主义 (zhǔ yì): communist + ideology.

You can split it in 4: 共 (gòng) + 产 (chǎn) + 主 (zhǔ) + 义 (yì): shared + production + main + meaning.

The last part I interpret as something like: “the mainstream idea of shared production”, in other words,
communism.

I find this quite interesting. The meaning of words seems more transparent than in English. Like Lego
bricks, you can de-construct words and re-assemble them more flexibly.

So far we have looked at Chinese characters from the outside. Let’s take a look at what is inside a
character.

THE MAKE-UP OF CHINESE CHARACTERS

Characters are drawn inside an invisible square that marks its borders. So they all have roughly the
same size, and they can really be assembled like bricks. A Chinese text is like a grid of characters.
Chinese kids, when they practice writing, use grid paper. They are instructed to pay careful attention
to the proportions and position of the characters inside the virtual square.

A character is not a random drawing. It is made of strokes. There are 6 basic strokes.Some of them
have several variants, and strokes can be combined to create more strokes. But the basic idea is that
most characters are made from a small number of strokes.

Strokes have names. By only naming the strokes, I can describe any character. In a way, strokes are
closer to the concept of letters than characters are. They are the smallest unit of Chinese writing.

Stroke order is important. Kids learn which stroke goes before which at school. It is important because
of how muscle memory works. Our brain is able to automatically remember a complex sequence of
movement. If strokes were written in a random order, they would be much harder to remember. There
are only a few rules for stroke ordering. Characters that look very complex at first, are in fact just a
familiar sequence of strokes.

Related: 7 Basic Rules On Chinese Stroke Order

Complex characters can be broken down at a higher level than strokes.

The character above: 国 (guó), can be broken down into 2 components: ⼞囗 (wéi) and ⽟玉 (yù). The vast
majority of characters in Chinese are compound characters. They can be broken down into 2 or more
components, and these components in turn can be broken down.

There are several ways in which characters can be broken down into components.

The important thing to remember is that a component in a character can take on one of those
functions:

Meaning component (adds to the character’s meaning)

Sound component (gives an indication of pronunciation for the character)
Empty component (is only there to make the character distinct from other characters)

A great many Chinese characters have 2 components, one to indicate the pronunciation, and one to
indicate the meaning.

Even the most complex Chinese character, with its 56 strokes, can be broken down into familiar
components.

(biáng)

Components and strokes are the basis on which all Chinese characters are built.

Once you master these building blocks, you can analyze and learn any character efficiently.

WANT TO LEARN CHINESE? JOIN TUTORMING TO LEARN MORE!

SIGN UP FOR A FREE 1-ON-1 CHINESE CLASS!

ADRIEN GRANDEMANGE

Adrien is a contributing writer at TutorMing. He is a French software engineer from Paris, who has
been studying Chinese for 10 years. Adrien is married to a Chinese woman he met while he was
getting a master's degree in Software Engineering at Chongqing University. His other interests
include reading all sorts of books (mostly non-fiction) and designing video games.
ASTRID DITTRICH 3/17/2016, 5:11:38 AM

Wow! I really like your explanation!! :) Thank you!

Reply to Astrid Dittrich

MAHMOUD ALI 5/31/2016, 5:55:17 PM

Actually, very informative and helped me a lot, Thank you very much.

Reply to Mahmoud Ali

ALDO REY TONGCO 2/17/2017, 12:56:45 AM

Thank you for this Adrien!!! Your explanation has helped me understand a lot better on how Chinese
Characters work. I am interested in learning standard Mandarin and I want to begin this 2017. You
learned Chinese for 10 years?? Wow, does that mean you have the same proficiency as a native
speaker already? Thank you again for this very informative post!

Reply to Aldo Rey Tongco

SAM ROCK 4/19/2017, 10:05:22 PM

this is amazing
 Reply to sam rock

CHRISTINE RROW;LSS` 7/31/2017, 6:33:16 AM

awe thank you for this explanation!!!!!!!!! so helpful. It was very hellful. Thank you veru
much!!!!!1!Q@!!!!@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11111

Reply to christine rrow;lss`

JAMES CHARLES 7/31/2017, 6:34:17 AM

wtf is wrong w u

LUKE SNOW 8/8/2017, 9:01:05 AM

no wonder they're so smart...FML

Reply to Luke Snow

MICHEALA MCKINNEY 10/6/2017, 4:36:55 PM

like this sites

Reply to micheala mckinney

ABDUL JAYBANGGER 12/1/2017, 10:23:54 AM

0฀栀琀琀瀀猀㨀⼀一⼀一昀恋⸀挀漀洀⼀一氀⼀一 䜀䄀䨀䴀圀㠀栀 ⼑刀欀瀀䬀㘀瘀†

can someone translate this.. I need it :(

Reply to Abdul Jaybangger

ISAAC 12/6/2017, 11:03:34 AM

There is no meaning in it,not even a sentence. Just some random characters, where did you get
this? Lol

HENRY WU 8/11/2018, 3:54:43 AM

There is no meaning in the sentence, this is a translation mistake from others language

PHILIP TAYLOR 2/25/2018, 10:27:20 AM

I'm lost for words. Who the hell invented this and why did they voted to use it...lol. Seriously dude, it's
VERY complex compared to the English alphabet.

Reply to Philip Taylor

 JONATHAN 4/16/2018, 6:24:37 PM

If you think about it, the basic structure of the language makes a lot of sense. They started by
drawing simplified pictures to represent what they wanted to talk about and it just grew from
there. More rules were added as required and grammar and structure were formed. The English
alphabet itself has its roots in a picture based system of communicating.
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1835/6621/files/evolution-english-alphabet.png?v=1523197137

Also, I imagine that it's only complex to outsiders to the language like you and me. A Chinese
person who doesn't speak English might find English very complicated. This is simply because
your mind adapts to the language that you use and doesn't develop the skills that you need to
use a different language.

In addition, I think it is quite naive of you to assume that someone 'invented' or 'voted' for this
particular system. Languages happen. They evolve. So no-one ever sat down and decided to
create a language, people just figured out a way of communicating basic information and it went
from there.

PHILIP TAYLOR 4/16/2018, 10:35:56 PM

idiot!! It was joke. Get a sense of humour

Reply to Philip Taylor

LANCE 5/1/2018, 3:46:18 AM

Lame joke. Also, I don't buy it, you came off as "serious".
 GLORIA EGAN 5/16/2018, 2:10:16 PM

And you, Philip, should perhaps get a sense of manners and common decency.

PHILIP TAYLOR 5/1/2018, 6:11:07 AM

Like I said! Give your PC back to your mum and go away!

Reply to Philip Taylor

GLORIA MACTAGGART 5/16/2018, 2:14:55 PM

And you, Jonathon, could keep the personal insults out of your communication. Calling someone naive
isn't necessary. If you want to give someone information you don't think they have or get them to look
at another point of view, insulting them won't help your cause.

Reply to Gloria MacTaggart

5/18/2018, 12:12:45 AM

Reply to
5/19/2018, 4:08:32 AM

Reply to

CAROL PHELPS 6/5/2018, 5:46:06 PM

Nicely done! Thanks so much for your clear explanation. Very helpful!

Reply to Carol Phelps

NICOLE WOLF 6/26/2018, 9:13:19 AM

thanks 4 this info it helped me get an A+ on a assignment thx sooooooooooo much WHY U SO
SMART?? FML

Reply to nicole wolf

NICOLE WOLF 6/26/2018, 9:22:21 AM

It may be obvious to some, less to others, but the Chinese writing system is not based on an alphabet.
An alphabet consists of a small number of letters. Letters represent sounds. They spell out how words
should be pronounced. Letters don’t have any meaning by themselves.

A Chinese character on the other hand is a more complex unit.

It contains an indication of pronunciation as well as an indication of meaning.

There are more than 100,000 different Chinese characters. It is actually impossible to count them all
precisely. The number of useful characters, for a literate person however, is “only” between 3,000 and
6,000. That is still a huge number compared to the 26 letters of our alphabet.

Related: Why There Is No Chinese Alphabet

WHAT EXACTLY IS A CHINESE CHARACTER?

Here is one way to look at it: take the English word “unexpected” for example.

Let’s split it into smaller units of meaning: [UN]-[EXPECT]-[ED].

Chinese characters are like those 3 parts. In Chinese, UN would be a character, EXPECT would be
another, and ED would be yet another.

chinese_character_meanings.png

The word “unexpected” would then be a 3-character word.

Let’s take an actual Chinese word as example and see how this works:

昨天 (zuó tiān) => yesterday

We have 2 characters here: 昨 (zuó) + 天 (tiān).

Let’s imagine we can split it in English the same way: [YESTER] + [DAY].

As in English, the second character 天 (tiān), means day, and as in English, the first one is not a word
if taken alone. But it is sufficiently unique to give the whole word its meaning.

Now, let’s invent a word in English and Chinese at the same time:

昨⽉月 (zuó yuè) => yestermonth

You can guess what I mean with this word, and a Chinese person would probably guess what I mean
too, even if those words don’t actually exist. This is to show that yester and 昨 (zuó) carry a meaning
of their own, even if they are not words. I hope this gives you a sense of what Chinese characters are
and how they differ from words and letters.

Now there are a few differences between Chinese characters and English morphemes (a morpheme
is what those parts like yester, day, un, expect, ed would be called by a linguist).

When I see 天 (tiān), I see a small icon which represents a person extending his arms under the sky. I
see it this way, because that’s how it has been explained to me, and with a bit of imagination, it
makes sense.

The first meaning of 天 (tiān) is “sky” and by extension “day”. So, Chinese characters are in a way, like
small abstract pictures. And that’s an important difference with English morphemes.

chinese_character_pictures.png

Another difference is that English morphemes change to fit the words they contribute to. The word
“morpheme” is an indication of this phenomenon. For example “day” becomes “dai” in the word
“daily”. There are many words in English for which it is hard to find the morphemes, because they
blend together. In addition, there are grammar rules like conjugation that further transform words so
that their morphemes are not quite visible.

In Chinese, there is no conjugation, and the morphemes never blend in with their surrounding. Instead,
words are made by composing characters like you would compose Lego bricks.

Here is a word I found interesting when I studied Chinese:

共产主义 (gòng chǎn zhǔ yì) => communism

It’s interesting because you can analyze it at multiple levels.

You can take it as a whole word, which means “communism”.

You can split it in 2: 共产 (gòng chǎn) + 主义 (zhǔ yì): communist + ideology.

You can split it in 4: 共 (gòng) + 产 (chǎn) + 主 (zhǔ) + 义 (yì): shared + production + main + meaning.

The last part I interpret as something like: “the mainstream idea of shared production”, in other words,
communism.

I find this quite interesting. The meaning of words seems more transparent than in English. Like Lego
bricks, you can de-construct words and re-assemble them more flexibly.

lego_building_blocks.jpg

So far we have looked at Chinese characters from the outside. Let’s take a look at what is inside a
character.

THE MAKE-UP OF CHINESE CHARACTERS

Characters are drawn inside an invisible square that marks its borders. So they all have roughly the
same size, and they can really be assembled like bricks. A Chinese text is like a grid of characters.
Chinese kids, when they practice writing, use grid paper. They are instructed to pay careful attention
to the proportions and position of the characters inside the virtual square.

stroke_square_boxes.png

A character is not a random drawing. It is made of strokes. There are 6 basic strokes.Some of them
have several variants, and strokes can be combined to create more strokes. But the basic idea is that
most characters are made from a small number of strokes.

Strokes have names. By only naming the strokes, I can describe any character. In a way, strokes are
closer to the concept of letters than characters are. They are the smallest unit of Chinese writing.

chinese_characters_different_strokes.png

Stroke order is important. Kids learn which stroke goes before which at school. It is important because
of how muscle memory works. Our brain is able to automatically remember a complex sequence of
movement. If strokes were written in a random order, they would be much harder to remember. There
are only a few rules for stroke ordering. Characters that look very complex at first, are in fact just a
familiar sequence of strokes.

stroke_order.pngRelated: 7 Basic Rules On Chinese Stroke Order

Complex characters can be broken down at a higher level than strokes.

The character above: 国 (guó), can be broken down into 2 components: ⼞囗 (wéi) and ⽟玉 (yù). The vast
majority of characters in Chinese are compound characters. They can be broken down into 2 or more
components, and these components in turn can be broken down.
ma_character.png

There are several ways in which characters can be broken down into components.

The important thing to remember is that a component in a character can take on one of those
functions:

Meaning component (adds to the character’s meaning)

Sound component (gives an indication of pronunciation for the character)
Empty component (is only there to make the character distinct from other characters)
A great many Chinese characters have 2 components, one to indicate the pronunciation, and one to
indicate the meaning.

Even the most complex Chinese character, with its 56 strokes, can be broken down into familiar
components.

biang_character.png

(biáng)

Components and strokes are the basis on which all Chinese characters are built.

Once you master these building blocks, you can analyze and learn any character efficiently.

THIS INFO IS NOW MINE!!!! MINE MINE MINE! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyMTTGQJ9Gs

Reply to nicole wolf

NICOLE WOLF 6/26/2018, 9:24:53 AM

It may be obvious to some, less to others, but the Chinese writing system is not based on an alphabet.
An alphabet consists of a small number of letters. Letters represent sounds. They spell out how words
should be pronounced. Letters don’t have any meaning by themselves.

A Chinese character on the other hand is a more complex unit.

It contains an indication of pronunciation as well as an indication of meaning.

There are more than 100,000 different Chinese characters. It is actually impossible to count them all
precisely. The number of useful characters, for a literate person however, is “only” between 3,000 and
6,000. That is still a huge number compared to the 26 letters of our alphabet.

Related: Why There Is No Chinese Alphabet

WHAT EXACTLY IS A CHINESE CHARACTER?

Here is one way to look at it: take the English word “unexpected” for example.

Let’s split it into smaller units of meaning: [UN]-[EXPECT]-[ED].

Chinese characters are like those 3 parts. In Chinese, UN would be a character, EXPECT would be
another, and ED would be yet another.

chinese_character_meanings.png

The word “unexpected” would then be a 3-character word.

Let’s take an actual Chinese word as example and see how this works:

昨天 (zuó tiān) => yesterday

We have 2 characters here: 昨 (zuó) + 天 (tiān).

Let’s imagine we can split it in English the same way: [YESTER] + [DAY].

As in English, the second character 天 (tiān), means day, and as in English, the first one is not a word
if taken alone. But it is sufficiently unique to give the whole word its meaning.

Now, let’s invent a word in English and Chinese at the same time:

昨⽉月 (zuó yuè) => yestermonth

You can guess what I mean with this word, and a Chinese person would probably guess what I mean
too, even if those words don’t actually exist. This is to show that yester and 昨 (zuó) carry a meaning
of their own, even if they are not words. I hope this gives you a sense of what Chinese characters are
and how they differ from words and letters.

Now there are a few differences between Chinese characters and English morphemes (a morpheme
is what those parts like yester, day, un, expect, ed would be called by a linguist).

When I see 天 (tiān), I see a small icon which represents a person extending his arms under the sky. I
see it this way, because that’s how it has been explained to me, and with a bit of imagination, it
makes sense.

The first meaning of 天 (tiān) is “sky” and by extension “day”. So, Chinese characters are in a way, like
small abstract pictures. And that’s an important difference with English morphemes.

chinese_character_pictures.png

Another difference is that English morphemes change to fit the words they contribute to. The word
“morpheme” is an indication of this phenomenon. For example “day” becomes “dai” in the word
“daily”. There are many words in English for which it is hard to find the morphemes, because they
blend together. In addition, there are grammar rules like conjugation that further transform words so
that their morphemes are not quite visible.

In Chinese, there is no conjugation, and the morphemes never blend in with their surrounding. Instead,
words are made by composing characters like you would compose Lego bricks.

Here is a word I found interesting when I studied Chinese:

共产主义 (gòng chǎn zhǔ yì) => communism

It’s interesting because you can analyze it at multiple levels.

You can take it as a whole word, which means “communism”.

You can split it in 2: 共产 (gòng chǎn) + 主义 (zhǔ yì): communist + ideology.

You can split it in 4: 共 (gòng) + 产 (chǎn) + 主 (zhǔ) + 义 (yì): shared + production + main + meaning.

The last part I interpret as something like: “the mainstream idea of shared production”, in other words,
communism.
I find this quite interesting. The meaning of words seems more transparent than in English. Like Lego
bricks, you can de-construct words and re-assemble them more flexibly.

lego_building_blocks.jpg

So far we have looked at Chinese characters from the outside. Let’s take a look at what is inside a
character.

THE MAKE-UP OF CHINESE CHARACTERS

Characters are drawn inside an invisible square that marks its borders. So they all have roughly the
same size, and they can really be assembled like bricks. A Chinese text is like a grid of characters.
Chinese kids, when they practice writing, use grid paper. They are instructed to pay careful attention
to the proportions and position of the characters inside the virtual square.

stroke_square_boxes.png

A character is not a random drawing. It is made of strokes. There are 6 basic strokes.Some of them
have several variants, and strokes can be combined to create more strokes. But the basic idea is that
most characters are made from a small number of strokes.

Strokes have names. By only naming the strokes, I can describe any character. In a way, strokes are
closer to the concept of letters than characters are. They are the smallest unit of Chinese writing.

chinese_characters_different_strokes.png

Stroke order is important. Kids learn which stroke goes before which at school. It is important because
of how muscle memory works. Our brain is able to automatically remember a complex sequence of
movement. If strokes were written in a random order, they would be much harder to remember. There
are only a few rules for stroke ordering. Characters that look very complex at first, are in fact just a
familiar sequence of strokes.

stroke_order.pngRelated: 7 Basic Rules On Chinese Stroke Order

Complex characters can be broken down at a higher level than strokes.

The character above: 国 (guó), can be broken down into 2 components: ⼞囗 (wéi) and ⽟玉 (yù). The vast
majority of characters in Chinese are compound characters. They can be broken down into 2 or more
components, and these components in turn can be broken down.
ma_character.png

There are several ways in which characters can be broken down into components.

The important thing to remember is that a component in a character can take on one of those
functions:

Meaning component (adds to the character’s meaning)

Sound component (gives an indication of pronunciation for the character)
Empty component (is only there to make the character distinct from other characters)
A great many Chinese characters have 2 components, one to indicate the pronunciation, and one to
indicate the meaning.

Even the most complex Chinese character, with its 56 strokes, can be broken down into familiar
components.

MY INFO NOW MWAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAAAHHAHAH MINE MINE MINE......JK.....BUT

MINEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyMTTGQJ9Gs

Reply to NICOLE wolf

BRANDON VON RUDEN 7/13/2018, 4:44:23 AM

Very satisfied with how easy to understand your explanation was

Reply to Brandon Von Ruden

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