ANSWER SCHEME (kecuali SDM, platlet dan protein)

P3: membentuk cecair interstis / 1

bendalir tisu
CHAPTER 1 P4: sebahagian / 10% bendalir tisu 1
meresap masuk ke dalam salur Any3
a)Objective limfa (membentuk bendalir limfa)
(ii) Bendalir X tidak mengandungi 1 1
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. B eritrosit/platlet/plasma protein
6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. B (albumin, globulin dan fibrinogen
11. C 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. D manakala darah mengandungi
16. B 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. A eritrosit/ platlet/plasma protein)
21. C
(iii) P1: mengumpul cecair interstis & 1 2
mengembalikan ke sistem
peredaran darah
b) Structure P2: mengangkut asid lemak dan 1
gliserol / Vitamin A, D, E dan K ke
1(a) 1 sistem peredaran darah
P3: mengembalikan bahan berguna
seperti air, mineral, hormone (dan 1
koenzim) yang tidak meresap ke
dalam kapilari darah ke sistem
peredaran darah 1
Both arrow correct P4: menyingkir bahan kumuh Any
(b) A-Pulmonary artery 1 2 seperti asid urik dan urea ke sistem 2
B – Pulmonary vein 1 peredaran darah
(c) F: Contraction of ventricle /heart 1 2 c(i) Elephantiasis / Untut 1 1
E1: generates a (high) pressure 1 Nota : reject oedema
E2 : to propel /force/pump the blood (ii) P1: Salur limfa tersumbat 1 2
flow from the heart /ventricle to 1 P2: disebabkan oleh cacing filariasis 1
vessel A Any P3: bendalir tisu yang berlebihan
2 tidak dapat dikembalikan ke sistem 1
(d)(i) Coronary artery 1 1 darah
(ii) P1:Cut the supply of O2/nutrients to 1 2 P4: bendalir tisu berkumpul di 1
the heart muscle ruang antara sel 1
P2: causing chest pain/angina/heart 1 P5: tisu badan membengkak Any2
attack/myocardial infarction
Reject ‘Heart problem’
(e)(i) P1:platelets break down & release 1 2 3(a)(i) P – leucocyte/white blood cells/ 1 2
chemicals phagocytes/monocyte/neutrophyll
P2: to cause platelets to stick to each Q - Lymphocytes 1
other 1 (ii) -white blood cell/phagocytes 1 2
P3:platelets clump together to form engulf the pathogen
a plug to prevent blood loss 1 -by phagocytosis 1
P4: released thrombokinase & other 1 -hydrolytic enzyme/lysozyme 1
clotting factors Any digest/breakdown the pathogen Any
2P (product are absorbed) 2
(ii) P1: Fibrinogen is soluble, fibrin is 1 2 (b)(i) Antibody 1 1
insoluble / not soluble (ii) Specific 1 1
P2 : Fibrin able to form fibres / (c)(i) Ind X : Artificial /(Acquired) active 1 2
meshwork / thread to trap blood 1 immunity
cells, fibrinogen is not able to do so Ind Y: Artificial /(Acquired) passive 1
immunity
(ii) X : Vaccine 1 1
2(a)(i) Bendalir X : (Bendalir) limfa 1 1 Y : anti serum
nd
(ii) P1: Bahan toksik dalam bendalir X 1 2 (iii) - In x, after 2 injection, the 1 3
dineutralkan concentration of antibody increase
P2: pathogen dalam bendalir X 1 slowly & become higher than
dimusnahkan / ditapis immunity level and is maintain for
a long time
b(i) P1: Tekanan hidrostatik yang tinggi 1 3 nd
- in Y, after the 2 injection, the 1
dalam kapilari
concentration of antibody reduces
P2: memaksa plasma darah
slowly to below the immunity level
terturas keluar ke ruang antara sel

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 The cell sap in R For water
is usually absorption 1
hypertonic to
4(a) X: Artificial active immunity 1 2 surrounding soil Any
Y: Artificial passive immunity 1 water 2
(b) To increase the concentration of 1 1 b(i) -the cell sap of R is hypertonic to the 1 4
antibodies exceed immunity level soil water
(c) -the water diffuses into R by osmosis 1
P Q -the entry of water dilutes cell sap of
P1: Produced its Receive ready- 1 2 R//cell sap of R becomes hypotonic 1
own antibody made antibodies
compared to the cell sap of S/the
from other
sources
next cells
P2:permanent/long Temporary/short -therefore, water diffuses into S/to 1
lasting lasting
1 these adjacent cells which become
P3:injection of Injection of anti- more diluted themselves, so osmosis
vaccine serum 1 continues across the S
P4: slow response Fast/immediate -the continuous flow of water in S
response 1 creates a force known as root 1
Any pressure to push water into xylem Any
2 4
(d) Cell A: Lymphocyte 1 2 (ii) Adhesion and cohesion (force) 1 1
Material X: Antibody 1 (iii) -Adhesion: attraction force between 1 2
(e) P1: Lymphocytes/ cell A 1 3 water molecules and the xylem wall
identify/recognize the antigen enable water to move up along the
P2: and produce (specific) antibodies 1 narrow xylem vessels
P3: antibodies bind with antigen to -Cohesion: attraction force between 1
form antigen-antibodies complex 1 water molecules form a continuous
P4: antibodies destroy the 1 water column in the xylem vessels
antigen/pathogen Any (d) -water is loss from the plant in the 1
3 form of water vapour(into
(f) P1: to stimulate the lymphocytes to 1 3 surrounding air) by transpiration
produce antibodies -mainly through the stomata in the 1
P2: to increase the concentration of 1 leaves
antibodies produced exceed the -the amount of water lost depends
immunity level on the size of the stomatal pore 1
P3: enable the lymphocytes to have 1 -(the size of the stomatal pore)is 1
memories for the same type of controlled by the guard cell//through Any
pathogen the opening and closing of stomata 3
P4: enable body to provide immediate 1
response towards the pathogen
6(a)(i) P: Floem 1 2
Notes: If students answer “No” 1
Q : Xilem 1
P1: inaccurate preparation of vaccine
P2: cause death/diseases 1 (ii) -Terdiri daripada tiub tapis 1 2
P3: preparation of vaccine need high berbentuk silinder/yang
cost 1 memanjang/bersambung pada
P4: risks for children/babies with hujung sel dengan tiub tapis yang
low/weak immunity 1 lain
Any -dinding antara dua sel tiub
3 membentuk plat tapis 1
-membenarkan sitoplasma dari
satu sel tiub dapat bergerak 1
melalui plat tapis ke sel tiub yang
5(a) 2 bersambungan dengannya
Characteristics Importance
Small in For water (and 1
Atau
size//have a mineral)
-tisu P mempunyai sel rakan 1
large total absorption
surface area to bersebelahan tiub tapis
volume(TSA/V)// -mempunyai mitokondria 1
Increases the -berfungsi untuk membekalkan 1
surface area tenaga kepada tiub tapis Mana2
Have thin cell For water (and dua
wall/have no mineral)ions 1
cuticle absorption

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(b)(i) 1 2 P12:digest and kill bacteria 1
1 Any
5

2(a)(i) P1:diameter of arteriole is 1 4

bigger/larger than diameter of
capillaries
P2:cause higher hydrostatic in 1
(ii) -floem dibuang 1 3 capillaries
-sukrosa/hasil fotosintesis tidak P3:some of the blood plasma (such
dapat diangkut ke bahagian 1 as nutrients, oxygen, any suitable 1
gelang bwah example) is filtered out into the
-bahagian gelang bawah 1 intercellular spaces
mengecut//bahagian atas gelang P4: form interstitial fluid/tissue 1
membengkak fluid
(c) -simpan di dalam bilik dengan 1 3 (ii) P1:the tissue fluid must returned to 1 8
kelembapan udara tinggi the circulatory system to maintain
-simpan di tempat 1 normal blood volume
redup/cth:bawah pokok/kurang P2:lymphatic fluid from right 1
cahaya matahari 1 arm/shoulder area/right side of the
-siram lebih banyak air head and neck
P3:flow into right lymphatic duct 1
P4:drain into right subclavian vein 1
c) Essays P5:lymphatic fluid from left of the 1
head/neck/chest/left upper
limb/entire body below ribs
1(a)(i) 5
P6:flow into thoracic duct 1
X Y
P7:drain into left subclavian vein 1
X is artery Y is vein 1
P8:lymph from both subclavian vein 1
Carry Carry enter the heart through vena cava
oxygenated deoxygenated
(b) F: oedema//tissues 1 8
blood blood 1
swollen//lymphatic
Has thick Has thinner filariasis//elephantiasis
muscular wall wall 1
P1:caused by filarial 1
Has small Has big lumen P2:filarial worm growth in 1
lumen 1
lymphatic vessels
Has no valves Has valves P3:caused a blocked lymphatic 1
Blood flows at Blood flows at 1
vessels
higher lower pressure 1
P4:interstitial fluid cannot be 1
pressure returned back to the blood
Transport Transport circulatory system
blood away blood to the 1
P5:and diffuse out into the 1
from the heart heart intercellular spaces at the blockage
area
Any
P6:accumulation of interstitial fluid 1
5
at the surrounding body tissues
(ii) P1: skin as the physical barrier 1 5
P2:to prevent pathogen from 1
Ways to prevent:
entering the body
P7:avoid water logged//clean the 1
P3:skin secrets sebum which is 1
area
acidic
P8:use mosquitoes net 1
P4:can kill the 1
P9:use salt//ABATE to kill mosquito 1
microorganisms/unsuitable medium
larvae
for growth of microorganisms
P10: campaign//public awareness 1
P5:mucus secreted by mucous 1
to prevent filariasis
membrane in the respiratory tract
P6: trap pathogens in the air 1
P7:cilia in the trachea 1 3. P1 : HIV Test is a screen test done 1
P8:sweeps away pathogen in the air 1 on the blood
P9:hydrochloric acid secreted by 1 P2: to detect the presence of the 1
gastric gland in the stomach HIV virus
P10: kill bacteria in the food 1 P3: as a safety measure for couple 1
P11:tears contains lysozyme 1 to have children

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 P4: so that the virus is not 1 -Active transport of potassium ions 1
transmitted // free from HIV into the guard cells
P5 : Healthy future generation // 1 -osmotic pressure in the guard cells 1
any suitable explanation on healthy Any increases
community 5 -water enters the guard cells by 1
osmosis
-hydrostatic pressure in the guard
4 P1:due to blockage/narrowing of the 1 5 cells increases 1
a coronary -the guard cells become turgid 1
artery/arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis Any
P2:heart’s muscles receive less/no 1 4
supply of oxygen and nutrients (c) -Leaves/(young) stems are covered 1 4
P3:can cause angina/myocardial 1 with thick cuticles/waxy
infarction/heart attack -have sunken stomata//stomata are 1
P4:heart muscle cannot pump blood 1 in grooves
to the whole body -more stomata on the lower 1
P5:bypass returns back supply of 1 epidermis(compared to the upper
oxygen and nutrients to the muscles epidermis)
of heart -the stomata are closed during the 1
P6:so that heart can pump blood to 1 day// absorption of carbon dioxide
the whole body Any for photosynthesis occurs during
5 the night
-the young leaves roll/to reduce the 1
(b) P1:eat a balanced diet 1 5
P2:eat more vegetables and fruits 1 surface area
P3:reduce intake of food high in -these are to reduce the rate of 1
fats/cholesterol 1 transpiration /loss of water from Any
P4:reduce intake of food high in 1 the plant 4
salt/sodium (d) Xylem: 5
P5:exercise regularly 1 S1: S are xylem (vessels) 1
P6:to reduce obesity P2: xylem/S are well adapted for 1
P7:to maintain the normal body 1 water transport which are
weight long/narrow/continuous tubes
P8:stop/no smoking 1 P3: which transports water in plants 1
P9:to reduce the narrowing of 1 P4:by capillary action 1
coronary artery P5:due to the forces between water 1
P10:reduce stress 1 molecules / cohesion force, and the
P11: take enough rest/sleep 1 forces between water molecules
P12:do recreational activities 1 and wall of xylem /S/adhesion force
P13:drink plenty of water 1
P14:no drinking alcohol 1 OR
P15:alcohol can cause hardening of P4:By root pressure 1
artery 1 P5: water enters xylem by osmosis 1
Any
5 OR
P4:By transpiration pull
P5:Water is pulled out of 1
xylem(during transpiration) 1
5(a) -the loss of water (molecules) from 1 2 Any 3 Correct answer
a plant into the atmosphere
- in the form of water 1 Phloem
vapour//evaporation of water -R are phloem/sieve tubes and
-occurs when the water content in 1 companion cells 1
the atmosphere is lower than (in -which transport organic
the sub-stomatal air spaces) in Any compounds /glucose/products of 1
leaves 2 photosynthesis 1
(Accept the difference in any -by translocation
suitable physical condition between Any 2 correct answer
these two regions) (e) -it is a necessity / need / important 1 5
(b) -During the day//in the presence of 1 4 (for water transport in plant to
sunlight survive)
-Guard cells carry out -water is a medium to transport 1
photosynthesis // Glucose is 1 minerals
produce -as the medium of biochemical 1

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 reaction (in cells) (iii) P1:K dan L otot berantagonis 1 3
-transpiration creates a 1 P2: K mengecut, L mengendur 1
transpirational pull/pull water from P3: M memindahkan daya tarikan 1
roots ke radius
-evaporation of water (during 1 P4: radius ditarik ke atas 1
transpiration) keeps the plants cool Any3
-water provided turgor pressure for 1 (b) P1:membekalkan oksigen dan 1 2
support glukosa yang mencukupi kepada K
-water/are needed in guard cells in 1 dan L
the opening of stomata P2:membolehkan respirasi sel 1
Any 5 correct answer berlaku 1
P3:menghasilkan tenaga 1
mencukupi Any
P4:untuk pengecutan otot K/L 2
CHAPTER 2 c(i) Distrofi otot 1 1
(ii) P1:penyakit terangkai seks 1 3
a)Objective P2: disebabkan gen mutan 1
P3: yang terdapat pada kromosom
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A X 1
6. C 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A
16. C 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. C
3(a) R : centrum 1 1
21. C
(b) P : muscle attachment 1 1
Q : the placing of spinal cord 1
(c) Lumbar vertebra 1 1
b) Structure (d)(i) Calcium/phosphorus 1 1
(ii) Osteoporosis//porous/brittle bone 1 1
1(a) R: Tendon 1 2 (iii) Taking a diet rich in 1 1
S : Ball and socket joint 1 calcium/phosphorus and vitamin
(b) F : Muscle X and muscle Y act as an 1 3 D//Drink milk, regular exercise (any
antagonistic pair 1)
P1: Muscle Y/ triceps contract while 1 e(i) P:air sac 1 1
muscle X / biceps was relaxes (ii) To reduce the density of aquatic 1 1
P2:to transfer the force by tendon / 1 plant//to keep aquatic plant light
R tissue to the bone (ii) To reduce the density of aquatic 1 1
P3: (Tendon is inelastic and tough) plant//to keep plant light
pulled the ulna bone downward (and 1 (iii) -able to float 1 2
caused the forearm is straighten) -get enough sunlight 1
(c) F: The muscle can only contract / 1 2 -carry out photosynthesis 1
pull out Any
P: it has to be extended back to its 1 2
original length (to contract again) by
the contraction of another muscle
(d) P1:provides surface area for muscle 1 2
4(a) 1.Circular muscles 1 2
attachment
2.longitudinal muscles 1
P2: form the joints that enable the 1
(b) P1: Circular muscles and longitudinal 1 3
bone to move and allowing
muscles / both muscles act
movement
antagonistically //A pair of
P3:support the body /forearm 1
antagonistic muscles
weight
P2:the contraction of circular muscles 1
(e) F: the forearm cannot bend 1 3
//relaxation of longitudinal muscles
/straightens
P3:cause the segments (of the
P1: when the muscle X or Y contract 1
earthworm) to extend / be longer
P2: the pulling force (produced by
P4: the contraction of longitudinal 1
contraction of muscle) is not 1
muscles//the relaxation of circular 1
transmit to the radius / ulna
muscles
P5:cause the segments (of the
earthworm) to shorten/shorter 1
2 K: (otot) biseps 1 2 Any
a(i) M : Tendon 1 3
(ii) Kuat/tidak kenyal 1 1

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c(i) 1 1 1
F3:Fish have fins 1
E3: the fins help the fish to
(ii) Mitochondrion 1 1 stabilize the fish the fish and help
(iii) P1:To produce (a lot of) energy (in a 1 2 to move efficient in water
form of ATP)/ATP (ii) -The muscles of the fish is called 1 4
P2:for the contraction (and relaxation) 1 myotomes
of the muscle -Myotomes are arranged on both Any
(d) F1: (Bird’s) bones mass decreases 1 3 sides of the body/anchored to 1 4
E1: as the bones are more 1 both side of the vertebral column
porous/lighter -The muscles act antagonistically 1
E2: since it had lay many eggs 1 -When one side of myotomes
E3:much contract, the other side of 1
calcium/phosphorus/phosphates used 1 myotomes relax
in forming the shells of the eggs -This causes the body to bend in 1
E4:leaving less/little 1 the direction of contraction
calcium/phosphorus/phosphates used c) F1:Hydrostatic skeleton 1 6
to form (strong)bones//more bones Any E1: Fluid in the body cavity helps
minerals to be lost than 3 the earthworm to move 1
deposited//re-absorption of F2: muscle at the body wall are
calcium/phosphorus/phosphates into longitudinal & circular muscle / 1
the blood stream is more than the antagonistic muscle
withdrawing of calcium (during the E2: contraction of circular 1
formation of bones) muscles cause segment to extend
while the longitudinal muscles
relax
c) Essay E3: contraction of longitudinal 1
muscles cause segment to
shorten while the circular
1(a) P1 :has flexible endoskeleton 1 6
muscles relax
P2: has W shaped muscle block 1
F3: chaetae 1
i.e. myotomes
E3: secure the shorted segments
P3: contract and relax
in the posterior to the ground 1
antagonistically //one side 1
while the anterior segments
contract, another side relaxes
extended owing to contractions Any
P4: make the tail/caudal fin to 1
of the circular muscles 6
move side by side alternatively
P5: to push the fish forward 1
//control the fish direction
P6:has sleek and streamlined 2.(a) F1: Both joint S and Joint T has 1 8
body shape 1 cavity filled with synovial fluid
P7: overlapping scale facing 1 //lined with synovial membrane
backward E1: Synovial fluid acts as lubricant to 1
P8: to reduce water resistance 1 reduce friction between
P9: yawing is prevented by having 1 bones//absorbs shock of the
dorsal & ventral fin movement.
P10:pitching is prevented by 1 F2: The end surfaces of the
having pelvic and pectoral fin humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T 1
P11: Rolling is prevented by 1 are covered with cartilage
having dorsal and ventral fin Any E2: To protect the bone/reduce 1
6 friction between the bones
b(i) F1: Fish have streamlined shapes 1 4 F3: both Joint S and T are connected
(where the anterior of the fish is with ligaments 1
smooth and rounded, and the E3: to absorb shock//strengthen the
body is long & tapers towards the Any articulation of bones/joint 1
end) 1 2f
E1: this will help the fish to & Differences :
reduce water resistance 2E D1: Joint S is hinge joint 1
E4: Joint S allows the movement of 1
F2:The skin is covered with scales 1 bones in one plane/direction
that have a slimy coating 1 D2: Joint S is ball-and-socket joint 1
E2: This will help the fish to E5: Joint T allows rotational 1
reduce friction movement of bones in all directions Max

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 8 -tulang kurang kuat 1
(b) - S ialah otot biseps 1 6 -Kurang bersenam 1
- T ialah otot triceps 1 -Menyebabkan jisim tulang kurang 1
- S akan mengecut, T akan 1 -mengamalkan postur badan yang 1
mengendur salah
- Daya tarikan yang terhasil 1 -memberi tekanan pada sistem 1
dipindahkan kepada tulang melalui rangka
tendon
- tulang ulna ditarik ke arah atas 1
- lengan dibengkokkan 1
c) 4
CHAPTER 3
Vertebra P Vertebra Q
Sentrum pipih Sentrum besar 1 a)Objective
dan tebal
Mempunyai Tidak 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C
salur mempunyai 1 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. D
vertebrarteri salur 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. B
vertebrarteri 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. D
1 21. B 22. B 23. B 24. D
Cuaran Cuaran
melintang melintang
pendek panjang
Salur saraf Salur saraf b) Structure
besar kecil 1
Cuaran spina Cuaran spina 1(a)(i) P: Tindakan terkawal 1 2
pendek dan pendek dan 1
Q: Tindakan reflex / Tindakan 1
lebar pipih luar kawal
(ii) 3
Gerak balas Gerak balas
3(a) Diagram 3.1(a) 4 koordinasi P koordinasi Q
-Type of disease is osteoporosis 1 Tindakannya Tindakannya
-Caused by gradual loss of bone 1 disedari automatic 1
density/bone mass is reduced Pusat Pusat
-Bone become porous and kawalan kawalan 1
lighter/easily break/brittle 1 /pusat /pusat
-Occur most often in old people, terjemahandi terjemahan
particularly women who have gone 1 serebrum di saraf
menopause otak tunjang 1
-this disease can be prevented by 1 Tidak Mengelak
taking a diet rich in calcium, mengelak kecederaan
phosphorus and vitamin D/ doing Max kecederaan 1
weight bearing exercise 2 Reseptor Reseptor Mana2
dalam organ khusus 3
Diagram 6.3(b) deria dalam badan
-The disease is (b) P1: mangsa akan lumpuh /tidak 1 3
arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis 1 dapat berjalan
-it is caused by an inflammation or P2: Dalam turus vertebra
degeneration of the synovial 1 mengandungi saraf tunjang 1
membrane, bones and cartilage at P3: (Dalam saraf tunjang)
the joints. mengandungi interneuron
-Cause joint pain, stiffness and 1 P4: interneuron mengalami 1
swelling of joints/loss of joint kerosakan /kecederaan (terkena
function peluru) 1
P5: impuls yang dicetuskan oleh
(b) -Menyebabkan penyakit artritis 1 10 reseptor tidak dapat dihantar 1
-Pengambilan protein yang 1 oleh interneuron ke neuron
berlebihan menyebabkan eferen dan efektor / otot rangka
pengumpulan asid urik pada sendi P6: otot rangka tidak boleh 1
-menyebabkan keradangan pada mengecut (dan mengendur), Mana2
sendi//sendi menjadi sakit dan 1 maka gerak balas tidak berlaku 3
kaku
-Kurang mengambil vitamin D 1 c) P1: Jenis dadah – Dadah 1 4
-Kurang penyerapan kalsium 1 perangsang /Contoh dadah -

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 7
 th
amfetamin the 90 minute
P2: Fungsi : mempercepatkan 1
pergerakan impuls / pembebasan d(i) The blood osmotic pressure 1 1
neurotransmitter pada sinaps increases
P3: Kesan: Kadar denyutan 1 (ii) P1: The osmoreceptor detects 1 3
jantung bertambah the increase in the osmotic
P4: Lebih banyak oksigen dan blood pressure
glukosa diangkut / dihantar ke sel 1 P2: Gland P is stimulated to 1
P5: kadar respirasi sel // 1 release more ADH
pengoksidaan glukosa meningkat P3: ADH is transported by blood 1
P6: lebih tenaga dihasilkan , 1 to the kidneys
pengecutan otot lebih kerap 1 P4: ADH increases the 1
P7: larian lebih pantas Mana- permeability of the wall of the
mana distal convoluted tubule and Max
4 collecting ducts 3
12

2(a) P : Thyroxin hormone 1 2

R : Growth hormone 1 4(a)(i) Dialysis machine 1 1
(b) i) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 1 2 (ii) P1: During haemodialysis, 1 Max
ii) Estrogen hormone 1 patient’s blood is pumped out 3
c) E1 : More ADH will increase the 1 3 from the artery in the arm and
permeability of distal convoluted flow into dialysis machine
tubule and collecting duct P2: the blood flow through
E2: more water is reabsorbed into 1 semipermeable tube in the 1
the blood capillary machine
E3: urine become less and more P3: blood has higher
concentrated 1 concentration of urea and salts 1
d) E1: Hormone R stimulate growth 1 3 P4: urea and salts diffuse out
E2: lack of hormone R cause stunted through the semipermeable 1
growth in Y 1 tube into dialysis fluid
E3: Over secretion of hormone R P5: dialysis fluid contain lower 1
causes gigantism in X 1 concentration of urea and salts
e) F-its secreted hormones which 1 2 compare to the blood
control the activities of other P6: the blood is returned back in 1
endocrine glands to secrete their the body through vein in the
hormones same arm
E-FSH control the secretion of 1 P7: concentration of urea and 1
estrogen in ovary (or any other salts in the blood // blood
examples) osmotic pressure back to
normal range
b(i) Volume of urine is less and 1 1
3(a)(i) P: Thyroxine 1 2 concentrated
Q : ADH // FSH // LH 1 (ii) P1: salted “sup tulang” caused 1 Max
(ii) Goiter 1 1 the blood osmotic pressure 3
increase
(iii) Taking enough iodine in our diet 1 1
P2: more ADH secreted by 1
(b) 1 1
pituitary gland
P3: wall of nephron in kidneys
become more permeable to 1
water
P4: more water reabsorb into 1
the blood capillary by osmosis
c) P1: From 0 to 60 minutes, the 1 Max
C(i) Notes :
blood glucose level increases 3
3 labels correct 2
more than the normal level
2 labels correct 1 2
P2: islet cells in gland R is 1
1 label correct 0
stimulated to secrete insulin
(ii) P1: all glucose and amino acids 1 2
P3: insulin stimulates the 1
are reabsorbed into blood
conversion of excess glucose to
capillary
glycogen (in the liver)
P2: at proximal convoluted
P4: this cause the glucose level 1
tubules 1
to return to the normal level at

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 8
 12 P6: the binding triggers/generates 1
new nerve impulses
P7: the impulses then move along 1
5(a)(i) Auxin 1 1 the postsynaptic neurone
P8: the release of neurotransmitter 1
(ii) 2
is in one direction, from the synaptic
Tip of shoot Negative
knob to the postsynaptic neurone
geotropism 1
P9:mitochondria in the synaptic
Tip of root Positive 1
knob generate ATP / energy to 1
geotropism
synthesis neurotransmitter
(b) P1: hormone X accumulate at 1 2 molecules Any
lower side 6
P2: because of gravity forces 1
(b)(i) P1:tindakan balas yang cepat/serta 1 2
P3: a high concentration of 1
merta/automatic
auxins inhibits the elongation of
P2: hanya melibatkan saraf tunjang
cell in the root
//tidak melibatkan otak 1
P4: the upper side of the roots 1
(ii) P1: Sakit adalah rangsangan 1 8
grows faster than the lower side Any
P2: Reseptor mengesan rangsangan / 1
P5: the young root curves and 2
sakit
grows downward
P3: dan mencetuskan impuls (saraf) 1
c(i) Parthenocarpy 1 1
P4 : Aferen neuron menghantar
(ii) 3 impuls ke interneuron / saraf 1
Diagram (a) Diagram (b) tunjang
F1: Do not Using 1 P5: impuls dipindahkan merentasi
use hormone hormones sinaps (dalam jirim kelabu)//neuron 1
P2: Sprayed with aferen bersinaps bersinaps dengan
pollination auxins on interneuron dan kemudian bersinaps
occur stigma and 1 dengan neuron eferen
ovary to form P6: neuron eferen menghantar 1
fruit impuls ke efektor / otot/ biseps
F2: Double Without P7: bisep akan mengecut 1
fertilization fertilisation 1 P8: lalu menarik lengan daripada
P3: involved Do not 1 objek tajam 1
pollen grain involved Any
(iii) F1: P is afferent neurone which 1 6
and egg cells pollen grains 3 transmits nerve impulse from the
(iii) P1: reduce biodiversity 1 Any receptors to the interneurone
P2: less variation 1 3 E1: If P damaged, impulse from 1
P3: no natural selection // not 1 receptor cannot be transferred to
involve male gamete and female the intereurone
gamete by randomly E2: (As a result), individual A cannot 1
P4: become extinct 1 feel any pain

F2: R is efferent neurone which 1

transmits nerve impulse from
b) Essay
interneurone to the effector
E1: If R damaged, impulse from 1
1(a) P1:Nerve impulses arrive at the axon 1 6 interneurone cannot be transferred
terminal of (presynaptic) neurone to the effector 1
P2: causes the synaptic vesicles to 1 E2: (As a result), individual A cannot
move towards the (presynaptic ) withdraw the finger // pull the hand
membrane and fuse with the away from the pointed needle
membrane
P3: neurotransmitter /acetycholine 1
(examples) molecules are released
from synaptic vesicles 2(a) 10
P4: (The neurotransmitter 1 Diagram (a) Diagram (b)
molecules) diffuse across the F1 Knee jerk Withdraw 1
reflex finger from a
synaptic cleft into the postsynaptic
sharp needle
knob/dendrite /cell body of reflex
neighbouring neurone 1
E1 Leg swings forward // knee jerk
P5: the neurotransmitter molecules 1 while the hand is withdrawn from
bind to specific receptor sites in the the sharp needle
postsynaptic knob F2 Involved Involved 1

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 9
 afferent and afferent, P2: stimulates by external stimuli 1
efferent interneurone P3: Send information in the form of
neurone / two and efferent electrical impulses 1
types neurone /
P4:Impulses is transmitted via 1
three types of
neurone
neurones to effector
E1 Receptor detect the stimulus and 1
triggers a nerve impulse F2: Endocrine system 1
E2 Afferent neurone carries impulse 1 P5: Consists of endocrine glands // 1
from receptor to the spinal cord glands without ducts
E3 Synapses with the efferent P6: Stimulates by internal stimuli 1
neurone (in grey matter) / 1 P7: Send information in the form of
synapse with the efferent chemical impulses / hormones 1
neurone (in grey matter) P8: Hormones is transported by 1
E4 Efferent neurone carries impulse
1 blood to target organ
from spinal cord to effector
E5 Stimulates the quadriceps / (b) P1: Stimuli is detected by 1 8
biceps muscle to contract 1 hypothalamus
F3 Produce Produce P2: Hypothalamus send impulse 1
response response fast 1 through sympathetic nervous system
faster to the effector / heart / respiratory
E1 Involved one synapse id diagram 1 muscle / blood vessel
(a) while two synapse is diagram P3: Hypothalamus send nerve 1
(b) impulse to adrenal medulla
(b)(i) Tindakan Tindakan luar 2 P4: Adrenal medulla secrets
terkawal kawal adrenaline and noradrenaline 1
Makan Muntah 1 P5: Both hormones are sent to target
Berlari Peristalsis 1 organ / heart / respiratory muscle / 1
(ii) 8 blood vessel through blood
Persamaan: P6: these two system corporate with 1
P1: Kedua-dua tindakan terkawal dan 1 each other
tindakan luar kawal melibatkan P7: causes increase in blood glucose 1
koordinasi sistem saraf level
P2:Kedua-dua tindakan terkawal dan 1 P8: Causes blood vessels constriction 1
tindakan luar kawal merupakan to increase the blood pressure
gerakbalas terhadap rangsangan yang P9: causes respiratory muscles to 1
diterima contract and relax faster // increase
breathing rate
Perbezaan P10: causes heart to pump faster // 1
Tindakan Perbezaan Tindakan increase heart rate
terkawal luar kawal P11: to transport more oxygen and 1
Mengikut Cara Tidak 1 glucose to the skeletal muscle and
kemahuan berlaku mengikut brain
seseorang kemahuan
P12: brain more alert to mobilise 1
seseorang
Berlaku di Kesedaran Berlaku body into immediate action/ run
bawah secara 1 away from the dog
kesedaran tidak
seseorang disedari
Serebrum Pusat Medula 1
4(a)(i) -Mekanisme pembetulan untuk 1 2
integrasi oblongata
Ransangan Rangsangan Ransangan mengembalikan keadaan
1
luar dalam persekitaran dalam menjadi normal
Organ Reseptor Reseptor -Apabila aras glukosa dalam darah 1
1
deria dalam meningkat, mekanisme pembetulan
yang akan menurunkan semula aras
khusus glukosa kepada normal//
Otot Efektor Otot licin, 1
-Apabila aras glukosa dalam darah 1
rangka otot menurun, mekanisme pembetulan
kardiak
akan meningkatkan semula aras
dan
kelenjar glukosa kepada normal
(ii) -Hormon X ialah insulin 1 8
- Hormon Y ialah glucagon 1
-Apabila aras glukosa dalam darah 1
3(a) F1: Nervous system 1 6 meningkat dariapada aras
P1: Consists of brain, spinal cord and normal,(sel beta pada kelompok sel
neurons 1

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 10
 Langerhans) di pancreas -if glucose concentration is lower 1
3
merembeskan hormone X ke dalam (less than 80 mg/100cm ), X glands Any
darah secrete glucagons hormone to 4
-di hati, hormone X menukarkan convert glycogen in liver to glucose
glukosa berlebihan dalam darah 1
kepada glikogen untuk disimpan di
sel-sel hati dan sel-sel otot 5(a) -Auxins are produce in the apical 1 4
- aras glukosa dalam darah 1 meristem of the root tip (in the cell
menurun semula dan kembali ke division zone)
aras normal -the high concentration of auxin in the 1
-Apabila aras glukosa dalam darah 1 shoot tip stimulate cell elongation but the
menurun daripada aras normal, (sel high concentration of auxin in the root
alfa pada kelompok sel Langerhans tips inhibits cell elongation
di) pancreas merembeskan
-the stimulation of light cause auxins
hormone Y ke dalam darah diffuse away from light 1
-di hati, hormone Y, menukarkan 1
-(therefore) the concentration of auxins
glikogen kepada glukosa higher in the shaded region/light
-aras glukosa dalam darah 1 protected region// the rate of cell 1
meningkat semula dan kembali ke elongation is higher (to cause root tip
aras normal bend)
(b)(i) P1: sweat glands are stimulated to 1 5
(b) 6
produce sweat Type of Function Uses in
P2: Evaporation of sweats gives a hormones agriculture
cooling effect to the body / excess 1 (a)Stimulate To promote
body heat is lost growth and growth in
P3: Vasodilation occurs / blood 1 cell plants
capillaries dilate and increase their elongation.
Auxins 1
diameter
P4: More blood flows near body promote
elongation of
surface, excess heat is lost through 1
cells in shoots
conduction and radiation to the and roots
environment b)Stimulate To promote
P5: Hair erector muscles relax, hair 1 the growth of the growth
lie flat adventitious of
P6: Only a thin layer of air is roots adventitious
roots, so
1
trapped between the hair // Heat 1
loss through conduction and that the
cuttings
radiation to the environment is
may grow
increased faster
(ii) P1: skeletal muscles are stimulated 1 5 c) Stimulate The stigma
to contract and relax frequently ovaries in and ovaries
causing shivers flowers to of certain
P2: Heat is produced to increase 1 form fruits flowers are
1
the body temperature without being sprayed
P3: Adrenal gland is stimulated to 1 fertilised. The with auxins
process is to form
secrete adrenaline
called fruits
P4: which speed up the conversion 1 parthenocarpy without
of glycogen to glucose being
P5: this increases the metabolic 1 fertilised
rate and increases heat production d)inhibit the Used as a
P6: thyroid gland is stimulated to 1 growth of herbicide
produce thyroxine weeds in high (weed
P7:this increases the metabolic rate 1 concentration killer)
e)prevent the Sprayed on 1
and increases heat production Any
developing fruits a few
5
fruits and days before
(c) - X is the pancreases gland 1 4 leaves from harvest to
- it secretes insulin and glucagon falling off ensure the 1
hormones 1 prematurely fruits do not
-if the concentration of glucose fall off the
higher (exceed 80mg/100cm3). X 1 plant before
they are
Auxins

glands secrete insulin to convert

excess glucose to glycogen then ripe
store in liver

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 11
 a)stimulates Sprayed in (iii) Primary spermatocyte : 46 1 2
the ripening air-tight Sperm : 23 1
of fruits storage
rooms with
1
fruits such
as bananas, 2(a) P: LH/ Luteinising hormone 1 2
water R: oestrogen 1
melon and (b) 1 1
tomatoes to
stimulate
the ripening
of fruits.
b)Stimulate Sprayed on c) -after ovulation, M/ corpus luteum 1 3
the falling of fruits secretes S / progesterone
(abscission) of before -the level of S/progesterone increases 1
Ethylene

leaves and harvest to to maintain the thickness on the

fruits promote 1 endometrium
abscission -when the M/corpus luteum degerates, 1
a)stimulate Used in the level of S/progesterone decreases,
cell division tissue
the endometrium begin to
and cell culture to
elongation promote
disintegrates
1 (d) -to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH 1 3
cell division
and growth fro pituitary gland
b)delay the Sprayed on -no development of follicle / secondary
aging and vegetables oocyte 1
death to ensure -then the secretion of oestrogenis
(senescence) that the 1 reduced 1
Cytokinins

of leaves leaves are

-repair / rejuvenation of endometrium
green and
fresh during
is not happened 1
packaging -hence no new embryo develops 1
(e) - the sperms are collected from the 1 2
husband / taken from sperm banks
-and inserted directly into the fallopian 1
CHAPTER 4 tube of the wife during ovualtion phase

a)Objective
3(a) P :Graafian follicle 1 2
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D R: Corpus luteum 1
6. B 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C (b) P1: by ovulation 1 2
11. B 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D P2: due to high concentration of LH 1
16. A 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. B P3: Cause rupture of Graafian 1
21. D 22. A 23. B
follicle
C(i) P1: R secretes progesterone 1 2
P2: to thicken the endometrium 1
b) Structure P3: for implantation of embryo in 1
uterus
1(a)(i) P: Chromatid / chromosome 1 2 (ii) P1:placenta will take over the role 1 2
Q: Centromere 1 of R
(ii) Prophase 1 1 1 P2: by secreting progesterone 1
(iii) F: Crossing over 1 2 P3: to maintain the thickness of 1
E: exchange of genetic material 1 endometrium
occur // forming new genetic d) P1: colostrum is rich with 1 2
composition antibodies from mother
P2: provide temporary immunity to 1
(b) 1 2 baby against infection
1 P3: give passive natural immunity 1
e) P1: carry out in vitro fertilisation 1 2
(IVF) or GIFT
P2: ovum from the wife and sperm 1
from the husband are fertilised in
the test tube containing culture
(c)(i) Testis 1 1 solution
(II) M: mitosis 1 2 P3: then embryo is inserted into the 1
N : differentiation 1 wife’s uterus for implantation

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 12
 nucleus and generative nucleus
P2: germinate and form pollen 1 Any
4(a) A: ovulation 2 2 tube (at Q) 3
B: secondary oocyte / ovum P3: Generative nucleus divides by
C : fallopian tube mitosis to form two male 1
3 correct =2 marks gametes
2correct = 1 mark P4: when pollen tube reaches the
(b)(i) Mitosis 1 1 embryo sac, pollen tube will 1
(ii) Circle / Mark on along the 1 1 enter ovule through micropyle
fallopian tube P5: tube nucleus degenerate and 1
the end of the pollen tube burst
(iii) -zygote undergoes series of 1 3
c) F1: R contain ovum and two polar 3
mitosis
- to produce solid ball /morula 1 nuclei while in ovary of human
-the growing mass of hundreds of 1 contain ovum only
cells forms a hollow ball / P1: one male gamete fertilises
blastocysts with ovum (to form diploid
zygote) 1
c) -2 ovum/eggs are fertilized by two 1 3
P2: the other male gamete
different sperms
fertilise with two polar nuclei (to
-these zygotes will implant in the 1
form triploid nucleus) 1
endometrium
P3: while in human male gamete
-each foetal have developed in 1
/sperm only fertilise with ovum 1
their own placenta
F2: Fertilisation in R produce
(d) -forms a selective barrier between 1 Any
diploid zygote and triploid 1
the mother’s blood and the foetal 2
nucleus while in human produce Any
blood
diploid zygote only 3
-allows some substance / oxygen / 1
(d) P1: Fruit cover seeds 1 2
nutrient / glucose / amino acid
P2: and help to disperse the 1
/lipid / vitamin/ antibodies/ to 2
seeds apart from the tree
pass from mother to the foetus
P3: to avoid intraspesific 1
-allows substances / carbon
competition
dioxide / nitrogenous waste
P4: and ensure the successfulness 1
materials / urea to pass from the
of plant survival in new habitat Any
foetus to the mother 1
2
-secretes progesterone and 1
estrogen to maintain the thickness
of uterine wall
-to prevent the action of maternal 6(a) Organ pembiakan jantan : stamen 1 2
hormones other chemical in the Organ pembiakan betina : pistil / 1
mother’s blood that can harms the 1 karpel
development of the foetus (b)(i) Permukaan debunga yang kasar 1 1
-to protect the foetus from the (ii) P1: (debunga yang melekat pada 1 2
high blood pressure of the 1 stigma) merangsang tiub debung
maternal circulation that can bercambah
cause the foetal capillaries burst P2: membentuk tiub debunga 1
12 P3: hujung tiub debunga akan 1
merembeskan enzim yang
mencerna tisu stil 1
5(a)(i) Organ 1 1 P4: supaya tiub debunga Any2
memanjang kea rah ovul
(ii) 1
c(i) P1: Q ialah nucleus penjana 1 2
Sexual Asexual
P2 : membahagi secara mitosis 1
reproduction reproduction
P3 : membentuk dua nuklues / 1
Fertilisation No 1
gamet jantan
occur fertilisation
1 (ii) P1: (percantuman satu gamet 1 3
occur
Any jantan dengan dua nucleus kutub)
Involves Not involves
1 menghasilkan (tisu) endosperma 1
gametes gamete
P2 : endosperma berkembang
b(i) F: by meiosis 1 2
menjadi tisu penyimpan makanan
P1: P contain pollen mother cell / 1 Any P3: membolehkan biji benih 1
diploid microsporocyte cell 2
bercambah
P2: to produce four haploid cells 1
P4: menjamin kejayaan biji benih 1
(ii) F: pollination occur 1 3 menjadi anak tumbuhan Any
P1: mature pollen contains tube 1

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 13

(d) P1: ovul berkembang menjadi biji
benih
P2: integument berkembang
menjadi kulit biji benih / testa
c) Essay
1. F1-During day 1 to day 5,
endometrium wall break down and
slough off
F2-pituitary gland starts secreting
FSH
E1-FSH causes a Graafian follicle do
develop in the ovary
E2-During day 5 to day 10 FSH
Stimulate the wall of follicle and the
tissues of the ovary to secrete
oestrogen
E3-oestrogen starts to repair of the
uterine wall
F3-on day 12 to day 14, oestrogen
inhibits pituitary gland from
secreting FSH
E4-and stimulates pituitary glands
to produce LH
F4-LH causes ovulation to occur on
day 14
E5-After day 14, the grafian follicle
change into corpus luteum
F5-corpus luteum secretes
progesterone
E5-progesterone makes the
endometrium become thicken and
filled with numerous blood vessel
for implantation
E6-increase in the concentration of
progesterone will inhibit the
production of FSH and LH
2. F –in vitro technique
P1-means fertilization occurs outside
of the body
P2: wife was injected with hormone
to fasten the development of the
secondary oocyte. Ovum in ovary
P3:secondary oocyte /ovum release
out by using laparoscope (from
ovary before ovulation)
P4: sperms from husband fertilize
with the secondary oocyte in a petri
dish (contains culture medium)
P5: (after fertilization) zygote will
divide by mitosis
P6: (after 2 days) formed embryo
until 8 cells stage
P7: embryo transferred to the
endometrium of the uterus wall
through cervix (using pippet)
P8: embryo implanted at the
wickedbiology.wordpress.com
3p endometrium of uterus wall and
1 2 develop
P9: baby that is delivered is call test
1 tube baby
P10: the technique is complicated /
expensive and the probability of
success is low
10 3(a)
1 Parts Function
P is -to produce pollen 2 6
1 anther grains for
fertilization
-as male
1 reproductive organ
1 Q is -contain
ovary ovule/embryo sac 2
fertilization
-Becomes fruits
1 after fertilization
-as female
1 reproductive organ
R is petal -colourful to attract
1 pollination 2
agent/insects for
1 pollination
(b) 10
1 Formation of embryo sac
F1: the ovule develops from 1
1 ovarian tissue. It has a diploid
embryo sac mother cell (2n)
1 F2:embryo sac mother cell
undergoes meiosis to form a row 1
of four haploid cells called
megaspores
1 F3:three of the four megaspores 1
degenerated, leaving one in the
ovule 1
F4: the megaspore continuous to
grow and enlarges, filling up most
of the ovule). The nucleus of the
megaspore then undergoes mitosis
three times to form eight haploid
nuclei 1
F5:three of the eight nuclei
(migrate to one end of the cell) to
form antipodal cells, another two
nuclei to form polar nuclei and one
of the three nuclei develops into
an egg cell/female gamete/ovum
and flanked two synergid cells
Formation of pollen grain 1
F1: pollen grain are formed in the
anther, an anther has four pollen
sacs
F2: Each pollen sac contains 1
hundreds of cells called pollen
mother cells (2n) 1
F3: Each pollen mother cell
Page 14
 undergoes meiosis to produce four lagi bercantum dengan dua
haploid microspores (n) 1 nukleus kutub membentuk satu
F4: the nucleus of each nukleus triploid (3n)
microspores then divided by P11: (Persenyawaan yang berlaku
mitosis to form a tube nucleus and dua kali membentuk satu zigot 1
generative nucleus 1 diploid dan satu nukleus triploid
F5: the microspores develop into dipanggil )persenyawaan ganda
pollen grains dua
(c) P1:when pollen/pollen grains 1 4 P12: (selepas persenyawaan ganda 1
landed on stigma, sucrose solution dua), bahagian ovari berkembang
is secreted membentuk buah
P2: to stimulate germination of 1 Any P13: ovul berkembang membentuk
pollen 4 biji benih 1
P3:pollen tube grows from the 1 P14: integument berkembang
pollen menjadi 2 lapisan kulit biji (testa) 1
P4: in the pollen tube, generative P15: nukleus triploid menjalani
nucleus divides by mitosis to form 1 mitosis membentuk tisu
two male gametes endosperma 1
P5:the pollen tube nucleus leads P16: tisu endosperma menyimpan
the male gametes towards the 1 makanan untuk perkembangan 1
ovary /percambahan biji
P6: when the pollen tube reach the 1 benih//makanan diserap dan
ovary, the tube nucleus disimpan dalam kotiledon
disintegrates and burst open the membentuk individu baru bagi
pollen tube mengekalkan spesis tumbuhan
P7: to allow the male gametes to 1 berbunga itu.
enter the ovary through the
micropyle
(d) P1: pendebungaan berlaku//butir 1 10 4(a)(i) P1:Process X is ecdysis 1
debunga dari anter dipindahkan ke P2: For growth, the insect sucks in 1
stigma (bunga yang sama) Any air to break the ole exoskeleton
P2: debunga matang mengandungi 1 10 P3: to expand its body to increase 1
dua nukleus iaitu nukleus tiub dan the size
nukleus penjana P4: before the exoskeleton 1
P3: (debunga di atas stigma akan) hardens
bercambah membentuk tiub 1 P5: occurs periodically/several 1
debunga times until adult 1
P4: percambahan ini diransang P6: produce a step-like growth
oleh sukrosa/rembesan bergula 1 curve
(dari sel epidermal stigma)
P5: tiub debunga tumbuh dalam (ii) P1:both show sigmoid growth 1
stil kearah ovari 1 curve 1
P6: nukleus tiub mengawal arah 1 P2: both have xylem and phloem
pertumbuhan tiub debunga to transport water and food for
P7:semasa pertumbuhan tiub 1 growth
debunga, nukleus penjana
membahagi/ mitosis menghasilkan Differences :
2 nukleus/gamet jantan (haploid) 1
Diagram (a) Diagram (b)
P8: Dua gamet jantan bergerak
Annual plant Perennial
(mengikuti nukleus tiub dalam tiub
plant
debunga) sehingga ke pundi 1 1
Undergo Undergo
embrio (dan menembusi ovul
primary primary and
melalui mikropil) untuk
growth secondary
persenyawaan
growth
(apabila tiub debunga menembusi 1
Do not have Have woody
ovul melalui mikropil, nukleus tiub
woody tissue tissue
merosot dan hujung tiub debunga 1
Do not have Have lateral
pecah. Kedua-dua gamet jantan
lateral meristem
memasuki ke dalam pundi embrio)
meristem
P9: Satu gamet jantan (n) 1 1
bercantum dengan sel telur (n) Do not have Have annual
membentuk satu zigot diploid (2n) annual rings rings
Do not have Have thick 1
P10: Gamet jantan (n) yang satu 1

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 15
 thick bark bark 1 towards the epidermis
Usually short Usually tall E6: the walls of secondary xylem will
Have short Have long life 1 be thickened with lignin
life span span Any E7: this give tissues mechanical
5 strength to support the plant
(b) Similarities 10 E8: the tissues outside become
-height of man/length of instar 1 increasingly compressed
increases by time E9: the circumference /diameter
-both show horizontal 1 increased caused the epidermis to
line/constant growth during adult be stretched
E10:the ruptured epidermis will be
Difference replaced by cork as a result of the
-Form of graph-Sigmoid form for 1 activity of cork cambium
human and like series of steps in F3: cork cambium divides tangently
insect E11: form secondary cortex/ inner
-age of organism – the height cell and cork/outer cell
measured yearly, but in insect 1 (b) P1: increase the diameters of the 1 4
used day for measuring the length plant stems and roots for additional
-caused of difference-human have 1 mechanical support
endoskeleton but insects have P2: produces secondary xylem called
exoskeleton wood to support and strengthen the 1
-stages involve-in human the curve 1 growing plant
has three different phases, but P3:produces more secondary 1
there are five steps in insect phloem and secondary xylem to
//nymphal stages accommodate the increase in
-vertical and horizontal line: curve 1 demand for water, mineral and
for human did not shows different organic nutrient
line (only the curve from P4: produced new phloem and xylem 1
continuous points), but there are tissues to replace old and damaged
five different horizontal and ones
vertical lines each P5: produces a thick and tough bark 1
-zero growth-no point to show 1 which reduces evaporation of water
zero growth in human, but there from the surface of stem, also
are 5 time of zero growth (at protects the plant against of insect
horizontal line) and parasite fungi
-sudden growth: no sudden 1 P6: increase the opportunities to 1
growth for human, but there are produce seeds and propagate as
sudden growth in insect (at plant that undergo secondary
vertical line) growth live longer
-ecdysis : no ecdydis in human but 1 P7: produce large quantities of fruit 1
ecdysis occurred in insect for local consumption and export
-mitosis: the cells in human 1
undergo mitosis all the time, but in
insect, mitosis only occurred at
certain time (during ecdydis)
CHAPTER 5
-absorption of air: in human, there 1
are no absorption of air, but in a)Objective
insect, during ecdysis
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B
6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. D 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A
5(a) F1:vascular cambium divides actively 6 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. C
radially
E1: forming cambium ring /
intervascular cambium
F2: Cambium cells divides tangently
E2: cell in the outside differentiate to b) Structure
form secondary phloem
E3: while the inner cell differentiate 1 S: Ww 2
to form secondary xylem T : ww
E4: primary xylem pushed towards U : ww
the pith V : Ww
E5: and primary phloem pushed 3-4 Correct 2
1-2 correct 1

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 16
(b) 5

3(a) P1: haemophilia is inherited by a 1 2

recessive allele that
1 P2: linked to the X chromosome 1
b(i) 3
1
1 1
Genotype ratio : 1 1
WW:2Ww:1ww 1

Phenotype ratio: 3 walnut 1 1

comb: 1 pea comb
c) F:Allele W is dominant to allele 1 2 (ii) 25% 1 1
w c) P1: none of the girls are carriers 1 3
1
E1: If organism is homozygote because the receive one
dominant/ WW or dominant allele (XH) from their
heterozygote/Ww it shows the father
phenotype Walnut comb And
1 P2: one dominant alelle (XH) 1
E2: if organism is homozygote /
ww it shows the phenotype Any2
from their mother
pea comb P3:None of the boys are 1
d) F: both of their parent are 1 2 haemophiliacs because they
walnut comb with genotype receive dominant allele (XH)
Ww from their mother
E1: both their gamete have d) F: tissue culture 1 2
1
recessive allele w P1: Able to obtain good
1
E2: when gamete w are characteristics that can be used
1 commercially (selectively)
fertilized with another gamete
w, we can get chicken with pea Any2
P2: can be conducted anytime
does not need any pollinating 1
comb
agent as it carried out in the
laboratory (F+any P)
2a(i) Dominant : Black eyes, normal wings 1 2
Recessive : Red eyes, short wings
1 4(a) DNA 1 1
a(ii) MN,Mn,mN,mn 2 2 (b) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen 1 1
Notes : 4 correct = 2 marks and phosphorus
2-3 correct = 1 mark (c) -Carry genetic information 1 2
1 correct = 0 mark -Direct protein synthesis 1
(b) 1 1 (d) Nucleotide 1 1
(e)i X : Phosphate group 1 3
Y : pentose sugar/ sugar 1
Z: Nitrogenous base 1
Notes: (iii) Z 1 1
e) RNA 1 1
All gametes correct = 1 mark f) 2
All genotypes correct = 1 Mark P Q
C(i) 1:1 1 1 Adenine Thymine 1
(ii) 9:1 1 1 Cytosine Guanine
(iii) Mmnn, MMnn 1 1 Thymine Adenine 1
d(i) Mutation 1 1 Guanine Cytosine Any
(ii) P1: X-rays causes changes in the genetic 1 2 2
composition / genotype
P2: the mutated genetic composition 1
will be inherited to the offspring

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 17
c) Essay kumpulan darah O An
y6

1(a)(i) 3
Genotip Fenotip
AO
Q II Kumpulan darah 1
A
BO (b)(i
R II Kumpulan darah
B 1 )
OO
S I I Kumpulan darah
O 1
(ii) 3 1
P1:Hukum Mendel Pertama
menyatakan bahawa sesuatu ciri 1 1
pada organisma ditentukan oleh
sepasang alel 1
P2:semasa pembentukan gamet, 1
pasangan alel 1
bersegregasi/berpisah semasa
meiosis 1
P3:hanya salah satu alel sahaja
daripada pasangan alel ini akan 1
hadir dalam satu gamet 1

b) P1:Individu ini mengalami sindrom 1 6 1

klinefeter
P2: akibat berlebihan satu
kromosom X 1
P3: pendedahan kepada bahan 1
mutagen / bersifat karsinogenik 1 1
P4: menyebabkan kromosom (ii) 3
seks/pasangan kromosom ke 23 1
gagal berpisah
P5: semasa anafasa 1/meiosis 1 1
P6: lalu menghasilkan 1
sperma/ovum yang mempunyai
nombor kromosom yang abnormal 1
/n+1/n-1 1
P7:persenyawaan antara ovum 1 1
normal dan sperma n-1 Max
menghasilkan zigot dengan 47 6
kromosom/kromosom seks XXY 3(a)(i) P1: Unit asas DNA ialah nukleotida 1 4
P2: terdiri daripada gula
deoksiribosa, kumpulan fosfat dan 1
2(a) 6 bes bernitrogen
P3: DNA terdiri daripada 2 rantai 1
1 polinukleotida
1 P4: 2 rantai polinukleotida berpintal 1
1 membentuk struktur heliks ganda 2
1 P5: mempunyai 4 bes bernitrogen
1 iaitu adenine(A), Timina(T), Sitosina
1 (C) dan Guanine(G) 1
P7: Alel A dan alel B adalah dominan P6: Nukleotida yang mempunyai
manakala alel O adalah resesif 1 bes bernitrogen T//Nukleotida yang 1
P8: Kombinasi alel A dan Alel B ialah mempunyai bes bernitrogen G
kodominan berpasangan dengan nukleotida
yang mempunyai bes bernitrogen C
P9: Kekunci 1 P7: dihubungkan dengan ikatan 1
A
I –Alel A hidrogen
B
I – Alel B
O
I – Alel O Mana-mana 4P
(ii) P1: Gelang kecil DNA dalam 1 5
P10:25% kebarangkalian anak mereka 1 bakteria yang dipanggil plasmid

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 18
 P2:plasmid dipotong dengan enzim
P3: somatotrophin gen terasing
daripada sel lembu
P4: somatotrophin gen dimasukkan
kedalam plasmid
P5: somatotrophin ditambah
plasmid bakteria dikenali sebagai
DNA rekombinan
P6: plasmid yang dimasukkan
semula ke dalam bakteria
P7: bakteria dibiakkan di dalam
tangka penapaian, menghasilkan
Bovine Somatotrophin (BST)
P8: Somatotrophin diekstrak untuk
kegunaan industri
(b) Kebaikan:
P1: Makanan GMF mempunyai ciri-
ciri pilihan/contoh yang
bersesuaian
P2: mempunyai kerintangan
terhadap penyakit/serangan
perosak
P3: Penghasilan makanan yang
mempunyai nutrisi yang tinggi
P4: Hasil yang lumayan
P5: mengurangkan masalah
kekurangan makanan
P6: Mana-mana jawapan yang
sesuai
Sekurang-kurang 1P
Keburukan:
B1: kepupusan spesies
B2: perubahan kepada genetic
manusia
B3: kesan jangkamasa panjang
/kesan sampingan terhadap
kesihatan
B4: penyalahgunaan teknologi
untuk menguasai pasaran dunia
B5: mana-mana jawapan yang
sesuai
Sekurang-kurang 1P
CHAPTER 6
a)Objective
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5.
6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10.
11. D 12. B C)
b) Structure
1(a)(i) Discontinuous variation
wickedbiology.wordpress.com
1 Continuous variation 1
1 (b) -Differences in body height are not 2 4
clear/ distinctive but differences in
1 fingerprints are clear and distinctive
-Body height is controlled by 2
1 environmental and genetic factors
but finger prints are controlled by
genetic factors only
1 -graph for body height shows 2
normal distribution but graph for
1 finger prints shows discrete
distribution
-body height shows intermediate
1 characters but type of fingerprints 2
Any do not show intermediate
5 characters
5 -Body height is controlled by many
1 pairs of alleles but finger prints is 2
controlled by a pair of alleles
- Body height is a quantitative
1 character (can be measured and 2
graded from one extreme to the
other) but type of finger prints is a
1 qualitative character (they cannot
be measured or graded from one Any
1 extreme to the other) 2
1 c) - some individuals adapt better to 1 2
environment condition
1 -these individuals are better
adapted for survival // they can 1
transmit the advantageous genes to
their offspring // camouflage from
their predator
d)(i) P: Deletion 1 2
Q: Duplication 1
1 (ii) -Mutation that occurs in a somatic 1 2
cell (e.g. bone marrow of liver ) may
1 damage the cells
-this makes the cell cancerous // kill 1
the cell
1
1
2(a) Genotype of black colour wing: BB / 1 2
Bb
Genotype of pale and speckled wing: 1
bb
(b) Dominant trait: Black colour wing 1 2
E1: More number of moth are black 1
colour // There are three black
colour moth and only one pale and
speckled wing // 75% of the moth
have black colour wing while 25% of
the moth have pale and speckled
D wing // the presence of dominant
D gene / B
P1: both parents are heterozygous / 1 3
have genotype Bb
P2: during meiosis 1
P3: the (male) gamete receive allele 1
B or b // the (female) gamete receive
allele B or b
1 2 P4: during fertilization 1
Page 19
 P5: the male gamete with allele b 1 factors
fused with female gamete with allele Any Two or more A single genes
b(so the offspring has genotype bb// 3 genes control determines
pale and speckled wing) the same the
character differences in
d) P1: to have varieties in colour of the 1 1 the traits of
moth // variation the character
P2: better adaptation to the 1 The The
environment // camouflage phenotype is phenotype is
P3: better survival of the species // 1 usually controlled by
Any suitable explanation (Any 1) controlled by a pair of
e)(i) Mutation / Deletion / Chromosomal 1 1 many pair of alleles
mutation alleles
(ii) F1: mutagen is radioactive radiation 1 3 (ii) P1: variation provided better 1 3
// X-ray / formaldehyde / adaptation for organism to survive
carcinogens/ monosodium in the changing environment
glutamate // Any suitable example P2: variations are essential for the 1
E1: the mutagen has high survival of species / to survive
penetrating power//high 1 more successfully
radiation//mutagen able to reach P3: variation will enable organism 1
the DNA in the cells/ nucleus to explore a new habitat
/chromosomes P4: to ensure organism survival 1
E2: causing (drastic) change to the 1 from predator Any
structure of the chromosome 3
E3: resulting section P to be deleted 1 (b) F1: meiosis 1 10
//gene P to be missing Any P1: produce gamete with different
3 genetic content 1
P2: through homologous 1
chromosomes random assortment
c) Essay during metaphase I

F2: crossing over 1

1(a)(i) Example of continuous variation : 1 2
P3: two homologous chromosomes
Height or weight are paired up / synapsis during 1
Prophase I
Example of discontinuous variation
P4: crossing over occurs between 1
: ABO Blood group 1
non-sister chromatids at the
chiasma
Differences :
P5: chromatids break and rejoin in 1
Continuous Discontinuous such a way that segments of
variation variation chromatids are exchange //
Graph Graph causing a genetic recombination
distribution distribution P6: genes in chromosomes is 1
shows a shows a altered and gametes with various
normal discrete combinations of chromosomes are
distribution distribution produced
The character The
are characters are F3: Fertilization 1
quantitative / qualitative / P7: random fertilization between 1
can be cannot be sperm and ovum
measured and measured and P8: produce zygote with varies 1
graded (from graded (from genetic material
one extreme one extreme
to the other) to the other)
Exhibits a Exhibits a few
spectrum of distinctive
phenotypes phenotypes 2(a) -thin parents can have fat son even 1 6
with with no though the son inherits genes for
intermediate intermediate thinness from his parents
character character -body size is affected by 1
Influenced by Is not environmental factors
environmental influenced by -continuous variation 1
factors environmental -due to diet, the size of body 1

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 20
 changes
-the ability to roll tongue is 1
determined by genetic factors
-alleles for the ability to roll tongue 1
can be inherited
-genes for this characteristic is 1
dominant
-hence, the son can roll his tongue 1
(b) -over the time, one species better 4
adapted to the environmental
changing
-example: camouflage of colour
protects themselves from predator
-that particular (white/black) species
increase their population while
others cannot
-white species /black species
becomes dominant in their
community

wickedbiology.wordpress.com Page 21