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To cite this article: Antanas Kudzys & Romualdas Kliukas (2009) The limit state design of spun
concrete columns using load combinations recommended by EN 1990 and ASCE/SEI 7–05,
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 15:3, 289-297
Abstract. The expediency of using precast spun concrete columns of annular cross-sections reinforced by high-strength
steel bars is discussed. Test material properties, efficiency factors and resisting compressive stresses of plain and rein-
forced spun concretes are presented. Modelling a bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded members of annular cross-
sections is based on the concepts of compression with a bending moment and bending with a concentrical force. The com-
parison of test and modelling data of concentrically and eccentrically loaded members is analysed. The expediency to use
in design practice the approaches of current methods of partial safety factors design (PSFD) legitimated in Europe and
load and resistance factors design (LRFD) suggested in the USA and other countries is considered and illustrated by a
numerical example.
Keywords: spun concrete, high-strength steel, beam-columns, compression test, eccentric loading, limit state design.
JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ISSN 1392–3730 print / ISSN 1822–3605 online 289
http:/www.jcem.vgtu.lt DOI: 10.3846/1392-3730.2009.15.289-297
290 A. Kudzys, R. Kliukas. The limit state design of spun concrete columns using load combinations recommended by en 1990...
≈ (k c Ac f cc + k s As σ sc ) rs (e + rs ) , (15)
M R = N Re , (16)
where k c is given by Eq. (13), k s by Eq. (14), σ sc by
Eq. (9). When these members are concentrically loaded,
the factors e = 0 , k c = k s = 1 and Eq. (15) is presented
in the form
N R = Ac f c + As σ ′sc , (17)
where σ′sc is defined by Eq. (7).
When an eccentricity of applied forces is large, it is
more expedient to treat tubular columns as members ex-
Fig. 2. Stress-strain relations for plain concrete (1) and re- posed to bending with concentrical force. According to
inforced concrete by typical (2) and bi-linear (3) laws
Vadlūga (1983), at large values of compressive force
eccentricity, the ultimate bending moment of annular
According to the design model, presented in Fig. 3,
cross-sections (Fig. 5) reinforced by mild steel bars could
the resisting compressive force, the resisting bending
be calculated using the peculiar expression:
moment caused by this force and its eccentricity are:
M R = 1.2rs ( As f st + N R ) (1 − α c ) . (18)
N R = N c1 − N c 2 + N sc − N st , (10)
Fig. 3. Modelling of linear strain and stress distributions in the concrete and high-strength
steel of eccentrically loaded annular cross-sections
292 A. Kudzys, R. Kliukas. The limit state design of spun concrete columns using load combinations recommended by en 1990...
Fig. 4. Mean values of response factors of concrete kcm by (13) and reinforcement ksm by
(14) versus the eccentricity ratio em/rs: a – medium reinforcing; b – strong reinforcing
Fig. 5. Modelling of simplified stresses in the concrete and steel of eccentrically loaded
annular cross-sections
Here the conventional value of the compression zone of 4. Limit state design of eccentrically loaded columns
sections is:
4.1. Compressive force and its eccentricity
α c = ψ π = (0.5(1 + rc rs )As f st + N R ) [Ac f cc +
The combined effects of building columns are caused by
As ( f st + f sc )] ≈ ( As f st + N R ) [Ac f cc + (19) permanent G, sustained Qs (t ) and extraordinary Qe (t )
As ( f st + f sc )] , live loads, snow S (t ) and wind W (t ) actions. The time-
variant extreme live and climate loadings of structures
where rc and rs are the radii of concrete and steel circ- belong to persistent design situations in spite of the short
les; f st and f sc – the tensile and compressive strength period of extreme events, it being much shorter than the
of longitudinal bars; As and Ac – the areas of steel rein- designed working life of buildings. The selected design
forcement and concrete in the column cross-section; N R situations and the relevant limit states in design models of
columns depend on the combination of variable actions
represents the concentrical force; f cc by Eq. (5) is the that are considered to occur simultaneously.
compressive strength of concrete in tubular columns. The duration of annual extreme live loads d Q is
An analysis of Eq. (18) revealed its universality. fairly short and equal to 1–14 days for commercial and
When the tubular members are reinforced by high-strength 1–3 days for other buildings (JCSS 2000). Their renewal
steel bars, the mean values of conventional strengths in rates λ Q = 1 t λ = 1/year. Thus, during t n = 50 years ser-
tension and compression of reinforcement should be de- vice period, the average recurrence number of extreme
fined as: f stm = 500 MPa and f scm = 600 MPa. annual live loads simultaneously on 2 and 3 storeys, re-
The acceptability of Eqs (15) and (17) in the load- spectively, are: n 2 = 2t n d Q λ2Q = 0.27–0.82 and
carrying capacity analysis of concentrically and eccentri- 2 3
n3 = 3t n d Q λ Q = 0.001–0.01. In design practice, this
cally loaded tubular members is illustrated by Fig. 6. The unfavourable combination of loads may be neglected.
means and standard deviations of the parameter which The durations of annual extreme climate loads may be
contains uncertainties of these equations and the peciluar treated as: d S = 14–28 days and d W = 8–12 hours (Elling-
expression by Eq. (18), are equal to θ RNm = 0.987 ≈ 0.99, wood 1981, JCSS 2000). Therefore, the average recurrence
σθ RN ≈ 0.08 and θ RMm = 1.016 ≈ 1.02, σθ RM ≈ 0.08
number of joint annual simultaneous extreme floor live and
(Vadlūga 1979) for compression (Section 3.1) and bend-
snow or wind loads during t n = 50 years period is equal to
ing (Section 3.2) members, respectively.
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2009, 15(3): 289–297 293
Fig. 6. Comparison of the observed and calculated by Eqs (15) and (17) values of resisting
compressive forces of the specimens tested by G. Aksomitas ( ) and R. Kliukas ( )
( )
nQW = tn dQ + dW λQλW = 0.2–2 and nSW = tn(dS + dW ) λSλW = According to EN 1990 (2002) recommendations, the
1.96–3.9. The effect of these recurrences of joint variable characteristic and design values of the effective flexular
loads on the limit state verification of structures is associated stiffness of columns may be defined as:
with the factors for combination values of variable actions (EI )ek = (EI )ed = K cd E cd I cm + E s I s , (25)
recommended by EN 1990 (2002) and ASCE/SEI 7-05 where the design value of the modulus of elasticity of
(2006). concrete E cd = E cm 1.2 ;
( ) ( )
Usually, the ends of precast columns of frames are
not fully rigidly restrained in in-situ concrete foundations I cm = π r24 − r14m 4 and I s = π rs42 − rs41 4 (26)
and floors of buildings. Both ends of precast columns are are the second moments of concrete and reinforcement
only elasticity restrained at precast floors. Therefore, a cross-sectional areas about the centre of annular cross-
slenderness for precast columns of multi-storey frames sections.
with in-situ and precast beams may be checked, respec-
tively, with an effective length l0 = 0.75hs and l 0 = hs , 4.2. Reliability verification formats
where hs is a storey height.
The second-order eccentricities of the characteristic When the reliability verification of building columns is
based on the semi-probabilistic (Level I) approaches,
and design applied compressive forces N Ek and N Ed
according to the EN 1990 (2002) recommendations, the
are: total design axial force of columns of multistorey frames
ek = eok η k and ed = eod η d , (20) should be:
but not less as r2 15 and 20 mm.
EN
N Ed = (N Gk γ G + K F 1 N1k γ 1 + N 2 k ψ 0 γ 2 ) , (27)
Here where K F1 = 0.9 ; 1.0, and 1.1 is the efficiency factor for
eok = M OEk N Ek and eod = M OEd N Ed (21) variable loads when the reliability class of structures is
RC1, RC2 and RC3; N Gk , N1k and N 2k are the charac-
are the first-order eccentricities of compressive forces and
teristic (nominal) values of permanent, leading and ac-
η k = 1 (1 − N Ek N Bk ) and ηd = 1 (1 − N Ed N Bd ) (22) companying variable components; γ G = 1.35 and
are the factors of second-order moment effect, where the γ1 = γ 2 = 1.5 are the partial safety factors for loads;
buckling loads of concentrically loaded columns may be ψ 0 = 0.7 is the factor for combination value of a live
written in the forms: variable actions, ψ 0 = 0.5 and 0.6 for snow and wind
load, respectively, in combination of actions. The value
N Bk = π 2 (EI )ek l o2 and N Bd = π 2 (EI )ed l o2 . (23)
N Gk is different for propped and unpropped precast con-
These buckling loads are based on the characteristic and tinuous beams (Kudzys et al. 2007).
design flexular stiffness of columns, when the basic value Usually, the radius mean of spun concrete cross-
of concrete creep ratio under normal inside environmental sections rcm = 0.5(r1m + r2 ) is equal or close to the radius
conditions is equal to Φ =1.2–2.0 (EN 1992-1 2004). rs of a circle of reinforcing bars. Thus, according to the
The characteristic and design factors for concrete current partial safety factors design (PSFD) used in
cracking and creep effects may be expressed as: Europe, the design values of resisting compressive forces
K ck ≈ K cd = 0.25 (1 + Φ M OGd M OEd ) , (24) by Eq. (15) and bending moments by Eq. (18) may be
expressed in the following forms:
( ) r (e )
where M OGd and M OEd are the first-order bending mo-
EN EN
ments caused by permanent and total loads. N Rd = k cd Acm f cdEN + k sd
EN
As σ scd s
EN
d + rs , (28)
294 A. Kudzys, R. Kliukas. The limit state design of spun concrete columns using load combinations recommended by en 1990...
EN
M Rd ( EN
= 1.2rs As f std + N Ed ) As f stk + N Ek
1 −
×
, (36)
As f stk γ s + N Ed Ac f ck + As ( f stk + f sck )
× 1 − , (29)
Acm f cd + As ( f std + f scd )
EN where ek is given by Eq. (20);
k ck = 1 − 0.3 e k [rs (1 + 10ρ m )] , k sk = 1 − 0.3 e k rs ;
where ρ m = As Acm , edEN is given by Eq. (20),
EN
k cd = 1 − 0.3 edEN [rs (1 + 10ρ m )] , f cck = α cck α 2 f ck , σ sck = σ scm , f stk = 0.9 f stm ,
EN
f sck = 0.9 f scm are the characteristic values of concrete
k sd = 1 − 0.34 e dEN rs ; f ccd
EN EN
= α ccd α 2 f ck γ c ,
and reinforcement parameters; N Ek is the characteristic
σ scd = σ sct γ s = σ scm γ s , f std = f stk γ s = 0.9 f stm γ s , value of the total compressive force; Φ – the strength
reduction factor as the global uncertainty factor for com-
′ = f sck γ s = 0.9 f scm γ s are the design values of
f scd pressive resistances of columns. According to ACI 318-
concrete and reinforcement resistances; γ c = 1.5 and 05 (2005) directions and Szerszen et al. (2005) recom-
γ s = 1.15 are the partial factors for the concrete and rein- mendations, for columns exposed to compression with a
forcement properties; N Ed EN
is the design value of the small bending moment, this factor is equal to 0.60–0.70.
For the spun concrete columns it may be selected as
total compressive force.
Φ = 0.65.
Using the PSFD method, the structural design of
The reliability of columns is sufficient if the de-
columns is considered to be sufficient, if the ultimate ASCE ASCE
limit state of columns is not exceeded. This requirement stroying force N Ed and moment M Ed are not more
ASCE ASCE
is expressed as N RdEN EN
≥ N Ed and M RdEN EN EN
≥ N Ed ed . than the values N Rd by Eq. (35) and M Rd by Eq.
Combining factored loads by ASCE/SEI 7-05 (36). When the destroying moments in unbraced columns
(2006) directions, the design value of the total compres- are large, it may be necessary to check the reliability of
sive force of multistorey frames should be expressed as columns subjected to the maximum moment combined
follows: with the minimum compressive force (Mosley et al.
ASCE 2007).
a) N Ed = N Gk γ G + N Qk γ Q1 + N Sk γ S 2 (30)
ASCE 5. Numerical illustration
or N Ed = N Gk γ G + N Sk γ S1 + N Qk γ Q 2 (31)
The spun concrete column at the first-floor level of
for columns of non-sway frames;
braced multistorey frames of Reliability Class RC2 by
b) Eqs (30) or (31) or EN 1990 (2002) or Category II by ASCE/SEI 7-05
ASCE
N Ed = N Gk γ G + N Wk γ W 1 + N Qk γ Q 2 + N Sk γ S 2 (32) (2006) is under exposure of permanent, G , variable live,
Q = Qs + Qe , and snow, S , action effects (Fig. 7). The
for columns of multistorey sway frames; multification factor for unfavourable variable actions
c) ASCE
N Ed = N Gk γ G + N Sk γ S1 + N Wk γ W 2 (33) K f1 = 1.0. The characteristic and design values of action
effects are presented in Table 1.
ASCE
or N Ed = N Gk γ G + N Wk γ W 1 + N Sk γ S 2 (34) The geometrical parameters of a spun concrete col-
umn are:
for columns of single-storey sway frames, where N Gk ,
N Qk , N Sk and NWk are the components caused by l om = 3.0 m, r2 = 0.15 m, r1m = 0.09 m, rs = 0.12 m,
characteristic permanent Q , variable occupancy Q , Am = 0.04524 m2, As = 0.00181 m2 (16∅12),
snow S and wind W loads. The values of partial safety Acm = Am − As = 0.0434 m , 2
ρ m = As Acm = 0.0417,
factors for loads are: γ G = 1.2, γ Q1 = 1.6, γ Q 2 = 0.5 or
1.0 (when uniformly distributed live loads are not more
Im = π (r24 − r14m )
4 = 346×10 m , (
I s = π rs42 − rs41 4 =
–6 4
)
1.3×10–6 m4.
and more than 4.8 kN/m2, respectively), γ S1 = 1.6,
The parameters of the spun concrete C50/60 are
γ S 2 = 0.5, γ W 1 = 1.6 and γ W 2 = 0.8.
given by:
According to the current load and resistance factors
design (LRFD) used in the USA and some other coun- f ck = 50 MPa, α 2 = 0.85–1.7×0.0417=0.779, γ c = 1.5,
tries, the design values of compressive forces by Eq. (15) α cck = 1 − 0.1 N Gk N Ek = 0.9114,
and bending moments by Eq. (18) and may be presented
as follows: f cck = 0.9114×0.779×50 = 36.48 MPa,
ASCE
N Rd = ΦN Rk = Φ(k ck Acm f cck + k sk As σ sck ) × EN
α ccd = 1 − 0.1 N Gd N Ed = 0.9126,
rs (ek + rs ) , (35) EN
f ccd = 0.9126×779×50/1.5=23.7 MPa,
ASCE
M Rd = ΦM Rk = Φ1.2rs ( As f stk + N Ek ) × E cm = 20(0.1 × f cm )0.3 = 38.89 GPa,
E cd = E cm 1.2 = 28.24 GPa.
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2009, 15(3): 289–297 295
Fig. 7. The compressive forces NG, NQ and NS caused by permanent (a) and variable extreme floor (b) or snow (c) loads
1
The parameters of reinforcing high-strength cold edASCE = 0.0731 = 0.09205 m,
worked bars are defined as follows: 1 − 0 . 852 4. 139
f 0.2 k = 800 MPa, eok = 48.55 705 = 0.069 m,
σ scm = σ sck = 2.26(1.36+4 ρ m )×10 × E s =690 MPa,
–3
1
ek = 0.069 = 0.0903 m.
γ s = 1.15, σ scd = 690/1.15=600 MPa, f stm = 500 MPa, 1 − 0.705 4.139
f stk = 0.9×500=450 MPa, f std = 450/1.15=390 MPa, Therefore, the design and characteristic response
f scm = 600 MPa, f sck = 0.9×600=540 MPa, factors by Eqs (13) and (14) are written as:
EN 0.0903 0.12
f scd = 540/1.15=470 MPa. k cd = 1 − 0. 3 = 0.841 ,
1 + 10 × 0.0417
According to Eq. (24), the design and characteristic EN
factors for concrete cracking and creep effects are: k sd = 1 − 0.34 × 0.0903 0.12 = 0.744 ,
K cd = K ck = 0.25 (1 + 1.7 × 38.88 65.88) = 0.125. 0.0832 0.12
k ck = 1 − 0.3 = 0.853 ,
Thus, the design and characteristic values of the ef- 1 + 10 × 0.0417
fective flexural stiffness of columns by Eq. (25) are de- k sk = 1 − 0.34 × 0.0832 0.12 = 0.764 .
fined as:
According to EN 1990 [18] directions, the design
(EI )ed = (EI )ek
= 0.125 × 2.824×104 × 3.33×10–4 + values of resisting compressive force by Eq. (28) and
2 × 105 × 1.3 × 10–5 = 3.774 MNm2. bending moment by Eq. (29) of the column are:
Therefore, the design and characteristic buckling EN
N Rd = (0.841× 0.0434 × 23.7 + 0.744 × 0.00181× 600) ×
loads are:
× 0.12 (0.0903+ 0.12) = 0.954 MN > N Ed
EN
= 0.945 MN,
N Bd = N Bk = π × 3.774 3.0 = 4.139 MN.
2 2
EN
M Rd = 1.2 × 0.12(0.00181 × 390 + 0.945) ×
According to Eqs (21) and (20), the design and
characteristic values of first- and second-order eccentrici- 0.00181 × 390 + 0.945
ties of compressive forces N Ed EN ASCE
, N Ed and N Ek are: 1 − 0.0434 × 23.7 + 0.00181(390 + 470) =
EK
eod = 65.88 944.7 = 0.0697 m, EN
0.0859 MNm ≈ N Ed ed = 0.945×0.0903 = 0.0853 MNm.
1 According to ASCE/SEI 7-05 (2006) recommenda-
edEN = 0.0697 = 0.0903 m,
1 − 0.9447 4.139
tions, the design values of resisting compressive force by
Eq. (35) and bending moment by Eq. (36) of the column
ASCE
eod = 62.31 852.4 = 0.0731 m, are:
296 A. Kudzys, R. Kliukas. The limit state design of spun concrete columns using load combinations recommended by en 1990...
ASCE
N Rd = 0.65(0.85 × 0.0434 × 36.48 + 0.764 × 0.00181× Diniz, S. M. C. 2005. Effect of concrete age specification on the
reliability of HSC columns, ICOSSAR, G. Augusti,
690) × 0.12 (0.0832 + 0.12) = 0.882 MN > G. J. Schuëller, M. Ciampoli (Eds.), Millpress, Rotterdam:
ASCE 565–572.
N Ed = 0.852 MN,
Ellingwood, B. R. 1981. Wind and snow load statistics for probabil-
ASCE
M Rd = 0.65 × 1.2 × 0.12(0.00181 × 450 + 0.705) × istic design, J. Struct Div, ASCE 107(7): 1345–49.
EN 1990. Eurocode – Basis of structural design. Brussels,
0.00181 × 450 + 0.705
1 − 0.0434 × 35.48 + 0.00181(450 + 540) =
CEN; 2002.
EN 1992-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1:
General rules and rules for buildings, Brussels; 2004.
ASCE ASCE
0.0782 MNm ≈ NEd ed = 0.852×0.09205 = Hussaini, A. Al.; Regan, P. E.; Xue, K.; Ramdane, E. 1993. The
0.0785 MNm. behaviour of HSC columns under axial load, in High-
Strength Concrete, Proceeding 1, June Lilehammer, Nor-
According to both limit state design methods, the way, 83–89.
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results slightly depended on the methodological concepts 12th draft.
of PSFD and LRFD approaches, presented in EN 1990 Kaufmann, J. P.; Hesselbarth, Moser K.; Terrasi, G. P. 2005.
(2002) and ASCE/SEI 7-05 (2006), respectively. Application of fiber reinforced high performance compos-
ites in spun-cast elements, Materials and Structures 38:
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Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2009, 15(3): 289–297 297
Antanas KUDZYS. Dr Habil, Professor of the Institute of Architecture and Construction of Kaunas Universitty of Tech-
nology, Tunelio g. 60, LT-44405 Kaunas, Lithuania.
Dr Habil (building structures, 1967). Author of 6 books, 5 textbooks for students, 4 dictionaries and more than 300 arti-
cles. Research interest: bearing capacity, safety and durability of structural members and their systems.
Romualdas KLIUKAS. Doctor, Assoc Prof, Dept of Strength of Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.
PhD (building structures, 1989). Researcher at the Dept of Reinforced Concrete Structures of Vilnius Institute of Civil
Engineering. Research visit to Building Scientific-Technical Research Centre (France) 1990-91. Author of over 40 arti-
cles. Research interests: capacity, durability and renovation of reinforced vibrated and spun concrete structures.