Chapter 5-12 Lecture Notes

The Chapter 5 Objectives are to:

1. Explain and apply longitudinal strain principles,

2. Explain and apply beam deflection principles,
3. Explain and apply normal stress principles,
4. Explain and apply axial beams with axial load principles
5. Explain and apply beam design for bending stress principles,
6. Explain and apply built-up beam analysis principles,
7. Explain and apply shear stress principles,
8. Demonstrate positive teamwork, and
9. Demonstrate problem solving ability.

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 Chapter 5-12 Lecture Notes

Beams with Axial Loads Through Centroid

We consider beams with axial loads applied at the centroid that result in axial,
vertical, and bending loads as illustrated in Figure 5-45. Figure 5-4c shows the
internal normal force, N, the shear force, V, and the bending moment, M.

The normal stress, σ, is the resultant of the axial force induced normal stress, and the
bending force induced normal stress as long as the material is loaded in the linearly
elastic area, so:

σ = N/A-My/I (calculated as we have done already)

As Figures 5-45 c-g illustrate, the normal axial stress and the bending moment
stresses may superpositioned so the stresses are additive, therefore, there is a plane
where a zero stress may occur on a different plane than on the neutral axis (as is the
case in pure bending only). Since the neutral axis is the axis where the normal stress
is zero, the neutral axis may not be contained in the beam. The neutral axis is in is
the plane (neutral surface) where the normal stress changes from tension to
compression. In a beam subjected only to bending, the neutral axis is also the
centroidal axis, but that is not true in a beam with axial loading as well as bending
loading.

The shear stress is τ = VQ/Ib and is calculated as done earlier.

Examples of different combinations of axial and

bending stress outcomes

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Beams with Eccentric Axial Loading

Beams with eccentric axial loading

occur when the normal axial force
is applied at a distance, e, (called
the eccentricity) from the centroid.
Consequently, both an axial force
and a bending moment are applied
to the beam as illustrated in Figure
5-46. The loads are, then,
represented as a load applied at the
centroid and a moment.

As in the above case where there is

no eccentric loading, the neutral axis can occur outside the beam.

Stocky versus Slender Beams

A critical assumption is that the applied moments and loads don’t deform the beam by more than a small
amount. The original dimensions can’t change by more than a small amount in order for the bending
moment equations to be valid. The rule of thumb is that the equations only apply to a stocky beam, one
with a length to height ratio of ten or less. Beams with a larger length to height ratio are called slender
beams.

See Example 5-17 in separate file to illustrate the principles.