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• Effects of Shear Stresses: When deriving the formula for shear stress, we will consider the general case
of loading for beams such as following cases.
Boards slide relative Acting as a single beam
to each other
Note:
1. Warping” violates the assumptions of V Fxy
Fxy “plane section remains plane” in
flexure and torsion formulae.
2. However, we can ignore the cross- Ugural’s sign convention
section warping due to small shear
stress compared with normal stress.
This is true for most common case of A cantilever beam with a vertical plane of
slender beam, i.e. one that has a small symmetry that supports concentrated and
Fxy depth compared with its length. z distributed loads.
x
z M xz M xz Fyx y
N.A. Similarly, force acting on area (plane 2) towards left side is Fyx * xx 2dA
A
M xz
M xz M xz
x Profile view
Force equilibrium in the axial direction
A*
xx1dA Fyx xx 2dA 0
A*
x x
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 5 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 6
M xz y
Using xx , we obtain xx1dA Fyx xx 2dA 0 Centroid of an Area
Iz A* A*
F x 0
( M M ) y M y ( M M ) y M y
A* xz I z xz dA Fyx A* Ixzz dA 0 A* xz I z xz dA Fyx A* Ixzz dA 0
( M xz M xz ) y M y
Fyx * dA * xz dA b
Fxy
Iz Iz x
A A
A*
M xz Fxy
Fyx
Iz
A*
ydA
M xz xx 2
Fyx xx1
Dividing byx and letting x 0 y y M xz M xz
and taking the limit, we get Plane 2
*
dA N.A.
F M xz dFyx 1 dM Plane 1
lim yx lim
x 0 x x 0
I zx
A* ydA dx I z dxxz A*
ydA
z x
*
A : area of the cross-section isolated by the horizontal cut; i.e. above the
location of the shear stress being determined (i.e. above y) Q y xdA Ax Qx ydA Ay
A A
y : vertical distance between the centroidal axis and the CG of isolated section A*
F dx F
dM xz dM xz d area Fxy
Fxy or Fxy note : xy xy dFxy Fyx xx1
dx dx dx M xz y y
b dx
dFyx 1 dM xz
as
dx
I z dx A*
ydA Since yx xy
N.A.
z x
M xz M xz
dFyx 1 dM xz 1 FxyQ 1 dFyx dFyx1
A* ydA ( Fxy ) A y xy ( Fxy ) A* y
*
as
dx I z dx Iz Iz b dx dx Iz
1 Fxy *
Ay
Note : Q * ydA A y *
(first moment of area about the z-axis) b Iz Q A* y
A
dF yx This term is known as the “shear force per unit length” or shear 1 Fxy * F Q
The Shear Formula xy A y xy (3.1)
flow. The shear flow is useful in the study of connection in section b Iz I zb
dx
of a built-up beams formed by joining two or more materials.
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 9 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 10
(c) x (e)
6 P h
2
P
x N. A. • For narrow beams ( b 0.5h ), the solutions are in reasonably good.
avg
A • For square beams ( b h ), the maximum shear stress error is about 13%.
xx (+ve)
(tensile)
• For beams with b 4h, the maximum shear stress error is about 100%.
max
3P • Clearly, shear formula developed is only applicable to narrow beams.
2A
Bending stress distribution • The shear formula is particularly useful, as beams of single or composite
narrow rectangular cross-sectional forms are often employed in practice.
Shear stress distribution
( M xz ) E 6
A
1.5 m E C B D x
2m
1.5 2
8 ( M xz ) E 4.5 kNm
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 17 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 3 - 18
A1 20 mm Fxy 3 kN A C B D
yt x
70 mm
A y 80 40 (56.7 20) 10 m
* 9 3
3 E
110 mm 4
A2 A3 117.4 106 m 3
Fxy A* y 3 103 117.4 106
A4 xy
Ib 10.5 106 b
To determine yt A2 & A3 3 10 117.4 106
3 A1 20 mm
A1 0.839 MPa yt 56.7 mm
60 10.5 106 ( 2 0.02)
(120 80 40 60) yt (80 40 20) 2(20 60) 40
A4
2 Q: What should the value of b be? A2 A3
120 yt
20 If aa is slightly above b 80 mm
20 80 100 If aa is slightly below b 20 20 mm
A4
2
So 80 mm? or (20+20 mm)?
7200 yt 64 103 168 103 176 103 Answer: 20+20 mm
123 106 m3 A E C B D x
Note: xy (max) occurs at N.A.
FmaxQmax 7 103 123 106 xx (max) occurs at bottom fibre 8
max 2.05 MPa
Ib 10.5 106 (2 0.02) (at support B).
2r
r 4
Ix I y
4