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This is to certify that this report on “Feasibility of Decentralized Solid Waste management
System – Study and Prototype Development” submitted by the following students, as a
requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) in Mechanical Engineering,
Session 2016-2017. This work was carried out under my guidance and supervision.
We also wish to thank all the staff members of Department of Mechanical Engineering for
helping us directly or indirectly in completing this work successfully.
Further we would like to thank NEPRA for the opportunity of letting us visit their factories and
sharing the practical knowledge. We would also like to thank the Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation for sharing the educational resources and available data with us.
i
Abstract
This paper attempts to assess the various factors that govern the sustenance of a decentralized
solid waste management system in urban India. Towards the end, a decentralized seggration
facility was studied which was started in Ahmedabad. The parameters covered under the study
were the technology and the technical expertise, managerial influence, economic viability,
community support including the socio- economic status of the community and the influence of
parallel government schemes. Our findings indicate that success and long term sustainability of
the model depend on sustenance parameters to a varying degree. It also seeks out those factors
that need to be addressed if the system is replicated in other urban settings.
ii
Contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
2.5.............................................................................................................................................. 20
3. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 23
iii
3.1 Feasibility analysis of DSWM ....................................................................................... 23
3.3.............................................................................................................................................. 33
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 42
References ..................................................................................................................................... 43
iv
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Zone wise waste collection ............................................................................................. 8
Table 2. 2 Waste Processing and Treatment (Present Plants) ....................................................... 10
Table 2. 3 Companies presently working with AMC ................................................................... 11
Table 2. 4 Feasibility of DSMW ................................................................................................... 20
v
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Community Participation............................................................................................... 4
Figure 2.2 Public Private Partnership ............................................................................................. 5
Figure 2.3 Types of waste in MT .................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2. 4 Vibrato-Scope ............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 2. 5 Motor of the Vibrating Screen .................................................................................... 14
Figure 2. 6 Debris and Small Particulate Collector ...................................................................... 14
Figure 2. 7 Belt Drive with Casing ............................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 8 Manual rag picking operation ..................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 9 Bags for segregation ................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 10 Pathways to collect segregated waste ....................................................................... 17
Figure 2. 11 Segregated waste storage .......................................................................................... 17
Figure 2. 12 Hydraulic Press ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2. 13 Hydraulic Press ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2. 14 Stacked recyclable waste .......................................................................................... 19
Figure 2. 15 Stacked Recyclable waste by cartons ....................................................................... 19
Figure 2. 16 Pie Chart of breakup of municipal solid waste ......................................................... 21
Figure 2. 17 Pie chart for the breakup of revenue......................................................................... 21
Figure 2. 18 Pie chart for percentage breakup of revenue ............................................................ 22
vi
Figure 4. 1 Graph of Profit vs Number of Plants .......................................................................... 39
Figure 4. 2 Graph of Profit vs Landfill ratio ................................................................................. 40
Figure 4. 3 Graph of Payback period(Months) vs Landfill ratio .................................................. 41
vii
List of Abbreviations
viii
1. Introduction
Cities in the world are facing a high level of pollution; the situation in developing countries is
more acute, partly caused by inadequate provision of basic services like water supply, sanitation
facilities, transport infrastructure and waste collection[1]. There is a tremendous increase in the
amount of solid waste generated in the cities due to a more affluent lifestyle. Municipal
corporations in developing countries are not able to handle increasing quantities of waste, which
results in uncollected waste on roads and in other public places. There is a need to work towards
a sustainable waste management system, which requires environmental, institutional, financial,
economic and social sustainability. There is an emerging global consensus to develop local level
solutions and to involve community participation for better waste management [2]
Waste heaps piling up are a common sight in most of the cities and townships of India also.
Exploding populations and changing lifestyles are generating enormous amounts of waste.
Studies have revealed that the quantum of waste generated varies between 0.2 - 0.4 kg/capita/day
in urban cities and goes up to 0.5 kg/capita/day in metropolitan cites. This has resulted in health
problems such as diarrhoea, cholera and malaria among the masses. Municipal agencies spend 5
- 25% of their budget on MSW management, which is Rs 75 - 250/capita/year[3].
Of the total MSW generated in India, 30 - 40% consists of organic waste, 30 - 40% ash and
fine earth, 3 - 6% paper while a meagre proportion of less than 1% accounts for plastics, glass
and metals.[4]
The present study explores alternative approaches to MSW management and estimates the
cost of waste management in Ahmedabad. The alternatives considered are as follows:
Public private partnership (PPP) in waste management: a case of cooperation between the
private sector and local government.
1
2. Literature Survey, Case Studies and Practical Survey
This paper attempts to assess the various factors that govern the sustenance of a decentralized
solid waste management system in urban India. This paper comprises of the study of two
decentralised composting facilities which were started at the same time in Bangalore. The
parameters covered under the study were the technology and the technical expertise, managerial
influence, economic viability, community support including the socio- economic status of the
community and the influence of parallel government schemes. The following table shows the
MSW generated per day in 6 cities of Karnataka.
At present, in the municipality of Bangalore, the corporation lorries and staff carry the
waste collected from the residents and bins to dumping areas. The waste is taken by the private
contractors which are selected by tendering process to clear it and supplement the waste.
A brief review of the sustenance factors that were considered and discussed are given below.
Technology and technical expertise: Any waste treatment venture adopts a specific technology
for treating the wastes it receives. The selection of the technology and the skill with which it is
carried out reflect the sustenance values of the venture.
Managerial hierarchy: The management’s role, involvement and attitude are keys to the
success of any venture. Hence the initiatives taken up by each management were studied.
Economic viability: The income was calculated based on the amount generated from door to
door collection and sale of byproducts and products. Expenditure was figured out through the
operational costs in terms of rent of the allotted area, salaries, consumables, electricity and water
bills. Also depreciation costs (at an assumed rate) for hardware installed at the facility were
added to this expenditure on an annual basis to arrive at the total expenditure.
2
Community support and socio-economic status: Since these facilities are one of a kind,
intellectual (in terms of scientific advisors) and financial support were received from senior
citizens, municipalities and local residents.
Parallel government initiatives: A parallel government initiative to treat the Municipal Solid
Waste can have serious repercussions on an existing community based venture.
3
Community
Participation
4
Public Private
Partnership
Cost of labour
Value of recyclable
material
Cost of capital
Value of compost
Cost of land
The costs and benefits associated with Community Participation and Public Private
Participation are calculated usuing mathematical fomulations
5
300 Metric Ton of construction and demolition debris waste. All waste is collected, transported,
treated and disposed according to the MSW Rules.
6
Scrubbing of roads by Road Sweeping Machines
All major public roads, BRTS roads & Model roads are covered under this system.
25 trucks / tractors mounted & 15 self rides Road Vacuum Sweeping machines are
helping AMC to keep city as a dust free city.
This work is given on O&M model for 5 years. AMC is paying the Agency on shift basis.
Vehicles and TPM working is monitored through GPS, RFID Readers and Tags.
7
In order to remove nuisance spots and to meet the increasing needs as well as to maintain
cleanliness and public health, AMC has purchased 660 / 1100 liters capacity galvanized
1050 trolleys (silver colour) and 60 vehicles like Refuse Compactor.
Zone Installed
Central 210
East 150
North 148
South 80
West 296
Total 1240
8
AEPL capital investment for this project till time is more than 7 Crore.
Citizen are well informed to dump their C& D waste at their own cost at the defined 16
locations. Amdavad Enviro Pvt. Ltd. is authorized by AMC on PPP mode to collect,
transport & process 300 TPD C & D waste from designated locations and convert it into
various recyclables. AMC is paying Rs. 155 per ton to AEPL (with an escalation clause
of 5% yearly increase).
Recently AMC make a policy to buy 25 % of Final product (i.e. Precast Concrete Box
Culverts, Paving Blocks , Kerb Stone) of the C & D Waste processing agency in the
development of different civil & infrastructures projects of AMC by the approval of
competent authority.
80 TPD segregated food waste is collected from more than 1000 units of hotels and
restaurants.
It is delivered to compost plant for treatment. The waste is transported through closed
body hydraulic vehicles.
All employees of agencies are supposed to wear a unique uniform and shall possess
requisite protective gear. 24x7 helpline numbers are operated by the agencies so that any
unit can obtain information or lodge complaint(s).
The agency at his own cost has installed a GPS in coordination with Solid Waste
Management Department and has to maintain a system of generating daily reports as well
as see that the system operates round the clock.
• The units which produce such kitchen waste have to obtain a health licence from AMC to
operate and such licenses are renewed every year. For such units, the health licences shall
be renewed only if they follow this kitchen waste collection model.
• AMC is in a process of planning to utilize food waste for Gas / Electricity generation by
bio-methanation.
9
Collection of Municipal Bio Medical Waste
AMC has contracted 2 agencies approved by GPCB for daily collection, transportation
and disposal of bio-medical waste from 4 municipal hospitals, 2 referral hospitals, 64
urban health centers and dispose it in their incineration plant.
1 Excel Industries Ltd 300 Tons January-2000 25 acres for Compost (25 to 30 tons)
15 years
2 Bharuch Enviro 250 Tons July -2009 15 acres for 25 Compost (25 to 30 tons) RDF
Engineers Ltd.(UPL years (25 to 30 tons)
Djai Power Ltd.)
10
All the above plants are on Design, Build, Finance, Own and Operate basis by investing their
own capital and also bear 100% operation and maintenance cost.
Sr. Name of Company Daily MSW Land given on Rs. 1 per Sq. Mtr. lease Rate (Rs /
Treatment and Capital (not allowed to mortgage) and Daily kWh)
No.
Investment (Rs in Cr) production of MW
14 MW
11 MW
11
o 11.50 Lakh Metric Tones (i.e. 1.15 million tons)
Total construction cost of the site:
o Rs. 13 Crore (i.e. Rs.130 million )
Area: 12.88 Hectares (32.8271 acres)
12
2.3.7 Nepra Resources Management Private Limited (NRMPL)
Vibrato-Scope
The Vibrato Scope uses a piston crank mechanism to separate 2D and 3D objects. A
motor is connected to the crank via belt drive (generally V-Belt). It rotates the crank and hence
rotates the arms that are connected to the arms that perform swinging motion. The waste tends to
toss around and the lighter 2D weights fall down where as the heavy 3D objects gets thrown out.
Figure 2. 4 Vibrato-Scope
Vibrating Screen
Vibrating screen also has a motor but here the motor has an unbalanced force which
causes vibration when rotating at high speeds. These motors are connected to the sheet metal that
13
posses holes of required diameter. When the screen vibrates the particles that are lighter and
smaller in size passes through the holes and hence the particle of smaller and larger sizes are
segregated. The vibrating screen is used to separate the sand particles and smaller particulate to
bottom of the screen and rest matter is carried forward to the conveyer belt for manual
segregation.
14
Figure 2. 7 Belt Drive with Casing
Manual Segregation
The Manual segregation process consists of an oval shaped conveyor system where workers
are arranged on the periphery.
These workers are divided into a group of three in a line and are given a specific matter to
pick from the conveyor belt and collect it in a bag or keep it in the blue box that form a ballet of
a particular item.
15
Figure 2. 8 Manual rag picking operation
16
Figure 2. 10 Pathways to collect segregated waste
Hydraulic Press
Hydraulic Press is used to form rectangular pallets by compressing the waste to a pre
determined pressure. This helps in better transport and material handling. This makes it easy for
the workers to load and unload the pallets.
17
Figure 2. 12 Hydraulic Press
18
Figure 2. 14 Stacked recyclable waste
percentage of percentage of
Waste waste output price per unit total revenue revenue
green
waste(fertilizer) 38.6 0.75 3 86.85 22.93947518
green
waste(biogas) 38.6 0.25 9.5 91.675 24.21389047
plastic 6 1 8 48 12.678121
RDF(refuse derived
fuel) 6.6 1 1.5 9.9 2.614862456
C&D (construction
and demolition) 25 1 0.3 7.5 1.980956406
non recyclable
materials 13 1 0 0 0
Fish
market/Caracas +
Hotel Restaurant
and Kitchen Waste 5 0.6 25 75 19.80956406
fish
market/Caracas 1 0.4 9.5 3.8 1.003684579
hotel restaurant
and Kitchen waste 4 0.36 9.5 13.68 3.613264484
20
Total 100 378.605 100
Table 2. 4 Feasibility of DSMW
2.5 Breakup of Municipal Solid Waste
5 1 4 paper
13 plastic
38.6
rdf(refuse derived fuel)
metals
3.8 13.68
green waste(biogas)
75 86.85
0
paper
7.5
3 91.675
48 plastic
9.9
39.2
rdf(refuse derived fuel)
21
2.7 Percentage Breakup of Revenue
green waste(biogas)
1.003684579 3.613264484
paper
22.93947518 plastic
19.80956406
0 rdf(refuse derived fuel)
24.21389047 metals
12.678121
C&D (construction and
10.35379881 demolition)
non recyclable materials
0.792382562 Fish market/Caracas+Hotel
2.614862456 Restaurant and Kictchen Waste
fish market/Caracas
22
3. Methodology
House to House
Collection
Organic Non-Organic
Composting
Sorting by
workers
Recyclable
Compost
Other
Sold
Sold Transported
Dumpsite
23
In this case the door to door waste collection is carried out in a community where the community
has a biogas plant in the neighborhood. In this system the waste is sorted by the community
members in their residences as organic and non organic and the non organic waste is further
classified as Recyclable and non Recyclable.
Total cost
Revenue
Break-even point
24
E = A . r(1+r) n / ((1+r) n - 1)
Where,
A = Amount borrowed
In this case the waste is collected from door to door and then it is transported to Municipal Bins.
This kind of mechanism is done on a larger scale where the waste is then taken to segregating
plants and it is then sorted on the basis of organic, Recyclable and other. The green waste is
taken to Biogas plants where it is put in aerobic digester giving useful biogas and bio fertilizer.
The recyclable waste is sold off to vendors and the other waste is transported to landfills[4].
These other wastes are sometimes used for filling up the base in construction sites or they are
used as filler materials in construction of roads. Some useful items such as Pavers and manhole
comers are also produced from them. If such material I obtained they are sold to such vendors or
they are used as landfills.
cost of collection
cost of transportation
cost of disposal
25
Cost of collection
Cost of transportation
Cost of disposal
26
Figure 3. 2 Public Private Partnership for DSMW flow chart
Households
Carry waste
Municipal
bins
Transported by
Transported
MCGM to Excel
By AMC
site
Sorting by
Excel
Aerobic Transported to
Sold
composting dumpsite
Compost
27
Sold
Capacity = 12 ton daily waste processing.
= 30,000 400gm.
Revenue
Considering 12 ton
Dustbin Cost: 2 Dustbin provided for the segregation of the dry and wet waste per 4 people
(Considering the 4 people in one family).(2 dustbins for dry and wet waste)
28
Total cost = = 75 lakhs
=15500000
Segregation cost
= 100000
29
Cost of land used: Data on land requirement for composting ton of waste per day is collected
from city.
= 120000
=730000
30
Break-even point
Considering capital investment break-even including compound interest @ 10%
E = A . r(1+r)n / ((1+r)n - 1)
Where,
A=Amount Borrowed
E = EMI or Monthly payment
r = interest rate in % divided by 12
n = total number of months
The waste collected in all cities is similar to the waste breakup found in Ahmedabad.
The land value is not taken into consideration as it depends on the city as well as it varies
from area to area. The land required by segregation plants is assumed to be the same as
the saving in land required by landfill sites.
The value of 3.8 Rs. Per Kg is derived for the case of Ahmedabad based on current price
trends of obtained components
Each collector truck goes for one trip a day and has a capacity of 2 Tonnes
Each Dumper truck has a carrying capacity of 12 Tonnes and goes for 3 trips a day
The cost of collector vehicle is 600000 Rs.
The cost of Dumper truck is 2000000 Rs.
Maintenance and depreciation is kept at 2% per month or 24% per year in line with
industry standards
Compound interest is taken into consideration for payback period
Total capital costs for segregation plants is taken from sources and interpolated linearly
31
The salaries of workers and the number of workers required are taken from the AMC
models and NEPRA plants.
The cost of segregation plant varies linearly with its size for a plant of sufficient size.
The waste segregation takes place at the source where green waste, recyclable materials
and non recyclable materials go in different bins
Operating cost of collector vehicles is kept at Rs. 8 per Km
Operating costs of Dumper vehicles is kept at Rs. 30 per Km
The collector vehicles are assumed to travel every road of the city and the total distance
travelled by them is equal to the total road length of the city
The following analysis has been performed in Matlab with various parameters and costs
associated with it being taken into consideration
32
3.2 Prototype development
3.3
Figure 3. 4 Spring
33
Figure 3. 6 Screen
34
Figure 3. 8 Assembly of vibrating screen
35
Figure 3. 10 A View of assembly of the vibrating screen
36
Figure 3. 11 Front View of Hydraulic Press assembly
37
Figure 3. 13 Top View of Hydraulic Press assembly
38
4. Result and Discussion
39
4.2 Profit V/S Landfill Ratio
A linear trend is observed in the Profit V/S landfill ratio. The profit decreases with a constant
negative slope. This is due to the fact that while the transportation cost remains same the revenue
generated decreases. However the capital investment decreases as both the biogas plant and the
segregation plant have decreased capacities
40
For a factor of landfill ratio of greater than 0.5 the payback period is infinite meaning that the
business is unsustainable.
41
5. Conclusion
The feasibility analysis of DSWM as used in our matlab analysis fall in line with the current
budget of AMC. It is observed that after a landfill ratio of more than 50% to the total waste, the
business is unprofitable.
It is also seen that as the number of waste segregation centers increase, the profitability increases
as expected. This is because of the fact that collector trucks have to travel shorter distance saving
on fuel cost.
It is seen that almost 60-70% of the revenue comes from green waste conversion into biogas and
fertilizer while 30-40% revenue comes from segregation of waste.
42
References
[1] Anschutz, J., 1996. Community Based Solid Waste Management and Water Supply Project:
Problems and Solutions compared – a survey of the literature, UWEP working paper document
2, Gouda, WASTE.
[2] Zurbrugg, C. (2002). Urban solid waste management in low-income countries of Asia: How
to cope with the garbage crisis. Presented for: Scientific Committee on Problems of the
Environment (SCOPE) Urban Solid Waste Management Review Session, Durban, South Africa,
1-13.
[3] Talyan, V., Dahiya, R. P., & Sreekrishnan, T. R. (2008). State of municipal solid waste
management in Delhi, the capital of India. Waste Management, 28(7), 1276-1287.
[4] Subramani, T., Umarani, R., & Devi, S. B. (2014). Sustainable Decentralized Model For
Solid Waste Management In Urban India. International Journal of engineering Research and
Applications, 1(4), 264-269.
[5] Rathi, S. (2007). Optimization model for integrated municipal solid waste management in
Mumbai, India. Environment and development economics, 12(01), 105-121.
[6] www.ceeindia.org/
[7] www.teriin.org/
43