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Lecture _– Shear Stress & Shear Strain Shear Stress

If two equal and opposite parallel forces F, not in the same

I. Shear Stress straight line, act on parallel faces of a member then it is said to
II. Riveted Joints be loaded in shear.
III. Shear Strain
IV. Modulus of Rigidity

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Shear Stress Shear Stress

A shear stress ( ) is defined as a stress which is applied parallel
or tangential to a face of a material.

Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins, and rivets used to
connect various structural members and machine components.
Here the horizontal lines tend to slide relative to one another, with line lengths of the originally
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originally right angles between the lines are distorted. Such a loading is termed direct shear.

Shear Stress Shear Stress

If the shaded cross-section parallel to the applied load is A, the The formula to calculate Shear Stress is:
𝐹
average shear stress* on the section is:  = 𝐴 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹
Shear Stress () = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴

Where
 = shear stress
F = Force Applied
A = Cross Sectional Area

Analysis shows that the distribution of shear stress is far from The shear stress will always be tangential to the area on which
uniform; the stress varies parabolically from zero at the edges it acts.
to a maximum at the centre.
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Shear Stress Shear Stress

 The shear stress, or intensity of shear force, is tangential to
the area over which it acts.

 For example in cutting plate by a guillotine (Fig. On the next

slide), F is the total force exerted by the blade and is
balanced by an equal and opposite force provided at the
edge of the table.

 The area resisting shear is measured by the plate thickness

multiplied by the length of the blade.

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Determination of the Shearing Stress Determination of the Shearing Stress

in Various Connections in Various Connections
To determine the shearing stress in a connection such as a bolt,
pin, or rivet, we first clearly show the forces exerted by the Since the cross-sectional area of
various members it connects. the pin is;
2
25 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋
2
Thus, in the case of pin C of our example (Fig. a), we draw Fig. = 𝜋(12.5 × 10−3 𝑚)
2

b, showing the 50-kN force exerted by member BC on the pin, = 491 × 10−6 𝑚2
and the equal and opposite force exerted by the bracket. we find that the average value of the
shearing stress in the pin at C is

Drawing now the diagram of the portion of the pin located 𝑃 50 ×103 𝑁
ave = 𝐴 = 491 ×10−6𝑚2 = 102 MPa
below the plane DD’ where shearing stresses occur (Fig. c), we
conclude that the shear in that plane is P = 50 kN.

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Determination of the Shearing Stress Shear Stress

in Various Connections
Considering now the pin at A,  In a punching operation, the area resisting shear would be
we note that it is in double
shear. Drawing the free-body the plate thickness multiplied by the perimeter of the hole
diagrams of the pin and of the punched.
portion of pin located between
the planes DD’ and EE’ where  The ultimate strength in shear of a metal is measured in
shearing stresses occur, we
practice by a punching operation of this type.
conclude that P = 20 kN and
that  The ultimate shear stress or strength is defined as
𝑃 20 ×103 𝑁
ave = = 491 ×10−6𝑚2 = 40.7
𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
MPa
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

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Factor of safety Factor of safety

A factor of safety of 3 implies that the design is capable of
The Factor of Safety (FOS) for structural applications is the ratio
carrying three times the maximum stress to which it is expected
of the allowable working unit stress. The term was originated
the structure will be subjected in any normal loading condition.
for determining allowable stress.

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
factor of safety = Values are normally selected on the basis of a consideration of
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
the social, human safety and economic consequences of failure.
The ultimate strength of a given material divided by an
Typical values range from 2.5 (for relatively low consequence,
arbitrary factor of safety, dependant on material and the use to
static load cases) to 10 (for shock load and high safety risk
which it is to be put, gives the allowable stress.
applications).
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Riveted Joints Riveted Joints

 A structural member commonly loaded in shear, but seldom  In single-shear, the area resisting shear is the cross-sectional
in tension, is the rivet. 𝜋𝑑2
area of the rivet, , where d is the diameter of the rivet.
4

 The Fig. below shows a riveted joint loaded in single-shear

 In double-shear the resisting area is twice the area of section
and a joint in double-shear.
of the rivet, and the load which can be carried is
theoretically twice that in single-shear.

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Riveted Joints Riveted Joints

 Example  Solution

A load F of 5 KN is applied to the tensile member shown in the

Fig. below and is carried at the joint by a single rivet. The angle
of the joint is 600 to the axis of the load. Calculate the tensile
and shear stresses in a 20 mm diameter rivet.

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Riveted Joints Riveted Joints

 Example

A solid coupling transmits 100 kW at 2rev/s through eight

equally spaced bolts. If the bolts are 12 mm diameter and are
on a pitch circle of 150 mm diameter, calculate the average
shear stress in each bolt.

Solution: The axis of the rivet is at 300 to the line of action of

the load F.
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Riveted Joints Riveted Joints

 Example

When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden specimen shown

failed in shear along the surface indicated by the dashed line.
Determine the average shearing stress along that surface at the
time of failure.

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Shear Strain Shear Strain

 The Fig. below shows an element of material rigidly fixed at
one face DC and subject to a shearing stress  on the parallel
face AB.

 The element will deform, and the deformation may be taken

as similar to that which would take place if the element were
made up of a number of thin independent layers, each layer
slipping relative to its neighbor below. In effect, the element will deform to the rhombus DA’B’C.

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Relation between shear stress and

Shear Strain
shear strain: modulus of rigidity
By analogy with the tensile stress-strain relation for an elastic
The shear strain is defined as the angle of deformation ADA’ (or
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
BCB’) in radians. material, we write for shear: = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝐺
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛


i.e. =𝐺
Since shear strain is small, Φ
Where the constant G is known as the modulus of rigidity of the
 Φ = ∠ADA’
material. The units of G are those of stress, i.e. newtons per square
𝐴𝐴′
≈ 𝑟𝑎𝑑 metre (N/m2) or one of the other forms GN/m2, MN/m2.
𝐴𝐷

For most carbon steels the value of G is about 82 X 109 N/m2. For
cast iron and ductile materials such as copper, aluminium, bronze, G
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lies between 28 and 42 GN/m2.

Torque Power
Torque, also called moment or moment of force, is the
tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis or pivot.

For an angular motion, the work done can be expressed as;

W = FѲr = TѲ
Where W=work (J), Ѳ = angle (radians), r = radius (m),
T=Torque(Nm).
Power is the ratio between work done and time taken and can be
expressed as;
P = W / dt = T θ / dt = T ω = 2 π N T
Where P = Power (W), dt = time taken (s), ω = θ / dt = 2 π N =
angular velocity (rad/s) N = speed (rev/s)

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Lecture Summary

I. Shear Stress
II. Riveted Joints
III. Shear Strain
IV. Modulus of Rigidity

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Hannah & Hillier (1995) Applied Mechanics, 3rd edn., Essex, England:
Pearson Education Limited.
2. Beer, Johnston, DeWolf, Mazurek (2012) Mechanics of Materials, 6th
edn., New York, USA: McGraw-Hill .

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