may not present) Unresponsive Licking/scratching/self-trauma Sunken/distended Guarding (protecting painful area) abdomen
Reluctance to move Hypothermia
Grinding of teeth (not attributed to PICA (eating of non-food
pleasure) substances)
Reduce appetite Self-trauma
Post-procedural Pain Inappetence
Squinting of eyes Change in fluid intake
Decreased activity Hunched posture- Head
tucked Increased back arching Head pressing/bumping Horizontal stretching Vocalization- May or may Abdominal Writhing not be present (do not rely on this sign alone) Abnormal gait (e.g.,falling/teetering/staggering) Abnormal gait (e.g.,ataxia, limping) Guarding (protecting painful area) Poor grooming Twitching Incontinence Decreased grooming Labored breathing Porphyrin
Piloerection of hair
Decreased food and water intake
Aggression
Avoidance of contact with human
Tachycardia (faster than normal
Curling up biting own feet heart rate) (seen primarily with Tachypnia (faster than normal ureteral/bladder stones) breathing) Avoidance of contact with PICA (eating of non-food human substances, note: may be seen Huddled facing corner in with the use of certain opioids) cage