Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Christian RIPOLL
Année 2007-2008
ST4-RF1
Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters :
Electrical Parameters
Electromagnetic Parameters
Antenna Types:
Linear
Aperture
Array
A feeder feeder A
All antennas have a radiation pattern which is a plot of the field strength
or power density at various angular positions relative to the antenna.
2. Aperture Antennas
- Parabolic antennas
- Hyperboloïd antennas
- Horns Dielectric
hyperboloïd
O
F
horn
Metallic
paraboloïd
- Slotted waveguide
- Dielectric surface antennas
α0
Matched load
- Equiangular antenna
- Log antenna
λ @ F max λ @ F min
4 4
freq
5. Smart antennas
- Antenna array
- Active antenna
Ethena
M
Delayed Scalar potential
r
V
r 1 e− jkr
ρ ( P)
4πε ∫
u V (M ) = dv
r
P V
( )
r Delayed Vector Potential
ρ, J r µ r e− jkr
4π ∫
A( M ) = J ( P) dv
r
V
r r r
E ( M ) = − grad V − jω A
+ conservation law of electricity
r 1 r r
H ( M ) = rot A divJ + jωρ = 0
µ r r r r
[(
E (M ) = j 30k ∫∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u Ψdv ) ]
( )
r 1 r r 2 r V
E ( M ) = jωεµ grad divA + k A
∫∫∫ ( )
r r r
H (M ) =
jk
J S ∧ u Ψdv
r 1 r 4π
H ( M ) = rot A V
µ
Current distribution on antenna is needed
to compute the radiated fields
r’
V M
( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r r r r
O PM = PO + OM = OM − OP ′
r = PM ⋅ u = OM − OP ⋅ u = r − OP ⋅ u
r r
OP ⋅ u
1 1
En amplitude =
r' r
1/r field Propagation
decrease Extra phase shift
delay
r
E (M ) =
j 30k − jkr
r
[(
e ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u e ) ]
r r r + jk (Or P⋅ur )
ds
S
r
E (M ) =
j 30k − jkr
r
[( ) ]
r r r + jk (Or P⋅ur )
e ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u e ds = j 30k
e − jkr
r
F (u )
r
S
[( ) ]
r r r + jk (Or P⋅ur )
F (u ) = ∫∫ J S ∧ u ∧ u e
r
ds
S
Gives :
Directivity and polarization of the antenna
r
r
u E =0
r r
JS JS r
E max
r
u
Linearity
r r
ET = ∑ Ei
r i
I2 r
E2 r r
I2 E2
r r
I1 E1 r
r E1
I1
M(E)
Translation
r’ 1. Same field intensity at M
M(E’)
2. Phase difference between E’ and E :
r
P ⋅⋅⋅
r M M M M M
r
δ u r
r
u
r rO
δ ⋅u 0
r 1
r2 r3 r4
O δ δ δ δ
r r r r
r e − jkr ET = E0 + E1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + En
F (u )
r
E0 = j 30k
r r r
( )
r r r r
+ jkδ ⋅u + j 2 kδ ⋅u
r r r r
+ jkδ ⋅u ET = E0 1 + e +e + ⋅⋅⋅
E1 = E0 × e rr
r r r r
+ 2 jkδ ⋅u r r e − 1
+ jnkδ ⋅u
E 2 = E0 × e ET = E0 + jkδr⋅ur
e − 1
r B Ordinary Symetry
I r
E
A M r 1. Currents in same directions
ET 2. E always linearly polarized
A’ r
r E′
I′ B’
r r
I B ET Mixte Symetry
r r
A E′ E 1. Currents in opposite directions
2. E always linearly polarized
A’ M
r
I′ B’
Ground effect :
Total E must be perpendicular
to ground (perfect conductor)
r r
r B ET B r
I ET
I
r r r r
A E′ E A
E′ E
A’
r M A’ M
I′ r
I′ B’
B’
Electromagnetic Parameters
• Radiation pattern
• Radiation resistance
• Efficiency
• Gain/Directivity
• Beamwidth
• Polarization
• Effective aperture
• Effective height
Electrical Parameters
– Input impedance
– Bandwidth (VSWR)
Colatitude θ
i(t) DEF :
Radiates a Spherical wave
Azimuth φ (same intensity in all directions)
W
P ( r ,θ , φ ) = in Watt / m
2
4πr 2
Total Radiated power is the integral : P ( r ,θ , φ )
dS
W = ∫∫ P (r ,θ , φ ) ⋅ dS
i(t)
S
W
U (θ , φ ) = in Watt / st
4π
dS
W= ∫∫∫ U (θ , φ ) ⋅ d Ω dΩ i(t)
Ω
W
1
E Erms = 30 W in V / m
R R
( ) ( )
∃ θ 0 , φ 0 tel que U θ 0 , φ 0 = U max
P (r , θ , φ )
Power Radiation Pattern f (θ , φ ) = ≤1
Pmax (r ,θ , φ )
Properties :
– Depends on the direction (θ , φ )
– Normalized to 1 (0 in dB)
– Independant of distance r in the far field region
U (θ , φ ) R 2 × U (θ , φ )
Power radiation f (θ , φ ) = =
Pattern
(
U θ 0 ,φ 0 ) (
R2 ×U θ 0 ,φ 0 )
P ( r ,θ , φ ) E 2 (θ , φ )
= = = f ′2 (θ , φ ) Field Radiation
Pmax (r ,θ 0 , φ 0 )
(
E 2 θ 0 ,φ 0 ) Pattern
2D2 λ
Equations are valid in the Far Field Zone : R > MAX ,
λ 2π
0,6
0,4
Polar coordinates
26 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll
Example : GSM sectorial antenna in horizontal
plane
10 0.8
G(dBi)
0.6
G
-10 0.4
-20 0.2
-30 0
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
angle (°) angle (°)
90
90 120 60
120 60
150 30 150 30
180 0 180 0
0 0.8
G (dBi) -20 0.6
G
-40 0.4
-60 0.2
-80 0
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
angle (°) angle (°)
90 90
120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30
180 0 180 0
3 Radiation zones
– D is the equivalent diameter of the antenna
– r is distance to antenna
constant
θ si θ ∈ [− 90°, 90°]
U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) = U m
U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) = 0 si θ ∈ [90°, 270°]
Pmax = D × Pav
P av
Considered in direction
of maximum
P av
U max (θ 0 , φ0 )
Dmax (θ 0 , φ0 ) = 4π
W
related to radiation pattern
x U (θ , φ ) = U (θ ) ⇒ f (θ , φ ) = f (θ )
4π
Dmax (θ 0 , φ0 ) =
2
⇒ π
= π
2π ∫ f (θ )sin θ dθ ∫ f (θ )sin θ dθ
0 0
U (θ , φ )
G (θ , φ ) =
Wa / 4π
U max (θ 0 , φ0 )
Gmax (θ , φ ) =
Wa / 4π
W
Antenna efficiency: η= × 100
W + Wd
W = total radiated power
Wd = dissipated power
G =η D
Eiso E
W W
G = 0dB R G R
1 1
Erms _ iso = 30W in V / m Erms = 30 W G in V / m
R R
Notion defined for wire antennas (voltage and current at input) : Ficticious
resistance that will radiate W
Ii
W
Rr = 2
Vi Ii
Note : Related to electromagnetic
and electrical parameters
ii vi =Vie jϕ
ii = Iie jϕ′
vi Vie jϕ
Zi = jϕ′
= Ri + jXi
Zi Iie
Power at antenna
Active Power
1 2
Ri Ii
2
W : Radiated power
Wd : Dissipated power
Rd : Ohmic antenna resistance
Z a − Zc
Γa =
Zc Z a + Zc
ZA
( ) Wg Wa Za
2
Wa = Wg 1 − Γa
Example :
VSWR − 1 2 − 1
VSWR=2:1 Γa = = = 0.33
VSWR + 1 2 + 1
Wa
Wg
( )
= 1 − 0.332 = 0.89
loss of 10 log 0.89 ≅ 0.5 dB
i1(t)
X
Vertical Polarization
E X = E1 sin ωt
Y
i2(t)
Horizontal Polarization
Y
EY = E2 sin ωt
Z
r r
i2(t) E X = E1 sin ωt X
r r
EY = E2 sin ωt Y
i1(t) r r r
Linear Polarization ET = E X + EY
r
ET = (E1 sin ωt ) + (E2 sin ωt )
2 2
E1(t)
X r
E2(t) ET = E12 + E22
max
Y
( ) E2
r
Z Φ ET = arctan
E1
i2(t)
r r
i1(t) E X = E1 sin ωt X
Circular Polarization r r
ω EY = E1 sin (ωt + 90° )Y
r r r
E1(t) ET = E X + EY
r
ET = (E1 sin ωt ) + (E1 cos ωt )
2 2
X E2(t)
Y r
Z
ET = E12
( )
r
Φ ET = arctan(cotan ωt )
3 polarization modes
– Linear polarization
• Vertical (E plane), Horizontal (H plane)
– Circular polarization
• Right or Left
– Elliptic Polarization
• Right or Left
Pr WRX = Pr × Ae
W
RX
Example : Pr=cst=1W/m2
V
I=
(Z RX + Z A ) Ouverture effective :
Rr = RRX
V2 V2
⇒ W ′ = Rr =
(2 Rr )2 4 Rr
Pb : Exprimer V en fonction de
W′ V 2
l et λ
⇒ Ae max = =
Pr 4 Rr Pr
Introduction d’un nouveau concept :
La hauteur effective d’antenne
Def 1 :
Hauteur fictive de l’antenne qui permet de lier tension induite et champ électrique incident
V = heff E
Def 2 :
Produt de la hauteur réelle d’antenne par la valeur moyenne du courant sur l’antenne
Exemple 1 : Doublet
I = cte
Onde plane Pr
2
r I ( z ) = I = Cte ⇒ heff = l
Pr en W/m E Z RX
⇒ V = lE
l I0
Onde plane Pr r
2 E
Pr en W/m
Z RX
I 0
−l
l
1 I
heff = ∫ I ( z ) dz = × l
I0 0 I0
2π
I ( z ) = I 0 cos y
λ I0
Z RX
I 0
−l
λ
2π 4
2π
dans élément dy : dV = Edy cos y ⇒ dans l' antenne ∑ dl : V = 2 ∫ E cos y dy
λ 0 λ
λ
λ 2π 4 λ λ λ
V = 2E λ
sin y = 2 E = E ⇒ heff =
2π 0 2π π π
W′ V2
Ae max = =
Pr 4 Rr Pr
2
2 l
Rr = 80π
λ l 2E 2
⇒ Ae max = 2
E2 E2
2 l
Pr = 4× × 80π
120π 120π λ
Ae max = 0.119λ2
W′ V2
Ae max = =
Pr 4 Rr Pr λ 2
E2 × 2
Ae max = π ⇒ Ae max = 0.13λ2
E2
4× × 73
Graphical representation
120π
λ
4
λ
2
G1 Ae max1
Pour 2 antennes =
Quelconques : G2 Ae max 2
Ae max 2
Si l’antenne 1 est l’antenne isotrope : G1 = 1 ⇒ Ae max1 =
G2
G2 = 1.5
3λ2
λ2
Et si l’antenne 2 est le doublet : 2 ⇒A
3λ = = = 0. 079λ2
8π ×1.5 4π
e max1
Ae max 2 =
8π
4π
D= × Ae
λ2
Antenna Ae Directivity D in dB
isotropic 0.079λ2 1 0
λ /2 0.13λ2
1.64 2.14
dipole
Ri
r
Vi
E Vi = E × H e
r r
E E
r
E Canalisé par la ligne
r
Courbure de E
car pas r
de champ tangentiel possible E n’est plus retenu par la structure :
Rayonnement
t=0
I
t=3T/4
t=T/8
t=T/2
t=T/4
r r
Hypothèses :
I (t ) = I 0 e j ωt
I=Cte dl
λ/2
l=nλ
A grande distance, les termes en 1/r2 et 1/r3
Step 1 : Étude du rayonnement de dl sont négligeables devant le terme en 1/r
E (θ , φ )
f ′(θ , φ ) = = sin θ
Emax (θ , φ )
θ
dl
Dmax = D (θ = π ) =
(U θ =π
2
)
2 W
4π
W = ∫∫U (θ , φ )dΩ = U max ∫∫ f (θ , φ )dΩ
4π 4π
π
8π
W = U max ∫∫ sin 2 θ sinθdθdφ = 2πU max ∫ sin 3 θ dθ = U max
4π 0
3
Source isotrope
4πU max
⇒ D= = 1.5
8π
U max
3
W
R0 = I 0 : courant efficace
I 02
8π
On a : W = U max
3
2
Emax
Comme U max = Pr max × r =2
× r2
120π
2
dl 1
= (60π )I 02 2
I dl 1
Avec Emax = 60π 0 2
⇒ Emax
λ r λ r
2 2
dl 240π 2 2 dl
⇒ U max = 30π I 02 ⇒ W= I0
λ 3 λ
2
2 dl
A.N :
⇒ R0 = 80π
λ dl dl
= 0.1 = 0.033
λ λ
R0 = 80π 2 0.01 = 8Ω R0 = 80π 2 0.1 = 0.8Ω
Advantage : Disadvantage :
- Space required - Very weak bandwidth
Application :
- Submarine contact L<< λ I=ct
- Radio navigation on antenna
- Broadcasting (Km)
M
l
M I ( z ) = I (− z ) ⇒ I ( z ) = I 0 sin[k (l − z )]
I(z)
z
M
0
l
I(-z)
a
-l
E (θ ) = 60π
I0
[ f (a, l ,θ )]e − jkr
λr
λ
Optimal radiation when antenna is resonant : la = n ×
2
Radiation pattern depends on current distribution
λ 3λ
la = la = λ la =
2 2
78° 47°
-
0 1 90 1
30 120 60
E plane 0.8 0.8 H plane
0.6 0.6
60 150 30
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
90 180 0
π
cos cos θ Omnidirectional
E (θ ) = 60
I0 2 in azimuth
r sin θ
π π I0
Pour θ = : E = 60
2 2 r
Dmax (
= Dθ =π )= (
4π U θ = π )
2 = 4π
2 W ∫∫ f (θ , φ )dΩ
4π
4π
= = 1.64 ou 2.14dB
2 π
π cos cos θ
2π 2 dθ
∫ sin 2 θ 1.22
0
U max ∫∫ f (θ )dΩ
R0 = I 0 : courant max
I 02
2
E
Comme U max = Pr max × r 2 = max × r 2
120π
2
I0 I0
Avec Emax = 60 ⇒ Emax = 60
2
r r
60 2 60 2
⇒ U max = ⇒ R0 = × 2π ×1.22
120π 120π
⇒ R0 = 73.2 Ω
Ra = 72Ω
X a = 0Ω
P P
E1
E1
I P Er Ei P
I E2′
E2
I
I
Addition of fields at P : Addition of fields at P :
E = E1 + E2 E = E1 + E2
Radiation
resistance 73.2 36.6
λ λ
Effective height
π 2π
1 + jth(αl ) tg (βl )
Ze = Zc
th(αl ) + j tg (βl )
l << λ β l << π
Zc 1
as α << β Ze ≈ − j =
4 2 βl jCω
l=λ βl = π Z e = Z cth(αl ) = 73Ω
4 2
l=λ
1
βl = π Ze = Zc high ≈ 1000 Ω
2 th(αl )
Xe
l =λ/4 Re
l =λ/2
l << λ
π π
Za − 0 −
2 2
π λ
Ze x1 Il existe bien x1 tel que x1 <
2
donc l1 <
4
l =λ
8 l =λ L=
1
× Zc ×
1
tg (βl1 )
4
ω
1 1 −8
L= × 50 × = 10 H = 10nH
2π 10 9 1
80 © Laboratoire SIGTEL –C.Ripoll
Superturnstile
Advantage : Disadvantage :
- No radiation in the H plan - One antenna per frequency
- Modulated antennas
Application :
- Telecom
- FM and TV
Specifications
Electrical ASP-998
Power Rating 125 watts
Gain 8 dBd (10 dBi) typical
Frequency Range ASP-998, 806-894 MHz
ASPG998, 890-960 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio ASP-998, >11dB
ASPG998, >10 dB
E-plane Beamwidth ASP-998, 42-51°
ASPG998, 44-50° E-Plane
H-plane Beamwidth ASP-998, 53-68°
ASPG998, 55-64°
Mechanical
Rated Wind Velocity 120 mph (193 km/h)
Length 23.2 inches (58.9 cm)
Radiator Material DURA-COAT aluminum
Reflector Material DURA-COAT aluminum
Mounting Material Zinc-plated steel bracket, U-Bolt
Mounting Length 1.5 inches (3.81 cm)
Mounting Diameter 1 inch (2.54 cm)
Weight 1.2 lb (0.55 kg)
Shipping Weight 2 lb (0.91 kg)
Shipping Dim 26.5 x 8 x 1.5 inches (67.3 x 20.3 x 3.8 cm)
Cable 2.25 ft (0.68 m) PRO-FLEX™
http://www.antenna.com
H-Plane
Horn antenna
Slot antenna
Reflector antenna
Patch antenna (printed)
Applications
– Medium gain ( around 15-20 dB) (mind the secondary lobes!)
– For high power (spatial communications)
r
E
wave guide
Radiating aperture
Slotted waveguide
– Radiation due to cuts in the wall
radian
longitudinal transversal
Principles
Applications
– Very good integration (low profile)
– High frequency operation (above 1GHz)
– Very interesting for array antenna
Advantage : Disadvantage :
- Plated antennas - Mono frequency
- High gain - Very narrow Bandwidth
Application :
- Electronic pointing
- TV – Broadcasting
- Telecom Aeronautical
- Military application
Primary source :
Secondary source : Illumination of the parabola
Reflect the primary
Effective Aperture
Description :
– Copper deposited on substrate with rear ground plane
Input to patch L
Patch
E
Ground Plane
Substrate
Principle :
– Polarization and radiation pattern depends on antenna shape and feed
r r
E E r
E
Specifications
Electrical
Gain 8.0 dBi
Frequency Range 2300-2500 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Power 10 watts
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio >25dB
E-plane Beamwidth 60°+-5°
H-plane Beamwidth 80°+-5°
Mechanical
Depth 1.6 inches (4.1 cm)
Radiator Material Brass
Reflector Material Brass
Mounting Integrated
Windload(fatal) 208kph
Weight 0.145 kg
Cable not supplied
Connector SMAfemale
http://www.antenna.com
Advantages
– Low cost (depends on substrate) and low weight
– Planar structure (integration)
– Very low profile (vehicules or missiles)
– Easy integration in array antenna
Wave front
A2 , φ 2
A1 , φ1
Array factor
– For N identical antennas with same amplitude :
Garray = N × G1element
To increase directivity
90 30
120 60
20
150 30
θ
10
180 0
Ai , φi
identical for all sources
210 330
240 300
270
90
30
120 60
20
θ 150 30
10
180 0
Ai , φi
identical for all sources 210 330
240 300
270
90
1
120 60
0.8
θ 0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
φi +1 = φi
240 300
270
90
1
120 60
0.8
θ 0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
Switching diversity 90
2
120 60
1.5
150 1 30
0.5
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
Interest :
– Reception : reduce the strong interferers in one or more directions (null in
radiation pattern)
– Transmission : avoid pollution of other systems
– Interferences reduction
• Inter and intra cell interference reduction