Short Circuit Studies

à During Short Circuit Studies, power systems

are solved to obtain current magnitudes during
faults at different points in the network.
M Fault: “Failure in a circuit which interferes with
the normal flow of current”

à Purposes of a Short Circuit Study

To design a PROTECTION scheme to prevent
damage to the electric equipment in case of the
occurrence of a fault.
ð Location of breakers
ð Selection of breakers
o Ratings of breakers
ð Proper adjustment of breakers
ð Coordination of the Protection
o Interruption of the current
o Isolation of the fault
o Sequence of operation
o Protection backup
à When is a Short Circuit Study performed?
ð When designing the electrical installation
ð When changing operating conditions
ð When installing or removing equipment
ð When planning expansion
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Types of Faults

à Symmetrical Faults
ð Faults involving the three-phases
o about only 5% of the cases
ð Easiest to evaluate
ð Required in a Short Circuit Study because they
are commonly the worst case

à Unsymmetrical Faults
ð Faults involving some unbalance
o Line to ground faults (one phase to ground)
à about 70% of the faults
o Line-to-line faults (between two phases)
à about 25% of the faults are line-to-line faults
ð To solve for these faults, we require the use of
symmetrical components and sequence networks

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Faults in a Three-Phase Line

Solid three-phase fault Three-phase to ground fault

a a
b b
c c

Fault impedance

Line to ground fault Line to ground fault through impedance

a a
b b
c c

Fault impedance

Line-to-line fault Line-to-line to ground fault

a a
b b
c c

Fault impedance

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Transients in RL Circuits
R
+ di
vs = Ri + L i ( 0) = 0
i(t) dt
Vs L di
Vmax sin( wt + α ) = Ri + L
dt
-

T h e s o l u t i o n f o r t h e c u r r e n t c o n t a i n s a f o r c e d r e sp o n s e ( s t e a d y s t a t e ),
a n d a t r a n s i e n t r e s p o n s e ( n a t u ral):
i(t) = i s t e a d y - state + i t r a n s i e n t

The steady - state or forced resp onse can b e obtained using phasors:
V s V max ∠ α V 
I steady -state = = =  m a x  ∠ (α − θ ) = I m a x ∠ θ
Z Z∠ θ  Z 
i s t e a d y - s t a t e = I m a x sin ( w t + α − θ )
 wL
w h e r e: Z = R 2 + w 2 L2 and θ = t a n −1  
 R 

T h e t r a n s i e n t r e s p o n s e i s t h e n a t u r a l r e s p o n s e o f t h e c i r c u it, w h i c h i s t h e
di
s o l u t i o n t o t h e h o m o g e n e o u s d if f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n : R i + L = 0
dt
−R
t
itransient = K e L

Therefore, the total response is:

−R
+ I m a x sin ( w t + α − θ )
t
L
i(t) = K e

if i(0) = 0 , then 0 = I m a x sin (α − θ ) + K e 0

and K = − I m a x sin (α − θ ) = I m a x sin (θ − α )

 −LR t 
i(t) = I m a x e sin (θ − α ) + sin ( w t + α − θ ) 
 
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 RL circuit

Plot for the current

−R
sin(θ − α ) + I max sin( wt + α − θ )
t
L
i(t) = I max e

60 100

50
40

+ 0
20
-50

0 -100 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1

natural forced

100

50

0
=
-50

-100
0 0.1

total current
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Short Circuit Current in a Synchronous Generator
Line current during a three-phase short circuit
600

400

200

-200

-400

transient steady-state
-600subtransient

Subtransient generator equivalent Transient generator equivalent

Ia Ia
+ jXd” ra + + +
Ed” jXd’ ra
Vt Ed’ Vt
- - - -
Ed” : Internal subtransient voltage Ed’ : Internal transient voltage
Vt : Terminal voltage Vt : Terminal voltage
Xd ”: Subtransient reactance Xd’ : Transient reactance

Steady-state generator equivalent

Ia
+ +
jXd ra
Ed Vt
- -
Ed : Internal steady-state voltage
Vt : Terminal voltage
Xd > Xd’ > Xd”
Xd: Steady-state reactance @ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Short-Circuit Example: Unloaded Generator

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
50 MVA, 13.8 KV 50 MVA, 13.8-69 KV
xd"=15% x=10%
Three-phase
xd'=25% short circuit
xd=80%

Find the subtransient, transient, and steady-state

generator current when a three-phase short circuit occurs
at the high-voltage transformer terminals. Before the
fault, there is no load connected and the open circuit
voltage at the line terminals is 69KV. Neglect all
resistances.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Solution

The equivalent circuits for subtransient, transient, and steady-

state periods are shown below. Solving each one will give the
magnitude of the fault current during its corresponding stage
(subtransient, transient, and steady-state).

Subtransient solution:

+
j0.15 j0.10
1 p.u.
- If ”

Transient solution:

+ j0.25 j0.10
1 p.u.
- If ’

Steady-state solution:
+ j0.80 j0.10
1 p.u.
- If

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Short-Circuit Currents for the Example

Since the generator is not supplying any current, we

assume Ed=Ed’=Ed”=100%

For each circuit, we find the short - circuit current as:

1
Subtransient: If '' = = − j 4 p. u.
j0.25
1
Transient: If '= = − j 2.857 p. u.
j0.35
1
Steady - state: If = = − j1111
. p. u.
j0.90

Generator currents are found using the base current:

50000
= 2091.85
( )
Ibase1 = amperes
3 138.

Generator current magnitudes are:

Subtransient: If ' ' = 4.000 x Ibase1 = 8367 amperes
Transient: If ' = 2.857 x Ibase1 = 5976 amperes
Steady - state: If = 1.111 x Ibase1 = 2324 amperes

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Loaded Machine under Fault Conditions

GENERATOR Load
50 MVA, 13.8 KV TRANSFORMER 50MVA
xd"=15% 50 MVA, 13.8-69 KV Three-phase 69KV
xd'=25% x=10% pf=0.9 (-)
xd=80% r=1%
short-circuit
ra=2%

Assume a three-phase short-circuit occurs at point ‘P’.

To evaluate a fault during the subtransient or transient
period, we need to know the pre-fault current value IL.

Impedance diagram for the circuit before fault:

ra jXd rt jXt P

+ IL Switch
Ed 'S' Z
-

Switch ‘S’ is normally open.

Close it to simulate a fault at point ‘P’.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Pre-Fault Conditions (subtransient)

The load current (pre-fault current) will help us

determine the internal voltage for the subtransient,
before the fault:
ra jXd" rt jXt P

+ IL + +
Ed" Vt Vf Z
- - -

E d ' ' = V t + ( ra + jXd ' ' ) I L = V f + [( ra + rt ) + j ( X t + X d ' ' )] I L

Neglecting transformer and generator resistances:

jXd" jXt P

+ + IL + If "
Ed" Vt Vf
- - - Z

Before the fault, If ”=0.

E d ' ' ≅ V t + jXd ' ' I L = V f + j( X t + X d ' ' ) I L

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Pre-Fault Conditions (transient)

The corresponding internal voltage Ed’ for the transient is:

jXd' jXt P

+ + IL + If '
Ed' Vt Vf
- - - Z

Before the fault, If ’=0.

Ed ' ≅ Vt + jXd ' I L = Vf + j( X t + X d ' ) I L

Fault Current

To simulate the fault, switch ‘S’ is now closed.

Ed "
Subtransient short - circuit current: If " =
j ( Xd " + Xt )
Ed '
Transient short - circuit current: If ' =
j ( Xd ' + Xt )
Ed
Steady - state short - circuit current: If =
j ( Xd + Xt )

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Multi-Machine System

GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER Synchronous
Three-phase MOTOR

short-circuit

Equivalent circuit before the fault:

jXg jXt P jXm
+ + +
IL IL
Eg Vf Em
- - -
Steady-state

jXg' jXt P jXm'

+ + +
IL IL
Eg' Vf Em'
- - -
Transient

jXg" jXt P jXm"

+ + +
IL IL
Eg" Vf Em"
- - -
Subtransient
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Subtransient Short-Circuit Solution

1. Evaluate subtransient internal voltages for generator and

motor under the operating conditions (switch ‘S’ open).
jXg" jXt P jXm"
+ If "=0 + +
IL IL
Eg" Vf Em"
S - -
-

Eg " = Vf + j ( Xt + Xg " ) IL
Em" = Vf − jXm" IL

2. Close switch ‘S’, and find the current contribution from

generator and motor to the fault.
jXg" jXt P jXm"
+ Ig" If " Im" +
Eg" Em"
- -

Eg " Em "
Ig " = Im " =
j ( Xt + Xg " ) jXm"

If " = Ig " + Im"

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Thévenin Equivalent Method

Same multi-machine example (2 machines).

Combining steps 1 and 2.

Eg " Vf + j ( Xt + Xg " ) IL
Ig " = =
j ( Xt + Xg " ) j ( Xt + Xg " )
Vf
Ig " = + IL
j ( Xt + Xg " )
{

Igf ’’ (lets name this term: Igf ”)

Em " Vf − jXm" IL
Im " = =
jXm" jXm"
Vf
Im" = − IL
jXm"
{

Imf ’’ (lets name this term: Imf ”)

Vf Vf
If " = Ig " + Im" = + IL + − IL
j ( Xt + Xg " ) jXm"
Vf Vf
If " = +
j ( Xt + Xg " ) jXm"
{
{

Igf ’’ Imf ’’

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Thévenin Equivalent (continued)

Vf Vf
If " = +
j ( Xt + Xg " ) jXm"

{
Igf ’’ Imf ’’

This expression can be represented in the following circuit:

jXm"
jXg" jXt P jXm" If "
Imf "
Igf " - Imf " Igf "
Vf +
+ Vf j(Xg"+Xt)
If " -

Vf Vf  1 1 
If " = + = Vf  +
j ( Xt + X g " ) jXm "  j ( Xt + Xg ' ' ) jXm ' ' 
 1 1 
If ' ' = Vf  +
jXm " 
where: X tg = X t + Xg"
 jXtg

Vf  ( Xtg )( Xm ' ' ) 

If " = where: Zth = j  
Zth  Xtg + X m ' ' 

Vf is the pre-fault voltage at the fault point (Thévenin voltage)

Zth is the Thévenin Impedance seen from the fault point.
If ’’ is the subtransient fault current.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Thévenin Equivalent (continued)

Remember that the total subtransient generator current is

Ig ” = Igf ”+IL

and the subtransient motor current is

Im” = Imf ” - IL

The same problem can be solved applying superposition.

The Pre-fault Solution plus the Thévenin Equivalent Solution

jXg" jXt P jXm"

+ + +
Ig" If " Vf Im"
Eg" Em"
- - -
+
-Vf
-

Vf is the pre-fault voltage at ‘P’ and the short-circuit is

represented by two opposed Vf sources connected in series.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Superposition and Thévenin

To obtain the total solution, we apply superposition:

1. The pre-fault solution is obtained with Eg”, Em” and Vf.
This will make
Ig”1=IL, Im”1=-IL, If ”=0.

jXg" jXt IL jXm"

+ Ig"1=IL + +
Vf Im"1=-IL
Eg" If "=0 Em"
- - -

2. The contribution to the fault is obtained with -Vf only.

This will make
Ig”2=Igf ”, Im”2=Imf ”, If ”=Igf ”+Imf ”.
(Here is where we use the Thévenin equivalent)

jXg" jXt jXm"

+ Ig"2=Igf" - + Im"2=Imf " +

Eg"=0 Vf -Vf Em"=0
- + - -
If "=Igf "+Imf "

3. Add steps 1 and 2. This will give the total fault currents
Ig”=Igf ”+IL, Im”=Imf ”-IL, If”=Igf ”+Imf ”.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Summary of Fault Analysis Using Thévenin Method

à Locate the fault point ‘P’.

à Represent the system in admittance form.
ð Convert synchronous machines to their Norton
equivalents.
ð Build admittance matrix for nodal analysis [YBUS].

Load 1
G1 Load 2
G2 Load 3
Generators,
.
Transformers,
G3 .
Loads,
.. Transmission
Load j
. Lines, etc.
Gi
FAULTED BUS ‘P’
+
If Vf
-

If switch open If = 0
If switch closed Vf = 0

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 1

à Find the pre-fault operating conditions.

ð Use steady-state values.
ð Name Vf the pre-fault voltage at point ‘P’.
ð With nodal analysis or Load Flow analysis obtain
prefault voltages V1o, V2o, V3o….Vf
ð Calculate currents Ig1, Ig2,… Iline1, Iline2, …...

J1 Load 1
→ Load 2
J2 System matrix
→ [Ybus]
Load 3
.
J3
→ According to the
.
.. method used to Load m
Ji . determine the

→
pre-fault operating
conditions
‘P’
+
If = 0 Vf = Vpre-fault
-

If = Fault current

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 1 (continued)

J1 Load 1
→ Load 2
J2
Load 3
→ .
J3
→ System matrix .
.. Load m
[Ybus]
Ji .
→
‘P’
+
If = 0 Vf = Vpre-fault voltage
-

YB U S V = J V = Y [ BUS ]
−1
J = Z BUS J

−1
V 1 o   Y1 1 Y1 2 ... Y1 p ... Y1 n   J1 
 o 
V 2   Y 2 1 Y2 2 ... Y2 p ... Y2 n  J2  This term is zero
  
.   .  .  because before
  =    
V f   Y p 1 Yp2 ... Y pp ... Y pn   Jp = 0
the fault
.   .  .  there is no
     
V n0   Y n 1 Yn 2 ... Yn p ... Yn n   Jn  fault current
= (switch is open)
V 1 o   Z 1 1 Z 12 ... Z1p ... Z 1n   J 1 
 o    
V 2   Z 2 1 Z 22 ... Z2p ... Z 2n J 2
 
.   .  . 
  =   
V f   Z p 1 Z p2 ... Z pp ... Z pn   J p = 0 
.   .  . 
    
V n0   Z n 1 Zn2 ... Z np ... Z n n   J n 

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 2

à Find the Thévenin contribution to the fault.

ð Set all sources to zero (including synchronous motors
internal sources).
ð Use the subtransient, transient or steady-state
impedances depending on the solution desired.
ð Apply a voltage source ‘-Vf ’ at point ‘P’ and solve
the network with this source only. This source injects
current ‘-If ’ into faulted node.
o This will give the fault current If and all changes
in voltages and currents needed.
à Name voltage changes ∆V1, ∆V2, ∆V3…
à Name current changes ∆Ig1, ∆Ig2,….,
∆Iline1, ∆Iline2…

J1=0 Load 1
Load 2
J2=0 Machine Impedances Load 3
(for Subtransient, Transient, .
J3=0 or Steady-state), .
.. Transformers, Load m
. and Transmission
Ji=0 Lines
‘P’
-
If ’’ Vf
If ’ +
If

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 2 (continued)

J1 = 0 Load 1
Load 2
J2 = 0 Machine Impedances Load 3
(for Subtransient, Transient, .
J3 = 0 or Steady-state), .
.. Transformers, Load m
. and Transmission
Ji = 0 Lines
‘P’
-
If ’’ Vf
If ’ +
If

 ∆V 1   ∆V 1   Z11 Z12 ... Z1 p ... Z1n   0 

 ∆V 2   ∆V 2   Z Z 22 ... Z2 p ... Z 2 n   0 
     21  
 .   .   .  . 
 = =  
 ∆ Vp   − Vf   Z p1 Z p2 ... Z pp ... Z pn  − If 
 .   .   .  . 
      
 ∆ Vn   ∆ Vn   Z n1 Zn2 ... Z np ... Znn   0 

This term equals -Vf

because -Vf is the voltage
This matrix ZBUS is formed using the
that we need to add to appropriate impedances (subtransient,
the prefault voltage Vf transient or steady-state) to form YBUS
to have a zero voltage
at point ‘P’
before inverting.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 2 (continued)

The last e quations can be sim p lified to:

 ∆ V 1   Z1 p 
∆V 2 Z 
   2p
 .   . 
  =  Z  [− If ]
 − V f   pp 
 .   . 
   
 ∆ V n 
  n p 
Z

or
∆ V 1 = − Z 1 p If ,
∆ V 2 = − Z 2 p If ,
.....
∆ V p = −V f = − Z p p If ,
....
∆ V n = − Z n p If

from w h ich
Vf
V f = Z pp I f If =
Z pp
where
I f is the fault current
V f is the pre - fault voltage at poi nt ' P '
Z p p is the Thévenin Im pedance

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 3

à Add solutions for steps 1 and 2.

ð This is equivalent to solving the network with
the switch closed.
à Voltages during the fault are
V1f=V10+∆V1, V2f=V2+∆V2, V3f=V3+∆V3, …

à at the fault Vp=Vf +(-Vf)=0

à Currents during the fault are
Ig1+∆Ig1, Ig2+∆Ig2…
Iline1+∆Iline1, Iline2+∆Iline2….

Load 1
G1 Load 2
Load 3
G2
.
System matrix .
G3
.. [Ybus] Load m
.
Gi
‘P’
+
If Vf = 0
-

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Study Case: General Solution for Symmetrical Faults

The power system shown operates under steady-state

conditions with Eg1=1 ∠0° p.u. and Eg2=0.9 ∠30° p.u. when a
solid three-phase fault occurs at node 2.
Obtain the transient short-circuit currents in lines, generators and
transformers.
Evaluate the transient node voltages V1f, V2f and V3f during the
fault (transient period).

TRANSFORMER-1 TRANSFORMER-2
Y-Y Y-Y
Zt=0.01+j0.15 p.u. Transmission line 1-2 Zt=0.01+j0.20 p.u.
Z=0.03+j0.4p.u.

Fault
Transmission line 1-3
GENERATOR-1 1 Z=0.05+j0.5 p.u. GENERATOR-2
Xd=85% 2 Xd=120%
Xd'=25% Xd'=40%
Xd"=10% Xd"=20%
Transmission line 2-3
ra=1% ra=2%
Z=0.05+j0.5 p.u.

3
LOAD
R=10 p.u.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 1. Pre-Fault Solution

Impedance diagram (all values in p.u.)

i12
iG1
z12 iG2 zgt1=zg1+zt1=0.02+j1
zgt1 i13 i23 zgt2 z12=0.03+j0.4
+ z13=z23=0.05+j0.5
+ z13 z23
zgt2=zg2+zt2=0.03+j1.4
+ + +
V1 V2 zLoad=10
E1 V3 zLoad E2
-
E1=1
- -
E2=0.9∠30°
- -

Admittance diagram (all values in p.u.)

y12
ygt1=0.02-j0.9996
y12=0.187-j2.486
y13 y23 y13=y23=0.198-j1.980
ygt2=0.0153-j0.714
ygt2
ygt1

I2 yload=0.1
I1
I1=0.02-j0.9996
I2=0.333-j0.549

To solve it, we use nodal analysis.

Y11 Y12 Y13   V1  J1
    
Y21 Y22 Y23  V2 = J2
Y31 Y32 Y33   V3 J3
 0.405 − j5466
. - 0.187 + j2.486 - 0.198 + j1.980  V1 0.02 − j 0.9996
    
 - 0.187 + j2.486 0.399 - j5.180 - 0.198 + j1.980 V2 = 0.333 − j0.549 
 - 0.198 + j1.980 - 0.198 + j1.980 0.496 − j3.960   V3  0 
 V1 0.929∠7.1° 
   
V2 = 0.916∠10.2°
 V3 0.920∠7.2° 

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Pre-Fault Currents

Line Currents:
Line 1-2
I12=y12 (V1-V2)
I12 =(0.187-j2.486)(0.929∠ 7.1°- 0.916∠ 10.2°)
I12 = 0.129∠ −151.9° p.u.

Line 1-3
I13=y13 (V1-V3)
I13 =(0.198-j1.980)(0.929∠ 7.1°- 0.920∠ 7.2°)
I13 = 0.019∠ −87.4° p.u.

Line 2-3
I23=y23 (V2-V3)
I23 =(0.198-j1.980)(0.916∠ 10.2°- 0.920∠ 7.2°)
I23 = 0.096∠ −18.9° p.u.

Generator Currents:
Generator 1
IG1= I12 + I13 = 0.129∠ −151.9° + 0.019∠ −87.4°
IG1= 0.138 ∠ −144.6°

Generator 2
IG2= -I12 + I23 = -0.129∠ −151.9° + 0.096∠ −18.9°
IG2= 0.224 ∠ −24.2°
@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Power Balance (Pre-Fault)

To verify the solution, a real Power Balance is now

calculated (as an exercise):

Generated Power
Generator 1 + Transformer 1:
SG1=V1 IG1*= (0.929∠ 7.1° )(0.138 ∠ 144.6° )
SG1= -0.113 + j 0.061
PG1= - 0.113 (where the minus sign means this generator
absorbs P=0.113 p.u. and therefore is acting
as a motor)
QG1=0.061

Generator 2 + Transformer 2:
SG2=V2 IG2*= (0.916∠ 10.2°)(0.224 ∠ 24.2° )
SG2=0.1986 - 0.0495i
PG2= 0.1986
QG2= - 0.0495 (this generator absorbs Q = 0.0495 p.u. and
still generates P = 0.1987 p.u., therefore this
machine acts as a generator)

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Power Balance (continued)

Absorbed Power
Load:
PLoad=(V3)2/Rload=(0.920) 2*0.1=0.0846 p.u.

Real Power dissipated in lines:

line 1-2: P=I12 2 * Rline12=(0.129) 2(0.03)=0.0005

line 1-3: P=I13 2 * Rline13=(0.019) 2(0.05)=0.00002

line 2-3: P=I23 2 * Rline23=(0.096) 2(0.05)=0.00046

The power balance is:

Pgenerated=Pabsorbed

PG2=PLoad+P line12+P line13+Pline23+Pabsorbed-G1

0.1986=0.0846+0.0005+0.00002+0.0004+0.113=0.1986

Note: Nodal analysis has been used to find the operating

conditions of the system before the fault. In practice, a
Load-flow solution would have been used instead.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 2. Fault at Bus 2 (Thévenin Contribution)

To simulate a Fault at Bus 2, we will add the pre-fault

response to the Thévenin Contribution.

We use a source equal to the pre-fault voltage at point 2 and

set all the original sources to zero.
To solve this network for the transient period, we require the
use of transient values for the machines impedances.

The machine impedances for the transient period are:

zg1’=0.01 + j 0.25, zg2’=0.03 + j0.4

Including transformers:
zgt1’=(0.01+0.01)+j(0.25+0.15)=0.02 + j 0.40
zgt2’=(0.02+0.01)+j(0.40+0.20)=0.03 + j 0.60

The matrix [YBUS] and its inverse [ZBUS] become:

 0.509 − j 6.960 - 0.187 + j2.486 - 0.198 + j1.980

 
Y BUS =  - 0.187 + j2.486 0.468 - j6.129 - 0.198 + j1.980
 - 0.198 + j1.980 - 0.198 + j1.980 0.496 − j 3.960 

 0.020 + j 0.275 0.014 + j0.186 0.023 + j0.229 

 
[
Z BUS = Y BUS ] −1
= 0.014 + j0.186 0.024 + j0.319 0.025 + j0.251
 0.023 + j0.229 0.025 + j0.251 0.061 + j 0.487 

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Thévenin Contribution (step 2)

Fault current and changes in voltages are now obtained in

in the following way:

 ∆V 1  ∆V 1  0 
     
 ∆V 2  =  − Vf  = Z BUS  − If 
 ∆V 3  ∆V 3  0 

 ∆V 1  Z11 Z12 Z13   0 

    
 − Vf =  Z 21 Z 22 Z 23   − If 
 ∆V 3  Z 31 Z 32 Z 33   0 

from where:
∆V 1 = Z11 ⋅ 0 + ( − Z12 If ) + Z13 ⋅ 0 = − Z12 If
∆V 2 = −Vf = Z12 ⋅ 0 + ( − Z 22 If ) + Z 23 ⋅ 0 = − Z 22 If
∆V 3 = Z 31 ⋅ 0 + ( − Z 32 If ) + Z 33 ⋅ 0 = − Z 32 If

* Note that only elements from column ' P' are needed.

From the second equation:

− Vf Vf Vf
If = = =
− Z 22 Z 22 Z Thev

where Z 22 = Z Thev is the Thevenin impedance for a fault at node 2.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Thévenin Contribution (step 2)

Fault current and changes in voltages are now calculated.

The Thévenin Impedance for a fault at bus 2 is:

Z22 = ZThev = 0.024 + j0.319

Using the pre - fault voltage at node 2:

Vf = V2 = 0.916 ∠ 10.2 °

we find the fault current:

Vf 0.916 ∠ 10.2 ° 0.916 ∠ 10.2 °
I'f = = = = 2.862∠ − 75.4°
Z22 0.024 + j0.319 0.320 ∠ 85.6°

The voltage changes at the other nodes are found from:

∆V1 = Z12 (-I' f ) = (0.014 + j0.186)(2.862∠ − 75.4°+180° )
∆V2 = Z22 (-I' f ) = (0.024 + j0.319)(2.862∠ − 75.4°+180° )
∆V3 = Z32 (-I'f ) = (0.025+ j0.251)(2.862∠ − 75.4°+180° )

∆V1 = Z12 (-I' f ) = 0.533∠ − 169.7°

∆V2 = Z22 (-I' f ) = 0.916∠ − 169.8° = −Vf
∆V3 = Z32 (-I'f ) = 0.723∠ − 1712
. °

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000

 Step 3. Fault Conditions

I12f '

1 Ig2f '
I32f '
If '=2.862∠−75.4°

Adding results from steps 1 and 2, we obtain the faulted voltages

at each node:
V1f = V10 + ∆V1 = 0.929∠7.1° +0.533∠ -169.7° = 0.398∠2.7°
V2f = V20 + ∆V2 = 0.916∠10.2°+0.916∠ -169.8° = 0
V3f = V30 + ∆V3 = 0.920∠ 7.2°+0.723∠ -171.2° = 0.199∠1.3°

The current contributions from the lines during the fault are:
I'12f = y12 ( V1f − V2f ) = (0.187 − j 2.486)(0.398∠2.7°−0) = 0.992 ∠ − 82.9°
I'32f = y32 ( V3f − V2f ) = (0.198 − j1.980)(0.398∠2.7°−0) = 0.395∠ − 83.0°

The generator contribution is found by Kirchhoff Currents Law

at the faulted node:
I'g2f = I' f − I'12f − I'32f = 1.497∠ − 68.5°
All quantities have been calculated in per unit.
Results are for phase ‘a’.

@ Salvador Acevedo, 2000