Temperature and Heat

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 1 / 17

Outline
1 Physically describe what heat is.
2 Differentiate heat from temperature.
3 Mathematically and physically describe specific heat
and molar heat capacity.
4 Perform calorimetric calculations that involve heat
flow in an isolated system with no change of phase.
5 Perform calorimetric calculations that involve heat
flow and changes of phase.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 2 / 17

Heat

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Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 3 / 17

Heat
Heat flow / Heat transfer
Heat → energy transfered
1 [calorie] = 1 [cal] = 4.186 [J]
⇒ This is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 [g] of water by 1 [C◦ ]
1 [Calorie] = 1 [Cal] = 1000 [cal] = 1 [kcal] =
4186 [J]

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 4 / 17

Heat
Heat VS. Temperature
⇒ Energy in transit VS Quantitative description

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 5 / 17

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Heat
⇒ Q
⇒ [J]
Specific Heat
⇒ c
⇒ material dependent
 
J
⇒
kg · K
units of Q 6= units of c
gravity (phenomena) VS specific gravity (density)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 6 / 17

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Examples:
 
J
⇒ cwater = 4190
kg · K
 
J
⇒ cice = 2100
kg · K

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 7 / 17

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Relationship between heat and specific heat

Q ∝ m∆T ∼ (1)
Q = mc∆T ∼ (2)
 
J
[J] = [kg] [K] ∼ (3)
kg · K
"
∆T < 0 → Q < 0 → heat leaves the body
∆T > 0 → Q > 0 → heat enters the body

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 8 / 17

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Molar Heat Capacity / Molar Specific Heat
⇒ C 
J
⇒
mol · K
mtot = nM
⇒ mtot is the total mass [kg]
⇒ n is the number of moles
 [mol]

kg
⇒ M is the molar mass
mol

Q = mc∆T = nC ∆T ∼ (4)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 9 / 17

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity

SUMMARY

Heat Q [J]
 
J
Specific Heat c
kg · K
 
J
Molar Heat Capacity C
mol · K

Q = mc∆T
Q = nC ∆T
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 10 / 17
Calorimetry
Exercise
A camper pours 0.300 [kg] of coffee, initially in a pot
at 70.0 [◦ C], into a 0.120 [kg] aluminum cup initially at
20.0 [◦ C]. What is the equilibrium temperature? Assume
that coffee has the same specific heat as water and that
no heat is exchanged with the
 surroundings.
 
J J
Use cwater = 4190 , cAl = 910 . [Uni-
kg · K kg · K
versity Physics 13th Edition]

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 11 / 17

Calorimetry

0.300 [kg] 0.120 [kg]

+
70.0 [◦ C] 20.0 [◦ C]

cwater cAl

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 12 / 17

Calorimetry
Since “no heat is exchanged with the surrounding”
X
Qi = 0 ∼ (5)
i
Qcoffee + Qcup = 0 ∼ (6)
h i h i
mcoffee cwater T − T0,coffee + mcup cAl T − T0,cup = 0
∼ (7)
T = 66.0 [◦ C] ∼ (8)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 13 / 17

Calorimetry
With phase change:

Q = mL ∼ (9)
(
Lf → latent heat of fusion
L= ∼ (10)
Lv → latent heat of vaporization

Phase change → Sign of heat → Direction of Heat

Temperature remains constant until all of the substance

changes phase

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 14 / 17

Calorimetry
Convention:
(
> 0 → solid to liquid → melting
Lf = ∼ (11)
< 0 → liquid to solid → freezing
(
> 0 → liquid to gas → evaporation
Lv = ∼ (12)
< 0 → gas to liquid → condensation

Note: Sublimation (solid to gas), deposition (gas to solid),

plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensates) are not included
in this course.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 15 / 17

Calorimetry
Exercise
A glass contains 0.25 [kg] of Omni-Cola (mostly water)
initially at 25.0 [◦ C]. How much ice, initially at −20.0 [◦ C]
must you add to obtain a final temperature of 0 [◦ C]
with all the ice melted? Neglect
 the heat capacity
 of the
J J
glass. Use cwater = 4190 , cice = 2100 ,
  kg · K kg · K
5 J
Lf = 3.34 × 10 . [University Physics 13th Edition]
kg

m = 0.070 [kg] ∼ (13)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 16 / 17
Next Meeting

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Read: Sec 17.7

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 03 17 / 17