Machine Visi n

Lecture # 8: Basics of DIP cont.

Muhammad Rzi Abbas Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering

muhammadrziabbas@uet.edu.pk
Lecturer, Mechatronics Dept.
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Histograms
• The brightness histogram hf(z) of an image provides the frequency
of the brightness value ‘z’ in the image
• The histogram of an image with L gray-levels is represented by a
one-dimensional array with L elements.
Histograms
• The histogram provides a natural bridge between images and a
probabilistic description.
• We might want to find a first-order probability function p(z; x,y) to
indicate the probability that pixel (x,y) has brightness z.
• Dependence on the position of the pixel is not of interest in the
histogram
• A density function Pi(z) is of interest and the brightness histogram
is its estimate.
Histograms
Histograms
• The histogram is usually the only global information about the
image which is available.
• It is used when finding optimal illumination conditions for capturing
an image, gray-scale transformations, and image segmentation to
objects and background.
• Note that one histogram may correspond to several images; for
instance, a change of the object position on a constant background
does not affect the histogram.
Histograms
• Histogram Smoothing
• Histograms of digital images may have several local minima and maxima
which can complicate further processing and deteriorate visual results.
• This problem can be addressed by using local smoothing according to the
following equation

• K defines the size of the neighborhood

Visual Perception
• Even though digital image is processed based on mathematical
data, the output should take into the way the HVS perceives an
image.
• Humans relay on psycho-physical parameters for perceiving an
image, which are:
• Contrast
• Border
• Shape
• Texture
• Color etc.
Visual Perception
• Contrast
• It is the local change in brightness and is defined as the ratio between
average brightness of an object and the background
• Apparent brightness depends very much on the brightness of the local
surroundings; this effect is called conditional contrast
Visual Perception
• Acuity
• It is the ability to detect details in an image. The human eye is less
sensitive to slow and fast changes in brightness in the image plane but is
more sensitive to intermediate changes.
• Acuity also decreases with increasing distance from the optical axis.
• Human vision has the best resolution for objects which are at a distance of
about 250 mm from an eye under illumination of about 500 lux; this
illumination is provided by a 60W bulb from a distance of 400 mm. Under
these conditions the distance between two distinguishable points is
approximately 0.16 mm
Visual Perception
• Some Visual Illusions
Visual Perception
• Perceptual Grouping
Visual Perception
• Perceptual Grouping
• Perceived properties help people to connect elements together based on
strongly perceived properties as parallelism, symmetry, continuity and
closure taken in a loose sense
Visual Perception
• Image Quality
• Subjective: Dependent on the views of several professional and lay
viewers.
• Objective:
• A more standardized way. A comparison with a reference image is
made. This comparison might take a form of mean quadratic difference,
mean absolute difference or simply correlation.
• Another measure might be the resolution of small or proximate objects
in an image.
• Such measures can also be used for subjective quality measurement
and for parameter optimization.
Visual Perception
• Noise
• Degradation
• May come during image capture, transmission, or processing, and may be
dependent on, or independent of, the image content
• Noise is characterized by its probability characteristics
• White Noise: Idealized noise having constant power spectrum
• Gaussian Noise: This noise has probability density function given by a
Gaussian curve. Gaussian noise is a very good approximation to noise that
occurs in many practical cases.
Visual Perception
• Noise
• Additive Noise
• Multiplicative Noise
• Quantization Noise
• Impulse Noise
Reading Assignment
• Students are advised to reading the following topics on their own
from the given text book
• Colors Images
• Cameras
• Text Book
• Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision by Milan Sonka, Vaclav
Hlavac and Roger Boyle, 3rd Edition, 2008.
• Chapter 2 (Sections 2.4 and 2.5)
References
• Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision by Milan Sonka,
Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, 3rd Edition, 2008.
• Chapter 2 (Section 2.3)
• Machine Vision by David Vernon, Published in 1991
• Chapter 3 (Section 3.3 and 3.4)