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2 6 LAGRANGIAN MAPPING
manifold’s tangent space. Similarly, if each tangent coordinates dx = 0 and dy = 0 , giving us the zero
subspace to a submanifold is co-isotropic (the dual section. This example can be repeated for any mani-
of an isotropic subspace), the submanifold is called fold defined by the vanishing locus of smooth functions
co-isotropic. f1 , . . . , fk and their differentials df1 , . . . , dfk .
• Lagrangian submanifolds of a sympletic manifold Another useful class of Lagrangian submanifolds can be
(M, ω) are submanifolds where the restriction of found using morse theory. Given a morse function f :
the symplectic form ω to L ⊂ M is vanishing, i.e. M → R and for a small enough ε one can construct
ω|L = 0 and dimL = 1/2 · dimM . Langrangian a Lagrangian submanifold given by the vanishing locus
submanifolds are the maximal isotropic submani- V(ε · df ) ⊂ T ∗ M . For a generic morse function we
folds. have a Lagrangian intersection given by M ∩ V(ε · df ) =
Crit(f ) .
The most important case of the isotropic submanifolds is See also: symplectic category
that of Lagrangian submanifolds. A Lagrangian sub-
manifold is, by definition, an isotropic submanifold of
maximal dimension, namely half the dimension of the
ambient symplectic manifold. One major example is that 4.2 Special Lagrangian submanifolds
the graph of a symplectomorphism in the product sym-
plectic manifold (M × M, ω × −ω) is Lagrangian. Their In the case of Kahler manifolds (or Calabi-Yau mani-
intersections display rigidity properties not possessed by folds) we can make a choice Ω = Ω1 + iΩ2 on M as
smooth manifolds; the Arnold conjecture gives the sum a holomorphic n-form, where Ω1 is the real part and Ω2
of the submanifold’s Betti numbers as a lower bound for imaginary. A Lagrangian submanifold L is called spe-
the number of self intersections of a smooth Lagrangian cial if in addition to the above Lagrangian condition the
submanifold, rather than the Euler characteristic in the restriction Ω2 to L is vanishing. In other word, the real
smooth case. part Ω1 restricted on L leads the volume form on L . The
following examples are known as special Lagrangian sub-
manifolds,
4.1 Examples
1. complex Lagrangian submanifolds of
Let R2n x,y have global coordinates labelled
hyperKahler manifolds,
(x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yn ) . Then, we can
equip R2n x,y with the canonical symplectic form
2. fixed points of a real structure of Calabi-
ω = dx1 ∧ dy1 + · · · + dxn ∧ dyn . There is a Yau manifolds.
standard Lagrangian submanifold given by Rnx → R2n x,y
. The form ω vanishes on Rnx because given any pair The SYZ conjecture has been proved for special La-
of tangent vectors X = fi (x)∂xi , Y = gi (x)∂xi , we grangian submanifolds but in general, it is open, and
have that ω(X, Y ) = 0 . To elucidate, consider the brings a lot of impacts to the study of mirror symmetry.
case n = 1 . Then, X = f (x)∂x , Y = g(x)∂x , and see (Hitchin 1999)
ω = dx ∧ dy . Notice that when we expand this out
1 5 Lagrangian fibration
ω(X, Y ) = ω(f (x)∂x , g(x)∂x ) = f (x)g(x)(dx(∂x )dy(∂x )−dy(∂x )dx(∂x ))
2
A Lagrangian fibration of a symplectic manifold M is
both terms we have a dy(∂x ) factor, which is 0, by defi-
a fibration where all of the fibres are Lagrangian subman-
nition.
ifolds. Since M is even-dimensional we can take local
The cotangent bundle of a manifold is locally modeled coordinates (p1 ,…,pn,q1 ,…,qn), and by Darboux’s theo-
on a space similar to the first example. It can be shown rem the symplectic form ω can be, at least locally, written
that we can glue these affine symplectic forms hence this as ω = ∑ dpk ∧ dqk, where d denotes the exterior deriva-
bundle forms a symplectic manifold. A more non-trivial tive and ∧ denotes the exterior product. Using this set-up
example of a Lagrangian submanifold is the zero section we can locally think of M as being the cotangent bundle
of the cotangent bundle of a manifold. For example, let T*Rn , and the Lagrangian fibration as the trivial fibration
X = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y 2 − x = 0} . Then, we can present π : T*Rn ↠ Rn . This is the canonical picture.
T ∗ X as
6 Lagrangian mapping
T ∗ X = {(x, y, dx, dy) ∈ R4 : y 2 −x = 0, 2ydy−dx = 0}
where we are treating the symbols dx, dy as coordinates Let L be a Lagrangian submanifold of a symplectic man-
of R4 = T ∗ R2 . We can consider the subset where the ifold (K,ω) given by an immersion i : L ↪ K (i is called
3
• Fedosov manifold
• Poisson bracket
• Symplectic group
• Symplectic matrix
• Symplectic topology
• Symplectomorphism
a Lagrangian immersion). Let π : K ↠ B give a La-
grangian fibration of K. The composite (π ∘ i) : L ↪ K ↠ • Tautological one-form
B is a Lagrangian mapping. The critical value set of π
• Wirtinger inequality (2-forms)
∘ i is called a caustic.
Two Lagrangian maps (π1 ∘ i1 ) : L1 ↪ K 1 ↠ B1 and (π2 • Covariant Hamiltonian field theory
∘ i2 ) : L2 ↪ K 2 ↠ B2 are called Lagrangian equivalent
if there exist diffeomorphisms σ, τ and ν such that both
sides of the diagram given on the right commute, and τ 9 Notes
preserves the symplectic form.[4] Symbolically:
[1] Ben Webster: What is a symplectic manifold, re-
ally? http://sbseminar.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/
τ ◦ i1 = i2 ◦ σ, ν ◦ π1 = π2 ◦ τ, τ ∗ ω2 = ω1 , what-is-a-symplectic-manifold-really/
11 External links
• How to find Lagrangian Submanifolds -
Math.Stackexchange
12.2 Images
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