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VOCABULARY: (almost) all the words you need! ® In order to pass your exam, you need a good grasp of English vocabulary, both basic and advanced. To this end, your English teacher has compiled lists of the most important words. ® All words are presented in context, i.e. in example sentences, with the relevant word replaced by the symbol ~. ® When studying, fold away the left-hand column, then read the sentences until you are able to come up with the missing word. The right-hand columns are there to give you hints or related words and expressions. ® It is essential that you write down all the missing words - just being able to say them is not enough! BASIC VOCABULARY ADVANCED VOCABULARY (Grade 11) (Grade 12) 1 THINKING 15 _ MORE PREPOSITIONS 2 LINKING WORDS 16 | IDIOMS WITH PREPOSITIONS LEISURE 17] SOCIETY TRAVELLING 18 EDUCATION 5 VERBS AND NOUNS 19 | MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY 6 MORE VERBS AND NOUNS 20 MASS MEDIA 7_| EVEN MORE VERBS AND NOUNS _|_21 MASS MEDIA (2 PART) 8_| ADDITIONAL VERBS AND NOUNS | 22 LAWAND ORDER 9 SOME FINAL VERBS AND NOUNS | 23 ___MORE LAW AND ORDER, 10___-ING OR INFINITIVE AFTER VERBS | 24 | THE ECONOMY (I) uf ADJECTIVES 25 THE ECONOMY (iT) 12 MORE ADJECTIVES 26 POLITICS 3B ADVERBS 27 MORE POLITICS 14 PREPOSITIONS 28 | SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 29 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 30 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BASIC VOCABULARY (15) : MORE PREPOSITIONS significantly ~. FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED WORDS according io [Then the wudente were spit ino five groups ~ hele “> aecordingly (adv) abilities. apn fom Well,~ Fig long nose he rather good Tooking, the? = filapar among She was ~ the few lucky people who managed to escape be = fiends feom the kidnappers strangers among other things | At the meeting they discussed, ~, recent developments in —+ He was among the Eastern Europe last 0 leave on account of All schools had to be closed temporarily ~ heavy = because of / snow dveto above al ~ he Fas always acied ikea veal profesional = as mentioned above average | Last month's unemployment rate was. once again above 42 below average advise sb against Tstrongly ~ you ~ giving any further information to the press = (a piece of) advice _) | considering "You have done realiy well in your exams, ~ the difficult circumstances. Fin view or concerned about He has never been particularly ~ what other poople think of im, =a matter of concer (n) going by car. ‘concernin, Police are trying to obtain information ~ his whereabouts, = regarding (prep) ‘beyond any doubt_[~, W. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of the sixteenth = undoubtedly | century. beyond recognition | He was amazed to see that the town centre had changed ~ one can hardly I iH ~ recognise it_ by We went to London ~ bike/ bus / car rail rain / plane ¥ say bye-bye tos sea / boat / ar. iis wife had been knocked down ~ bus. PASSIVE (D: "von") ‘by means of ‘The heavy load was lited ~ of a large crane _ > means of transport in fact Her primary school teacher assumed that she was a slow = actually (adv) leamer. whereas ~ she was partially deaf. i in spite of They went for a walk ~ the pouring rain, = despite instead He didn't reply. =, he turned on his heel and left the room, instead of ‘With his driving license gone, he had to walk to work ~ decided that it would be best to split up. ‘othe best oF my | Tam not absolutely sure about when the project Sars, bat S far a Tow knowledge ~ it will be on June 16. unlike Hier latest novel is quite ~her earlier works, = diferent fom in contrast to The company lost $7 million this quarter, ~-a profit of S6 = contrast A with B million in the previous year. ©) do without Like most Americans, he can't ~ a daily hot shower, quanel with sb |Time and again she ~ed ~ her husband, until they both have an argument with sb ‘criticize sb for sih He was severely ~ed ~ taking a day off right in the middle of the company's financial crisis, = criticism = a critic (2) duty until midnighs | turn into ‘She was sure that the frog would ~ a beautiful prince TF = change into she kissed it : consist oF Bolognaise sauce ~s ~ minced beck onion, tomatoes, =itis made up of garlic and seasoning. ‘comment on ‘My sister is always embarrassed when other people ~her ‘comment () Jooks (= her outer appearance). Z prefer sth to sth [He loved pets, but it was obvious that he ~red dogs ~ =a preference () cats amiliar with T would really Tike to help you, but Tm afvaid Tim not ~ = Rinillariy this type of machine. i in addition to | ~ these emergency measures, extra anibulances will be of = additionally @y) add sth (v) ‘with reference to ~ your recent article eatitied "The ullimate woggle”. 1 feel | obliged to write to you, refer to sti) BASIC VOCABULARY (16 IDIOMS WITH PREPOSITIONS FORMS. EXAMPLES - TRANSLATION RELATED WORDS Take advantage of Don't Tend them the car - theyre taking ~ of you! reat someone un order to got hat you want ‘above suspicion {Surely you dont suspect Mr Rogers of stealing the money? He's been working for us for years and is ~. suspect sb of sth (\) » a suspect (n) ‘against all odd3__| He knew that in trying to save his company from rain he = oid (adj) | was fighting a losing battle, but he still carried on ~. = the odds (n) least The economy will take ~ three years to recover from the Fat last recession. by courtesy of | This film is shown ~ the National Film Archive, at sbs expense Just imaging, he does all his tavelling a his company =, even when his wife accompanies him. = expensive (ad) ‘at face value You can't take what Rob says ~, There is always @ cateh = as things appear somewhere, with some advantage init for him. __|_be on the surface _| ai first sight [~ it seems t6 be a straightforward case of suicide, bur the = when considered for police suspect foul play. | the frst time ‘Behind the scenes ‘There was endless activity ~ before the visit of the royal ‘without public, couple. i | knowledge behind schedule “|The manager is getting nervous because production for © ahead of ~ nis quarter is already threo weeks ~. = on schedule below the belt infortunately, some politicians offen hit ~ 10 discredit =to fight unfairly their opponents. Z 4 above by degrees, Max's health has been improving since he came out of| = gradually/ hospital if only ~. Hi 7 step by step Tora change ‘The Parsons always go to Brighton for their holiday. Tm surprised they don't go abroad ~: change for the worse (¢ better) Recently, with exports and sales decreasing, their economic outlook has noticeably ~d ~. eteriorate (@) <= improve (v) Beside the point ‘Whether you had insurance is ~, the accident is still your fault, Tor the record Just =, it was Ken's idea to come to this awful parly, not = so thatit can mine. ‘be recorded / noted off the record Tais is Stieily =, But you are to be put in charge of| = confidential manufacture in Scotland, information ‘fom seraich Tf you had been working on our project ~ you would = from the beginning realize how much these results mean to us. Teave sb in the dark ‘When his company sent him to the States, they left his, family ~as to whether it would be temporarily. “© inform sb about stl for instance =, in the US we still do not have the guarantee of basic = Tor example medical care for everybody. ina nutshell T don't need to know the content of your speech in detail = reduced to the just put the main message ~ for mo, please, essential facts ‘under oath If a witness makes an untrue statement ~ he or she = swear /take an oath Z commits a crime, under age Most children wino Grink ~ will do so when there fs Intle an adult . ‘or no adult supervision, toa certain extent | Tagree, ~, that these regulations are outdated. = arly oft i ‘Stop! This part of the building is — for unauthorised = you are not allowed personnel | | tocnter ontheair ‘This radio series has bee ~ for years, and We Sill very ‘roadeast (V) | popular. | oa eal Doctor Murphy is always) even at ight aid at the = en day face weekend. on the dale Millions of unemployed workers have been ~ for years. = receiving unemploy- ment benefits Tor good Wien I finally told Mary that he had le ~ and that T = forever ceded money. she said she would talk to her boss ADVANCED VOCABULARY (17) : SOCIETY socialisation (n US: 2) | ~is the process by which a person leams to behave in a ‘way that is acceptable in their societ FORMS “EXAMPLES - TRANSLATION | RELATED EXPRESSIONS mankind (a) A nuclear war would be threat to all ~ z Sahuman being society (n) hase right to punish law-breakers. a danger o~ social sciences (n) surveillance (n) decrease in rural areas Video ~ has been commonplace in the UK sinee the 1980s, population (a) More than half ofthe British ~ lives inthe south densely populated aninhabitant (a) The region is not densely populated as many ~s have moved to the city. amajoniy Gy The ~ was in favour of the proposal, therefore they a minority iz could pass this law. 2 ethnic minorities asaney @) ‘A ~ of population wends fas shown a population =a poll fm) the upper class (n) the middle class (n) the working class (n) He has always been proud of being a momber of the ~ The ~has often been called the backbone of society The goverment promised to spend more money on families from the ~, | Dike lower classes (i) ‘exploitation (my K. Marx claimed that the ~ of the working class would lead to revolution, | Sexploit sb7sth “peer group (a) peer pressure (n) "A ~ comprises people of the same background, class, social status, or occupation, ‘A study has shown that teenage shoplifiers often act = your friends or colleagues under ~ ic. they ae influenced by their friends. a grade (US) (Chilren srt school in first ~. = form elass (a: UK) superior (adj) ‘Most human beings consider themselves ~ to animals. San inferiority inferior (adj) A lieutenant is an ~ officer compared toa captain, complex (n) ‘ancestors (n) a descendantin) Hie always claims that his ~ came to America on the Mayflower, but I really doubt it You are a divect ~ of your parents, grandparents, great- grandparents, and earlier ancestors. descend from (v) the generation gap (a) ‘The ~refers to the differences in attitude or behaviour Dike older younger housing or unemployment ~s. between young and older people. wneration the gender gap (a) | The government has announced further steps to reduce a member of the the ~ i. inequalities between men and women, ‘opposite sex a prejudice @) Many people have ~s against foreigners. Phe prejudiced (ed a stereotype (n) According to a widespread ~, scientists occupy an ivory tower, isolated from other parts of society. equal pay (a) “The company’s Mexican workers demonstrated for ~ a Dequal rights? they eamed iess than their American colleagues, qual opportunities ‘benchts ‘The government supports its people by paying child, ‘mother tongue (a) a native speaker (n Your ~ is your native language, as opposed to second languages studied at school or work. Even many ~s find English spelling very challenging. ‘You need your tongue for tasting and talking. domestic (ad)) Unlike other teenagers, she has many ~ duties, e chores) hhoovering the floor and going shopping. ahoreed Hh) Statistics show that most ~ men remarry. Spee dare) obesity (a) ~ can be defined as an excess of body fat that Hequenlly obese (adi) results in serious health problems. | sborioa a) ~ means deliberately ending a pregnancy at an eaily become pregnant contraception (n) | ~ refers to the use of any method, drug, or device to Poonceive a baby | prevent pregnancy. contraceptive (a) |The anti-baby pill is an oral ~ widely used in Western [ countries. an addict Drug ~s find almost mnpossible Yo Sap taking drugs. Daddiction @) (be) addicted (to sth) _| ~ gamblers often lose huge sums of money suicide (a) The police think his death wasn’emurder but ~ Seomnit= VANCED VOCABULAI DUCATI FORMS. EXAMPLES. TRANSLATION | RELATED EXPRESSIONS ‘uneducated (adj) ~ refers t0 8 person that lacks formal education: educate iv) illiterate (adj) ‘An ~ person is unable to read or write, Seomputer ~ (adj) _| arithmetic (n, adj) The three Rs, ie. reading, writing and ~ are the most | important parts of primary education ‘Arithmetic comprises: multiplying and dividing adding, subiracting, ig numbers. ‘2 curriculum (a) ‘A ~ comprises all the courses offered by an educational institution, =a syllabus (AME) acy job training tm) Nowadays people without any ~ face great diffcultos in finding well-paid work Da skilled worker teach 3b sth (v: taught /~) ‘You can't ~an old dog new wicks. (proverb) Experience ~es us our limitations, Sa teacher HY ‘@ headteacher (0: BrE) When his behaviour didn't improve, fe had to go and see the ~, = the principal (US) ‘an instructor (@) In order to get your driving license, you have to take Jessons with an experienced driving ~. instruction (a) instruct sb (¥) camming difficulties Usually, students with ~ are taught general skills in Shave ~in doing sth @) Separate classes ! 7 a ‘Study (¥: studied T=) [He ~ied for his exams every afiemoon, = eam sth @) His father advised him to ~ law, but he desided to try study at college his ck as an entertainer instead Funiversity revise sth (v) Tehas always been a good idea to ~ your English tenses ‘once in a while, do revision (ay attend (School) (v) | All children over five have to ~ schoal until thay reach “= be absent the age of sixteen | (from school) play truant (¥) ‘He was expelled ffom school for playing ~. Seruancy (n) drop out (of school :¥) | He ~ped out of school during his exams on account of Da drop-out (ay personal and financial problems. ‘annursery (school) (ny ‘A ~isa place where children are temporarily cared for > a kindergarten in their parents’ absence. Z (AmE) # primary school (a) |The reading ability of the pupils depends on the quality ‘Selementary school ofthe ~ they attended, i i secondary school ‘@ boarding school (n)_|~s are institutions where, on top of lution, meals and Shalf-board Jodging are provided. accommodation 3 comprehensive (school) ‘The majority of sccondary schools in Britain are ~ s where children of all abilities are taught together, 2 mafhasim) (n) ‘We have PE in the ~ twice a week, Dphysical education ‘core subjects (n) subsidiary subjects (n) ‘Maths and English are ~s, whereas biology. I ‘computer studies, art, and physical education are ~, iory, | = minor subjects ‘compulsory (adj) Tin secondary education, English and mathematics are — subjects. ic. all students have to take them. ‘= optional lective subjects ‘graduate (Fom) (¥)__| She =d from university after studying for four years, Sigradvation @), (get a)a degres (n) | He left university with a ~ in law. [320 degrees Celsius fees) All students attending private schools have to pay = they charge a fee annval ~, a scholarship @) He can't afford university, but he hopes to win @ ~ in =a grant @ order to study medicine. «2 dormitory (a) ‘He doesn't have an apariment of his own, he ives on =a hall of residence campus ina ~ da @) take Gn exam) (o) | Every student as to ~ four wiltten exams = Sitan exam fail (an exam) (¥) _| He_ passed his oral exams, but he ~ed the written ones. > passan exam (y)_| asSe88 papers ing papers is one of the main obligations ofa teacher = mark papers ect the roquirements | Unfortunately, he failed to meet the school's ~ {or sth that is 1 I graduation requires cheat He was expelled fom school when he confessed to having ~ed in his exams, DDen't musthins, | He's a cheat! ‘qualifications (n) Unfortunately. he left school without any 5, ro qualify (vy Fequality of opportunity |The government's aim has been to provide ~ Tor in students of hoth sexes and ofall nationalities, Da missed onnortunity ADVAN BULARY (19 ULTICULTURAL SOCTETY FORMS EXAMPLES ‘TRANSLATION RELATED EXPRESSIONS [inanigraton Gy a migrant (n) an emigrant During the nineteenth century, America encouraged ~ on a large scale, ‘The Industrial Revolution gave ~s a vital role in the nation’s economic development ‘The number of emigrants from Germany reached a peak in the 19" centur “© emigration (@) Dmigrate to another Country > immigrant lee (fled =) In the twentieth century, many immigrants ~ (PAST) from persecution and poverty. = tried fo escape ‘assimilate @) ‘They were not as quickly ~d as provious generations integrate sb trad been __|. Gino society) restrict th @) Chinese immigrants were teated worst, and Chinese ban sth (¥) immigration was first ~ed, and then entirely ~ned. = forbid sth (¥) refuse sb entry ‘Other so-called “undesirables” were also ~d ~, eg. | convicts, revolutionaries and orphans. enter a country requires () Th 1917-2 new law d immigrants o prove that ey Si requirement @) displaced persons and ~s were admitted |___ Goo sth) _} could read and write ‘a quota (a) In 1921, a ~ was imposed, limiting the number of| =a limited number migrants from Europe for the first time. | cof people ‘aretigee () After World War Ul, large numbers of war brides, Pa ~camp iMlegal migrants Nowadays ~s from Mexico play @ major role in swelling the number of Latinos in the US. Hispanics (n:PI) ‘settle (in a country) Highly skilled and wealthy people are also encouraged fo ~ in the US as they contribute to economic growth. settlement (a) ative (adj Entry is also not limited for relatives of ~-born citizens, > Native Americans ‘Native Americans (a) ~aiake up only 0.4% of the population, but they are sl the poorest ethnic group in America = American Indians ‘citizenship (=) ‘The legal right to belong to a country is called = nationality (a) naturalisation () The legal process by which @ person acquires citizenship is called ~. Dranwralise 96 () (heya resident (of tn) ‘Once a person has been a ~ of the US Tor at least five ‘years. he or she can apply for naturalisation Da residential area Torzign nationals (a) 5 have to demonstrate their knowledge of US histery and take an oath pledging loyalty to the US. D> undocumented aliens ‘asylum seekers (n) =, Le. people fleeing from political or religious persecution, ate also entitled to submit an application. ihe right to asylum slavery (a) From the beginning, ~ and the second-class treatment {Blacks have raised serious moral questions. abolish = slave (a) the gutter press / the yellow press eye-catching layout (n) They rely of can be easily read by everybody. ‘Sensational headlines and articles that | Dry to caich sb's eye ‘sensationalist (adi) But there have always been controversios over whether individuals should be protected against ~ reporting. [celebrities (a) ~ like Madonna or Cher often complain about babe persecuted by photographers = well-known persons Dave influential Gajy The Sun is considered by many as the most — newspaper in the UK today influence sb OF between 6 and 10 p.m, appear) Tn England, the first daily newspaper el im the = was public’ cighteemth centr 7 circulation (n) ‘Today, the Times, the most famous British newspaper. number of printec a copy (a) has. a ~of about 300,000 ~es per day. é copies ‘source (n) Television has become the most important ~ of | Dthe ~ ofa river {information and entertainment for most people, a network (m1) ‘Nation-wide televi ~s like ABC, NBC and CBS | provide local stations with a wide range of programmes, hich also means that there influence is immense : He - tiie mio G) Tn the USA most people can ~ over 100 cifferent television channels via cable TV. : "pay perview TV [In ~ a subsoriber pays a fee in order to watch a single Say programme or film. audience ratings (@) | Since commercial salons rely heavily on ~ to inarease revenues (0) their advertising ~, entertainment plays an important = income (a) role in American television, fe prime time This is particularly true during ~, ic. the period | interrupt sth (%) “Even news programmes are presented as shaws and ~ed regularly by commercials. an interruption uninterrupted (adj) ‘non-commercial (adj) Tn the US, only about one fourth of all TV stations are ~ 2. not financed by advertising, © commercial (ad)) ‘educational (adj BBS, the single non-commercial TV network in the US, Dedacate s WY fet iz broadcasts primarily ~ and cultural programmes. Tanded by (9) It is ~ mainly ~ the US government and various = financed by foundations, a presenter @) ‘A_~ is the person who introduces different sections off radio or television programmes. = an announcer (AmiE) coverage a) Several channels provided complete ~ of all ‘competitions at the Olympic Games. Deeper | cover events ‘Hews agencies @) "TV and radio stations as well as newspapers rely To @ large extent on ~ which gather news worldwide and provide the media with information. eg. AP or Reuters not ~ for children, e.g. because they are too violent. be addicted to sth If you are ~ to watching television, you cannot live Da TV addict (ny ey views Sadug acer [sable or Ga Some preteen at wo Payne A we er censorship (ay edit sth out (¥) ‘But producers emphasise that the constitution bans any ~ of the media, They have ~ed out all references to her father in the | interview. Sheavily censored = remove words, phrases or scenes ADVANCED VOCABULARY (22) : LAW AND ORDER (sb /sth to the police) | domestic area FORMS. EXAMPLES TRANSLATION | R&ATED EXPRESSIONS ‘commit (a crime) | You do not have to bea law graduate fo see that a crime 3 murder has been ~ted here. | ‘an offence tm) ‘A new law has made ian ~ to carry weapons. | report (v) ‘A neighbour ~ed him to the police for speeding in a 3a-t) ‘an investigation (a) | The ~ of the FBI into the causes of the ait crash has not investigate sth (7) been finished yet insult () ‘She bid to pay a fine for ~Ing.a poliee officer. insulting Gd) an insult (n} His remarks were taken as a personal ~ threaten (sb with sth) | The man ~ed to kill her if she didnt tell im where the ihreatening (adi) () ‘money was. a threat (9) ‘The couple who reported the drug dealers to the police | received several ~s to their lives. ot Highton sb 0) ‘She fas always been ~ed of traveling by plane DP rightening (ad) violent adj) ‘A quarter of ll prigon inmates have committed ~| > non protest crimes. | violence (n) ‘There has been an inerease in domestic ~ between > use~ husbands and wives ‘a murderer (a) ‘She was shocked when she Teariod that he was @ > te commit murder convicted ~. ' thick (ns ple thieves) | Expensive carshave become a favourite target for =. a thel 2 burglary (a) ~is the crime of entering 2 building illegally in order to Pa burglar (n) steal the property of the owner a ~alarm (n) ‘overpower sb (@) | Two customers managed to ~ the bank robber = overwhelm () suspicious (adj) "The police officers asked if we had noticed anything ~ Dthave) a suspicion during the previous night. @) a suspect (n) An immediate search of the surrounding area led to the Peuspect (0) arrest of three ~s. (ofhaving done sth) ‘observe sth Professor Stem studies and ~s the behaviour of juvenile Dan observer (a) delinquents a clue Police divers searched the bed of the river for —s to bis Die really doesn’t death, havea ~ ‘an interrogation (A) | During his second ~ the arrested man confessed to another murder. question sb) 3a cross-examination extort By threatening shopkeepers the gang was able to (money fiom sb: v) | money from 30 local businesses. rarest (3b for th) (0) _| He was_~ed for illegal possession of weapons. be under = solitary confinement | He was Kept in ~ after he had boon threatened by olher = in isolation prisoners, eonfine sth (v) eguard a) He was allowed out of prison for an hour with two ~sin a prison ~ (a) ‘order to get married. a body~(n) escape From () ‘There is hardly any possibilty of ~ing from a high- Pan ~ (ny security jail an attempted ~ (a) Bribe sb) When they tried to ~ one of the guards with cigareties bribery and they were punished. See eee | corruption an informer Gi) ‘They received a tip from an anonymous ~, inform sb a reward (a) They ere offering @ § 50,000 ~ for any information Dreward (sb for sth) leading to the man's arrest. o cheek sth @ ~ cars / drivers’ licences / the identity of @ person = % control sth () a check (n) ‘A French woman was stopped at an identity ~ and Péoudle~ (v) arrested, aime @ He will either have 10 pay @ ~ of $30,000 or go 10 Da parking ticket (a) prison, araid@) ‘The police have cared out several drag 3 at nighi-| Sead sh G) clubs in Central London. | execute sb GW) ‘The government of Iran has repeatedly demanded that S. | Dike death penalty Rushdie is handed over to be ~ed. ) carson (a) ~ refers to the erime of deliberately setting fire to @ San arsonist (a) building or property | | Pextortion () ADVANCED Vi JLARY (23) : MORE LAW AND ORDER FORMS. EXAMPLES. TRANSLATION | RELATED EXPRESSIONS an obligation (@) | Is clear that he company has a Tegal and moral ~ [=adly ay towards the victims of this accident. be obliged to do sth. justice tay “He fought all his life for freedom, ~ and equali Eee PCun)just (adj) illegal (adj) Tn the US itis ~ to sell aleohol to people under age an ~ immigrant (a) | Sdeclare sth ~ [Tegal advice @) ‘When one of his customers isd to pay His Ula BS asked bis lawyer for ~. Daive sb some advice advise sb (v) [a lawyer (my ‘A ~ is qualified to advise people on legal matters and to represent them in court Fan attorney (US) evidence (n= U) lack of evidence (a) Hr statement to the police was used as ~ against him, + clear / convincing / written ~: All charges against him were dropped for ~. = prooF child properly. the Supreme Court prove sth. (W) Everybody is innocent until ~d guilt = proven (US) ‘8 court (of law) (a) | His case will be heard in ~ next month sue sb. (¥) She decided to ~ the doctor who had not treated her = take sb to court guilty. innocent (adj) Al prisons are full of people claiming tobe ~. “+rguilty (adj) innocence (n) a judze (a) "The ~ sentenced John to ten years in prison, Sajuye) trial @) ‘A= is a formal meeting at a court of law, at which @ lie right toa fair ~ judge or jury listens tothe evidence and decides whether | ‘a person is guilty of crime. deny sh When he was questioned by the police he ~ied having| “admit sth 6) stolen the jewellery. Pa denial (2) ‘confession (a) "The judge explained to him that he could avoid prison in a forced ~ exchange fora fall ~ f eonfess sth (v) a verdict a) ‘Afier lengthy deliberations the jury retumed a ~ oF not reach ~ ‘accuse sb (of) (¥) ‘He was falsely ~d of being involved in terrorism. = ~ sb of murder / theft / robbery / burglary’ rape ~ San accusation @ ‘a wiitess (ny The five ~es of the accident vill be asked to give DS agive evidence for self-defence (n) The judge decided that he was not guilty of a crime as hhe had acted in ~. prosecution (a) a defendant (n) Mr Black, speaking for the ~, said that the erimes had bbeen committed over a period of six months. A_ prosecutor is a public official who charges a ~ officially with a crime in a court of law. DPprosecute @) Fa prosecutor (n) a district attomey (Us) evidence in court ‘against sb (ake) an cath fa) | Before giving evidence i cour, witnesses have to take “She on / under cath an_~in which they swear to tll the truth defenses @ In @ court of law, an accused person's ~ presents defense (AmE) evidence in his favour and usvally pleads not guilty. defend sd) | [an accomplice (a) ‘An ~ is a person that helps another person to commit a crime, Dbe involved in sth [nega Gb ofan Eventually both defendants were ~ted of murder. + conviet sb (v) punishment (a) The ~ should fit the crime. punish sb (¥} + alight /eavy / eruel ~ = Z __| Seapital ~ ‘a sentence) He is serving his ~ in @low-securty prison, prison Tile ~ sentence sb (v) ‘The murderer was ~d to twenty years in prison. ‘apital punishment (a) |All member states of the European Union have =the death penalty 7 abolished ~, a death sentence ‘appeal against sy “the lawyers of the Gonvieied man announed that hey | would ~ against the courts decision, Sa court of appeal (ay murder (a) ~ is the erime of killing another person deliberately, =a homicide (US) manslaughter (n) __| In a case of ~, on the other band, there is no proof of an slaughter 2 pig intention to take another person's Tife H release 36 [The judge decided that he can't be ~d from prison since San early release (a) | itwould be an unacceptable risk to the public. ‘dererrence (a) | Bepetlly is punishment wil et sa ~to oes Dace (v: from doine sth) ADVAN Y (24) : THE FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION | REATED EXPRESSIONS = posession (@) | Unfertunatelyy they owt all heir ~s in a fire = property (7 the owner (n) | - the original / present / former ~~ belongings (n) property (n} ]When she died she left all her — to her nephew in private / public! Bavasia stolen ~ ‘affordable (adj) Auctions occasionally offer high-quality products at ~ Dbe able to afford sth. prices : Se is he poveriyline @) [According to Focent Salis, more than 30% of Sparen oy American familics live below the ~. poor (adj) Wealth Ga) The discovery of oil brought great the formerly Fwealthy (ay a poor area. rich Seareney ‘lot of the food produced in Mexico 1s exported ih Sa single Eurepean ~ i i: order to earn hard =. ! cachangeraie (@) [What is the current ~ rate betwoon the dolla and the cure? a Soakbroker @) [A ~ iF a person whose ob Isto buy and sel AOEKS OF SRVSE (New Vork shares to investors. Stock Exchango) ‘a shareholder (a) ‘The ~s of a company are all the people or organisations a share index owning some ofits shares. (eg Dowlones index) outsourcing (n) Many shareholders support ~ to low-cost countries in order to increase profits i! : ‘supply and demand (n)| One of the basic assumptions in cconomics is that free ‘>a supplier (n) rarkets will produce a balance between ~ awede dH) | With imports steadily increasing, Americas —~ has a wade sales increased for several years, wewreat account @) [We regret to inform yoo Wat your” ~ has been! “Sa bank assosint Gay overdrawn by $2,000, a savings account Wihdrawsih @) | would like to ~ S100 Fon my savings aocount, oe inthe red : please ‘oan (ny ‘The government wants to make it easier for small Da < shark @ businesses to receive bank ~s (=a credit) borrow money interest (ny If you pay your money into a savings account, youll Slower [raise ~rates just et % ~ oni, ‘owe GomOREN G) | you ~ somebody monty. you are under an cbligation Shea mess to repay for something you have received, fe aaa She borrowed a considerable sum of money several Stein = years ago and she is sill paying offher ~. broke (adj ‘Could you do me a favour and lend me some money, |= penniless (adj pleaso?- Ii afaid I can't I'm ~ myself ‘a pay ineeae @) | The suff of the company have received an annual ~of| SeHewalary income : $200 over the last few years, wae ~ isthe percentage of your Tnsome you have t pay to income) the government in retum for public services. value adéed ~ (0) abil @) Its high time for us to pay our heating and electricity — a $20 bill (x) banknote) ‘a tip (a) ‘Service wasn't included in the bill so we left a generous ‘Dthe ~ of your ~ forthe waitress. tongue a coin a) He gave me my change in 10and SO pence == a wallet (a) You should always camry your ~ in an inside pocket of Sapuee our jacket acquire sth (v) ‘Our company has ~d new office space in the City, Pan acquisition (n) London's nancial centre \ | bargain ‘The lates edition oF a menlingual ictionary for ust Sa Thnier Gy S5— that's areal ~ The renal @FAB) (@) | The sveceseful company has become Brians Teading rant hikes car ~ chain Stiverenvfee | ah esiaeagent a) [An ~ works for a company baying and seling real =arealior (US) | estat, houses and land The standard of Thing] The lst fifty years have seen an unprecedented increase 5 ving Sandard I @ in the ~ in Western Europe. INCED Vi RY (25) : THE ECONOMY (IT FORMS ~ EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED EXPRESSIONS [acompeitor ey ‘Unforanatly,thele main 5 have developed producis that are superior other own models. Deompetition (a) Peompete with (v) an employer (n) an employee (n) house, 5 have stressed their unwillingness to raise wages. As the ~ in this shop are very helpful, I always do my shopping there, amerger ‘The ~ between Daimler and Chrysler gave rise fo the Dmerge (¥: with s6) Jargest company in German: hire sO) They ~d a dozen workers in order to renovate their = employ BO) boss / manager the staff (n) Tease He was ~ed for stealing money from a co-worker, = Tire sb = sack sb immediately. (make sb) redundant | The management of the company is planning 10 make adj) _| further staft ~. ce 7 i Produndancies (n) rain Whea she won in the lottery, she ~ed fom fer job give notice the terms of @ contract (a) ‘Make sure you have read and completely understood all the terms of the ~ prior to signing it, Daign a contact ‘unemployment i) ‘unemployment benefits (n) “National ~ figures have fallen for the Span couscous month, ‘The number of people on the dole, ie. receiving ~, has declined, Srate of Hy unemployed (adj) a vacancy [(a: pl: vacancies) Due to increased orders, our company has several —s for qualified staff with word-processing experience, a job or position that isavailable ‘ajob centre (n) employment ag cy The government has created a network of regional ~S where experts give advice on vacancies and career ‘opportunities. Pa careers adviser (a) Cardiff yesterday for a first round of ~, ‘a trade union (a) ‘A ~ is an organisation that tries to protect ihe rights of| ihe labour the labour force. movement ‘wage negotiations (n) | Representatives of trade unions and employers met in = salary = income (a) negotiate v) ‘a labour dispute (a) “The car industry is facing @ lengthy ~ over higher wages and shorter working hours. a0 on strike (a) (work) overtime (advy Demand for the company's products was so high that all employees had to work ~. >= camings @) skilled (labour) (adi) Technological innovation has Ted to an increasing demand for ~ labour. > unskilled workers indispensable (aay Tn todays economy. compile specaTss ave Become = for almost every company. = one eansat do without them promotion (a) ‘Although he has applied for ~ four times already, he bas still got his old job. Doe promoted retirement (n) She only works halftime since she is already approaching ~. Dike age of —@) retire from (v) [an incentive (@) “The government has promised to introduce further 3, e.g. tax breaks, for setting up one's own business, Dreceive subsidies ‘economic growih (a) Wall Sreet and other global financial markets have reacted nervously as ~ in the US has slowed down for the first time in four years, = economic expansion economic recovery ‘a recession (a) ‘A. ~ in the US would be bad news, especially for the export-oriented German industry. = an economic decline '@ consumer society (@) Tm todays ~, almost everybody can afford to go on @ holiday abroad, Seonsume sh () consumption (of) (make) forme @) [Like many other clever investors, he made a ~ on the stock exchange two years ago. [Become wealthy Tumover (a) Many e-commerce companies are stil straggling with | tow ~s and a lack of profitability. = total amount of goods or services sald evaluate sth) His bank will ~ the current worih of his company before extending its line of credit. an evaluation (a) ‘nationalisation (a) ~. ie. state ownership and control of major iadusties,| has proved to be a fatal mistake for many countries in Eastern Europe, rationalise (acompany) + privatise sth (¥) IVAN VOCABUi LY (2 FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION | RELATED EYPRESSIONS polities (m) Hie failed in ~ because he was such a poor speaker, “Ya politician (a) policy (n) = foreign / economic social / defence / immigration ~~ Darliament (a) | government (a) ‘The prime minister is unlikely to get this law through ~ When parliament voted against the prime minister, the whole ~ decided to step down, Sa MP a minister (m) cabins GY The Prime Minster and his miniion, @@ We Foro Sine othe Secretary and the Home Secretary, form the so-called Interior aaepariwen @) | A goverment consis oF seal =a ey He of Sas Wee education, the ‘environment, tae, defence and. the interior. a Tad ot wae (G) | The chiot opreventatve ofa Couns called ~ Ie Fonad US, the ~ is also the head of government. ~ a meeting ete, constitution (5) Unlike most European countries, the UK has no written Dan unconstitutional iaw violates the ~: decision, ehilrighs ~ comprise basic freedoms such as the freedom oF = civil liberties (n) speech, the freedom of the press and the freedom of assembly, to name just afew. E ot equal fad) The governments central aim was 1 promote equality @ ‘opportunities for women, © inequality (n) an eleotion The next parliamentary ~ willbe held in 3015, a general ~ (n) the electorate(n) | ~ means all the citizens that are entitled to vote in a| Delect sb (¥) general election _ an election Both candidates for the presidency are preparing Tor 8) eampaign for | campaign (n) lengthy and expensive ~. 7 against sth (v) polling station 3] ] A ~ is a building where people go t cast thelr vols Ta The couny is an election, In a secret election, voters are entitled to going to the polls polling booth (n) | make use of a ~ so that nobody will know about their this week. ‘constituency (a) The whole country is divided into ~ies, each of which is represented by its own MP. Fan electoral district ws) proportional representation (n) first-past-the-post ~ is a system that gives each party in an election a number of seats relative to the number of votes its candidates have received. In a ~ system, the candidate receiving the largest number of votes in a constimency wins a seat in parliament, even if he has not been able to win an absolute majorit “Soe in proportion to =the winner takes all Pa majority system of voting. ‘amayor () She became the first female ~ of Boston © head of a local government city or town). a abstain (%) More and more citizens choose to ~ irom voting @ not Pabstention fH) (from voting) _| participate in a general election). [a eferendum a) When a ~ is held, al the peopie ofa country have The possibility to vote on a important issu Dairest democracy ‘opposition (ay ‘When the conservative government lost is majority, F became the new ~, Soppose sth) an opponent (of n) pass (a bill) () Parliament has just ~ed the Tatest Bill on tax reform bya approve of a pro- majority of 219 to 213 votes. posal, balance of power The three branches of government, Le the executive, Da system off checks Lo legislature and the judiciary, ensurea ~, and balances Tmparial (adi) An ~ judge does not favour one person oF party in relation to another. = unbiased (adj) © biased /one-sided than a century, nile (n) "india used to be under British ~ (a British colony) until} the ~ of law (n) i it gained independence from Britain in 1947. ~a couatry (¥) 2 (political) patty” [The ruling” ~ is most likely to win the next regional a one-party rule ©) election. I sate aba ‘The struggfe to ~ slavery in the US has lasted for more | Sabon a) ADVANCED VOCABULARY (2: Pi FORMS EXAMPLES TRANSLATION BELATED EXPRESSIONS Feunification (a) jin the year 2000 our country 1s celebrating the tenth anniversary of German ~ Sanity sho) ‘a predecessor (a) ‘The Prime Minister has repeatedly claimed that he has inherited the country's economic problems from his ~ Sw successor (a) 2 dictatorship () ~s "are countries ruled by one or few leaders with unlimited power, “Stoualitarian states (6) ‘aretugee (i) sare people ying io escape Ram pol lal, rligions, cr miltary persecution, Sa refugee camp (a) perscoute sb) “They were ~d because of their political beli “Da persecution allowed to march on. persecution (a) to experience / suffer from / escape ~ complex (x) ‘oppression (n) Many refugees have left the country in order Yo escape oppress sb (W) arity ‘A__~ broke out whea police wied i Sop the = Violent protest demonstrators ftom marching on. a rioter (a) ‘lash (with sb) (v) | Demonstrators ~ed with the police when they weren't a clash (a) ‘a curfew @) ‘The military leadership has imposed a dusk-to dawm ~ = everybody has 10 stay indoors. a civil war @) More Americans died in the American ~ than in any ‘other war before or since a civilian (a) ‘assassinate sb (¥) re murdered Tf famous or wealthy persons are ~d, the for money or for political reasons. >: ‘assassination attempt_(n) Tevenge (a) retaliate (by doing sth) ‘~ means deliberate punishment or injury in return for ‘what one has suffered, The boy slapped bis sister, who ~d by kicking him under the table. San act of ~ (ay = take revenge on sb ‘capital punishment Several human rights organisations have called upon the US to abolish ~ (= stop executing people). = death penalty (a) execution (0) ‘corporal punishment ‘Some people have demanded that ~ should be reintroduced for criminals. = beat / whip sb. impose (sth on sb) sanetions (n) The United Nations have ~d sanctions against North Korea because of severe human rights violations. ~are economic or military measures to enforce inter~ national law. place on sb asa ‘punishment defi (a esis) ‘The UN has bold talks with Twael and Palestinian T= reduce tension oF wy) leaders in order to ~ the crisis in the Middle east. danger peaceful ad The UN tried to ind ~ solution tothe conflict. [© violent @djp ‘negotiate (with sb) @). “Their employer has refused to ~ with them about @ further pay increase, = peace negotiations @), a treaty (a) ‘A ~i8 a written agreement between two OF more sates Sa peace ~ _ # contract ‘an enemy (ni) The two counties decided to combine forces against = an opponent (a) their common ~ © friendly / allied hostile (adi) - troops have occupied one of the border towns, troops ‘eanquer sth () The Normans ~ed England in 1066, 7 William the Conqueror | ‘ambush (a) The thieves were lying in ~ for thelr victims =a surprise attack from a hidden position ‘withdraw Grom) Lo “The general has refused to ~ his troops Hom the town in spite of heavy attacks. > ~ money from the bank, a ceasefire (a) ‘The warring factions arranged a ~ so that details of @ peace treaty could be discussed. ‘military order to stop fightin, frneeer On 8 May 1945, the Third Reich ~ed to the allied forces “Dadmit defeat military service (a) The United States and Germany have mtroduced & professional army. whereas other countries still have ~: Da conscientious objector torture (a) The human-rights organisation Amnesty international | investigates the use of ~ on prisoners. Dtortare sb) -ADVANCED VOCABULARY (28) : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY | FORMS ~ EXAMPLES TRANSLATION RELATED EXPRESSIONS seience (ay scientific (adj) ~ deals with observed facts and the relationships among those facts, | The twentieth century has witnessed a dramatic increase in_~ progress, Sa Scientist ihe ~ community (n) | ‘a seientise @) researcher (n) ~s study a wide variety of subjects, such as cues to the | origin of the universe. Other ~s examine the structure of cells in living organisms. Po research investigate (W) Suill others ~ why we act the way we do, of ty to solve complicated mathematical probloms, = examine sth GW) ~ are concemed with making things happen, ‘absorb sth (¥) ‘They concluded that further research is needed to Plants ~ oxygen. investigate how plants ~ different nutrients. an engineer (a) ‘Science attempts to explain how and why things happen. mechanical/aeraspace? civil ote. engineers Tiscover sth @) ‘About 10,000 years ago, people first ~cd how fo raise animals and erops. Da discovery (a) powered by In the carly 1900's, farmers began using machines ~ by gasoline or electric Spowerfal aay | power plant (n) ~S, often called power stations, use coal, nuclear fuel, of oil to produce electrics Da= produces electric power ‘an invention (a) ‘Computers, Tasers, plastics, reffigerators, and television are only a few of the ~s that have transformed human life in our century. an inventor (n) inventive (adi) > a discovery (n) an antibiotic (a) sand other new drugs have helped control most infectious diseases. >a drug / medicine (AE) (BE) ‘an advanco in (a) As a result of ~s in agricultural technology. one US. farmer today produces enough food for 101 people. Dprogress (a) ‘an assembly Tine (a) ~~$ depend on division of labour, in which small portions ofa job are divided among different workers, Sa conveyor belt (a) ‘manufacturing @) Similar developments have occurred in ~, mining, and other industries. Smanufacture sh (@) | procketvig my Technological developments have made i possible to produce the same amount of goods and services with less labour and have thus greatly increased ~. Sproductive (ad infant mortality (n) countries to about 75 years, mainly by reducing ~ | through sanitation and immunisation and better health care and nutrition, Benet a ‘The advance of technology bas ~led people in humerous = profi om sth) Tife expectancy a) [Above all, technology has Taised — la industial ihe average =] development of powerful weapons of mass destruction. repetitive (adj) ~, low-skill jobs can be boring for people to do for long Smonotonous (adj) periods of time, é auiomated @a) ~ machinery is well suited to these routine asks, such €5 be on autopiior assembling and packaging manufactured product. ‘robot "Nowadays automobiles are painted by ~s using Spray a robotics frm paint that would be harmful to people. anticipate sth (@ [On the other hand, many of the problems caused by Sexpest th technology have not been ~d Heed a side-effect ay ‘Once a new technology has beeh introduced on @ wide scale, people often find that it has some unexpected —s pallation ‘Most industrial countries face problems of ai, water, Dpollate sr OF soil, and noise ~ 2 pollutant (9) E.g., power plants that bum oil or ether fuels to gencrate | clecticty add millions of tons of ~s tothe air annually. Tatura] esourees (a) | Also, ear production uses up iron and other ~ @ breakthrough (n) —~s in nuclear research, for instance, have Ted To he Samajor= ‘a challenge @) ‘One of the greatest ~s today is to spread technology's benefits to the people of developing countries, Sehallongs > _ |

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