Answers to Orientation Quizzes A.

Answers to Orientation Quizzes

Answers to Quiz A on p. 13
3. x <- t and x > I 4. x = -2 ± -2-
138

6. g(2) = ~ . The domain of g is all x such that x *- 0, ~ . 7. x> - \0 8. At the points (I, I) and (2,4)
9. y

Radius = 2

10. 2

Answers to Quiz B on p. 14
II 3
1. 4=2"4 2.x(x+3) 3. \0 4. 4 kilograms 5. (2x-I)/2x(orl-I/2x) 6.x 7
1
7. - 6, - 4, 0, 2 ' 8 8. -"73 1
9'"3 10. x +4

Answers to Quiz C on p. 14
8 4
1. (-2, -3) 2. "7 3. 150 0 4. 5 5.15 6. 8'11" centimeters 7. 14 meters
1
8. 18'11" cubic centimeters 9. 2 10. 2
A.2 Chapter R Answers

Chapter R Answers
R.1 Basic Algebra: Real Numbers and Inequalities
1. Rational 3. Rational 21. ±8 23. Ix + 5/21> 5/2
5. ab - 5b - 3c 7. a 2b - b 3 + b 2c 25. Ix - \/21 > 3/2 27. (3,4]
9. a 3 - 3a 2b + 3ab 2 - b 3 29. (-5,5) 31. (-\,1/3)
11. b 4 + 4b 3c + 6b 2c 2 + 4bc 3 + c4 33. Ixl < 3 35. Ixl < 6
13. (x + 3Xx + 2) 15. (x - 6Xx + \) 37. Ix - 21 ..; IO
17. 3(x - 4)(x + 2) 19. (x - I)(x + I) 39. Let x = I, Y = I, and z = - I.
21. 2 23. I 41. Take the cases x > 0 and x < 0 separately.
25. MUltiply out (x - 1)(x 2 + X + \) 43. No
27. x(x + 2Xx - I)
29. -4. -I 31. -I, 1/2 R.3 Laws of Exponents
33. (5 ± J26.2 )/2 35. No real solution
1. \ 3. 64(4·3\0 + I)
37. (I ±..['J3)/4 39.9/2
5. \/(2 9 .3 12) 7. 44
41. tr /2 9. 3 11. 3
43. -p, -5/3, -II, -7/5,0,9/5,23/8,3,22/7 13. 1/8 15. 36
45.a>c 17. I+x 19. x + 2x 3 + 3x 6
47. b 2 < c
49. -2> b
21. Use ix = x 1/ u 23. (ab)3/2
25. 4,8,32
51. (a) x < 4 27. (XI/2 - 2yl/2)(XI/2 + i/2)
(b) x ..; 13/3 29. (XI/2_4)(XI/2+2)
(c) x > 3
31. Both choices are consistent.
33. Proceed as in the proof that b p + q = bPb'l.

R.4 Straight Lines

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s~ (b)
1.
4t
--2 -1 0 2 3 4
-+1----ilf--+I----i-+-I-~ (e)

53. (a)

ax 2 + bx +c= a[{ x + :a f + (~- ::2)] = 0

has solution x + b /2a = ±

simplify.
(b) b 2 = 4ac exactly when the discriminant van-
ishes.

R.2 Intervals and Absolute Values 3.

1. (a) True (b) False (c) True
(d) False (e) True
3. If a < b, then a = 3a - 2a < b, so 3a < 2a + b
and a < (2a + b)/3.
5. [3, (0)
7. (- 00,2)
9. (- 00, -3) or (I, (0)
11. (-oo,Ojor[l,oo)
13. 2 IS. 8
17. 15 19. 15
 Chapter R Answers A.3

5. 2 7. yTI4
9. 43718 11./i y
13. 2~x2 + 25 15. 2a/i
17. 3 19. -7/2
21. Y = 2x - I

23. y = 7 y

(-1,7)
x

x
7. r = /i, center is (I, -1/2)
y
25. 2y = x +9
27. Y = 4
29. m = - 1/2, intercept is - 2
31. m = 0, intercept is 17/4
33. m = -11/7, intercept is 13/7
35. m = 0, intercept is 17
37. (a) m = -4/5
(b) 4y = 5x - I
39. y = 5x + 14
41. y= -x+6
43. (I, -3), (I + 2[6,3) or (I - 2[6,3)
9. r = 3, center is (4, - 2)
R.5 Circles and Parabolas y

11. Y = - x 2 + 2x + I
13. Y = -x 2 /5 + 2x
A.4 Chapter R Answers

~
y
n

(2,3)

25. (6/7,37/7)
y
17.
y
(2,3)

x
x

-5

27 ( -3 + 2JIT 53 - 12JIT )
19. • 5 ' 5 '

(
-3 - 2JIT 53 + 12JIT )
5 ' 5

21.
J'
8 x

x
 Chapter R Answers A.S

29. No intersection. 37. x E«(l-m)/18, (1 +m)/18)

y

y=x+1

31. 0, I, 2, or infinitely many intersections.

«-1 -/5)/4, (- 1 + /5)/4)

o
39. x E
y

33. (~(-9+[Yf3)/32 , (-9 + [Yf3)/8) -I

and (-~(-9+[Yf3)/32 ,(-9+[Yf3)/8)

R.6 Functions and Graphs

1. 7; 3 3. -2; 0 5.4; 0
7. Domain is x =F- 1; f(lO) = 100/9.
35. (-3/2,5/4) 9. Domain is - 1 " x " 1; f( 10) does not exist.
y 11. Domain is X=F -2,3; /(10)= 13/2l.
13. y

x x
-I -I
A.& Chapter R Answers

y
y

25.
17. y
y
6 •
•
4
•
•

(1,3)

x
-4 2 • 4 6

x • -2
•
• -4
19. y •

27. (a)

30

20 •
x
10

-I
•
21. y
-2 • 2 x

~~ I0

-20

• -30

x
 Chapter R Answers A.7

27. (b) y 65.

30 y

~O •
•
10 •
•
- I
•••••
•
•
• x

••
-2 2

• -10
x
•

.
• -20

~
--30
y

29. a, c
31. Yes; domain is x O. *
33. Yes; domain is x .;;; - I and x ;;. I.
35. Yes; domain is all real numbers.

Review Exercises for Chapter R

1. -2/3 3. (I ±!5)/2
5. -l- 7. 3
9. x> -1/4 11. -15 <x<!5
13. x> 3/2
17. (- I, I)
15. - ff73 < x <V7/ 3
Pf 19. (0,2)
21. (- 00, I - v2] and
[I +1I,00) 23. (5,6)
25. (- 2,3) 27. [5,6)
69. (-II, -II), (II ,II)
29. (- 00, 13/2J and (22/3,00)
71. No intersection.
31. (- 00, -5], (1,5/2) and [3,00)
73.
33. 13 35. 8
37. I 39. 4 .r
41. VXY 43. (..;x:::T -Jx - 8 )/7
45. JTO 47. 51I
49. 13Y - 8x + 17 = 0 51. x + y = I
53.4y+12x-61=0 55.2y-7x-34=0
57. 8y' - 5x - 3 = 0 59. Y - 4 = 0
61. x 2 - 24x + y2 - lOy + 105 = 0
63. x 2 - 14x + y2 + 2y + 41 = 0
A.a Chapter R Answers

7S. }'

77. y }' y

• •
• •
-2 2 x
-2 • 2 x
-2 2 x

• •
-I -I -I

79. y y y

•
•
2

•
•• ••
....•• 2

....
•
•••
.~ ..
•••
••

-2

81. a, c
83 (a) 1 has the smaller denominator
• l+I/(k+/)
1 1
(b) use 1 + 1/1 = 1 + I'
 Chapter 1 Answers A.9

Chapter 1 Answers
1.1 Introduction to the Derivative
1. (a).1y = 3.75; .1y/.1x = 7.5 55. j'(x) = 0 at x = -3/4; j'(x) > 0. for x > -3/4;
(b).1y = 0.0701; .1y/.1x = 7.01 j'(x) < 0 for x < -3/4
(c).1y = 1.11; .1y/.1x = 11.1
y
(d) .1y = 0.1101; .1y /.1x = 11.01
3. (a).1y = 7.25; .1y/.1x = 14.5
(b).1y = 0.1401; .1y/.1x = 14.01
(c).1y = LSI; .1y/.1x = IS.I
(d).1y = O.ISOI; .1y/.1x = 18.01
5. 7 meters/second x
7. 13 meters/second
(-~·-i)
9. (a) 2xo + 3 (b) Xo = 7/2 I
11. (a) 2x o + 10 (b) Xo = 0 <0 >0
. •I •
['(x) : [,(x)
13. Slope is 2.
[,(x) = 0

57. A'(x) = 2x
59. (1,0)
61. Y = lOx - I
y
x

15. Slope is - 3.

63. Y = 14x - 49 and y = 2x - 1

x
y

17. g 19. 2a
21. 3 23. -II
25. (S, -62) 27. (-2,7)
29. 2x + 3 31. 2x
33. -St + 3 35. -2s
37. t= I 39. 29.4 meters/second.
41. 6 43.0
45. -5 47. -I
49. Sx + 3 51. -2x
53. -4x + 5
A.10 Chapter 1 Answers

65. The equations of the lines are y - x~ and 63. By the quotient rule,
y == x5 - (1/2x o)(x - xo)
y
}i~.[ f/x ) ] ... I/Iim"->,,.f(x).

As with the argument that lim,,->oo! ... 0, we can

x
conclude that lim,,->xJI/!(x»)- O.
65. (a) Write !.(x) + h(x) + h(x) + !4(X)-
[J.(x)+ h(x) + h(x») + !4(x).
(b) Write !.(x) + !2(X) + ... + !17(X)-
x [J.(x) + ... + !.6(X») + A'(x).
(c) Use the method of (b) with n in place of 16
and n + I in place of 17.
(d) Choose m = I and use the basic sum rule
67. /,(0) = 0; /,(/2) = - 1 together with (c).

1.3 The Derivative as a Limit and

the Lelbnlz Notation
x 1. 2x + 1 3. 15x 2
S. -3/x 2 7. 2x - 3/x 2
9. I/IX
11. 4x - 1/2IX - l/x 2
13. The difference quotient I~:I has no limit at
69. (a) 24.5, 14.7,4.9, -4.9, -14.7, -24.5
Xo == O. However, f(O) = I and limx->o(i + Ixl) = I
meters/sec.
(b) 2.5 seconds imply that f(x) is continuous at Xo = O.
(c) 2.5 seconds 15. 2x - I 17. 9x 2 + I
(d) 5 seconds 19. 4/3 21. 15
23. -3 25. 10
27.8 29. -2/x 3
1.2 Limits 31. 1/2 33. One answer is
1. Limit is 2. 3. 2; does not exist
f(x)=={01-X 2 for -1<x<1
5. 20 7.0 for x <; - 1 or x ;> 1
9. 0 11. 0
Another is given in this figure:
13. .fJ /6 15. I
y
17. 1/2 19. 3
21. 2 23. -8
25. -.fJ - I 27. No limit exists.
29. No limit exists. 31. 1/2
33. 2/3 35. I
37. I = f(O); 2, f( I) does not exist; no limit, f(2) = 2; x
I, f(3) does not exist; no limit, f(4) = 2.
39.2,4 41. -00
43. No limit exists. 45. 1
47. + 00 49. 1/2 35. (a) 1,0
51. 5 53. 75 sin (x + ~x) - sin x
(b) ddx (sin x) = lim
55. 9 57. No limit exists. Ax-->O ~x
59. f(l) = 5 == lim sin x cos ~x + cos x sin ~x - sin x
61. (a) f(T) = g(T) = 0 .1,,-->0 ~x
(b) A thin sheet of ice of area A could remain just
before complete melting. Hence, limHTg(t) = AI!~o[ sinx( eos~: - 1 )]
= 0 = g(T), but limHTf(t) = A "* f(T).
(c) limHTlf(t)· g(t») == 0
(d) limHrf(t) ·limHTg(t) = 0 as well.
+ A~~O [ cos xCi~!x )]
= 0 + cos x = eosx.
 Chapter 1 Answers A.11

1.4 Differentiating Polynomials 1.6 The Linear Approximation

1. IOx 9 3. 33 x 32 and Tangent Lines
5. -20x 3 7. 30x 9
11. -4/6
1. Y = -2x +2
9. 3/26
y
13. f'(x) + g'(x) = 6x + I = (j + g)'(x)
15. f'(x) + g'(x) = 2x + I = (j + g)'(x)
17. f'(x) - 2g'(x) 19. 5x 4 + 8
21. 5t + 12t + 8
4 23. 4x 3 - 14x - 3
25. 13s 12 + 96s 7 - 21s 6 /8 + 4s 3 + 4s 2
27. 4x 3 - 9x 2 + 4x
29. 80h 9 + 9h 8 - 113h
31. 6x 5 + 12x 3 + 6x
33. 24t 7 - 306t 5 + 130t 4 + 48t 2 - 18t + 17
35. - 30r 5 + 20r 3 - 26r
37. 7t 6 - 5t 4 + 27t 2 - 9
39. 7u 6 + 42u 5 + 76u 3 + 15u 2 + 70u
41. 2x - 1/26 43. 3x 2 - 2 + 1/6 3. Y = 2x - 3
45. - 1 47. 317.44
49. 5 51. x 3 /3 + C
53. x"+I/(n + I) + C
55. (kj)'(x) = 2akx + kb = kf'(x)
57. ::, ( ~ "17r3) = 4"17r2 = surface area
59. k is the conversion factor from miles to kilometers.

1.5 Products and Quotients

1. 3x 2 + 16x+2 3.7x 6 -4x 3 -2
5. 3x 2 + 2x - 1 7. 4x 3 + 15x 2 + 16x + 6 5. Y = -(21/2)x
9. 3x 2 11. 4x 3 7. Y = (- 25/2)x + (17 /2)
13. 5x 3 / 2/2 15. 7x S/ 2/2 9. x = -I
17. (- x 2 + 4x + 3)/(x 2 + 3)2 11. x = 16
19. (4x 9 + 7x 6 + X4 - 2x)/(x 3 + 1)2 13. 4.08; 4.0804 is exact.
21. -8x/(x2-2i 15. 24.99; 24.990001 is exact.
23. - 2/ x 3 + (- x 2 + 1)/(x 2 + Ii 17. 4.002; 4.001999 on a calculator.
25. (- 6r 2 - 16)/,9 19. 3.99; 3.989987 on a calculator.
27. 2s /(1 - s)3 21. 74.52
29. (- 8x 3 - 8x)/(x 4 + 2x2)2 23. 63.52
31. -4/x s 25. 0.24"17
33. -2/(x+I)3 27. 0.40"17
35. s2(8s 5 + 5s 2 + 3) 29. 60.966
37. 8y+6+ I/(y+ 1)2 31. 0.0822
33. y = 12x - 8
39. 1/6(6 + 1)2 41. 15x 3 / 2 /2 + 2x
35. 1.02
43. (2+6)/2(1 +6)2 45. -3/,[fX(1 +36)2 37. -4.9976
47. Let hex) = I/g(x) and differentiate I/h(x) by the 39. 1,153,433.6
reciprocal rule. 41. -14.267; -0.98; -36.00
49. -1/4/I
51. 32x 7 + 48x 5 - 20x 4 - 52x 3 - 52x + 13
53. 24x 5 + 3x 2 - 26x + 2
55. (-8x 7 - 32x 5 + 20x 4 - 26x 3 - 13)/(4x s - 13x)2
57. P(x) = x 2 is an example.
A.12 Chapter 1 Answers

43. g'(3) = - 16; the graph lies below the tangent line. 27. 2.,fIp/(p2+ Ii
g(x) 29•. -(2/X - 1)/2/X(x _/X)2
31. 2
33.3
35. -192
37. II
39.6
41. 4x 3 + 6x
43. 3/5
x 45.0
~8 ~4 8
47. I; 0; does not exist; does not exist; I, 1,2
49. 17
51. 1- 1/2/X
53. -13
45. (a) 16 + 32(~x) 55. 0
(b) Smaller 57. 0
(c) [1.730,2.247) 59. t=2, 1/3
47. I - x is the linear approximation of 1/(1 + x) 61. I meter/second.
near O. 63. 1.072
3600 x2 65. 2.000025
49. 60 + x R; 60 - x + 60 67. 1.0045
69. 27.00
71. y= -6x
Review Exercises for Chapter 1 73. y = (216/361) x - (413/361)
75. 0.16'/T, the exact value is calculated as
1. 2x (0.1608013 ... )'/T meters 3 •
3. 3x 2
77. 5/2
5. 2 79. -x
7. 2s + 2 81. dV/dr= 9r 2 which is 9/14 of A.
9. - 50x 4 + 24x2
83. (a) dzldy = 4y + 3; dy/dx = 5.
11. 4x 3
(b) z = 50x 2 + 35x + 5; dz/dx = lOOt} + 35
13. 9x 2 - I//X
(c) (dz / dy) . (dy / dx) = 100x + 35 = d;
15. 50x 49 - 1/ x 2
17. -4x/(x 2 _ 1)2 (d) x = (yI5) - (1/5), dxldy = 1/5
19. - (5x 2 + 2)/2x 3/ 2(X 2 + 2)2 (e) dx/dy = I/(dy/dx)
21. (5s + 8S
2 + 6s + 8/S + I )/2/S
3/ 2 85. y = (2.,fI - 2)x
23. (4'/Tr + 3'/Tr3/2)/2( I + 1i)2 87. The focal point is (0, 1/4a).
25. -6t/(3t 2 +2i 89. (a) Use xnxm = xn + m.
(b) Apply (a) to the numerator and denominator.
(c) Use the quotient rule. (If deg f = 0, then f(x)
might be constant, in which case, degj' is not - I.)
91. (a) Expand j' g - fg' and equate coefficients of I,
x, x 2 ••• to zero.
(b) Apply (a) to F - G.
 Chapter 2 Answers A.13

Chapter 2 Answers
2.1 Rates of Change and the Second Derivative
I. y = 5x - 19 75. (a) y
I I
3. y= 2"x - 2"
5. ap / al = 0.6 cents/year, P = 5 when 1 = 1987;
when t = 1991, P = 7.4
7. v = 9.81 + 3; v = 150 meters/second.
9. -60
11. 11/2
13. 'TTr2 x
15. 69.6
17. 53
19. 400 people/day
21. 4'TTr 2, the surface area of a sphere (b) j'(x) = { 0 x.;;O
23. 1 = ± J-
c /3 ; no 2x x;;.O
25. 1.00 106, 0.043 y
27. 12x 2 - 6
29. IO/(x + 2)3
31. 168r6 - 336r 5
33. 2
35. 20x 3 + 84x 2
37. 2/(x - 1)3
39. 4(3(2 + 1)/«(2 - 1)3
41. 3 meters/second; 0 meters/second 2
43. 0 meters/second; 16 meters/second 2
45. -2 meters/second; 0 meters/second 2
47. (a) 29.4 meters/second downward; -9.8 me-
ters/second 2 • (c) j"(x) = {~ x<O
x>O
(b) - 20.8 meters/second.
49. 10 dollars/worker hour \.
51. 94 dollars/worker day
53. [25 - 0.04x - (4 + 0.04x - 0.016x 3 + 0.00004X4)
/( I + 0.002x 3)2) dollars/boot.
55. Gas mileage (in miles/gallon).
57. Price of fuel (in dollars/gallon).
59. The .first term is the rate of cost increase due to
the change in price and the second term is the rate
of cost increase due to the change in consumption
rate. There is no second derivative at x = O.
61. - 1.6, - 1.996, - 1.999996. (The derivative is - 2)
(d) The acceleration may have jumped as an en-
63. (a) 0; 0
gine was started.
(b) 30; 30
(c) 0; 0
(d) - 12; -12 2.2 The Chain Rule
65. (10/ 4 + 41 3 + 1212 + 22/- 3) cm 2/second. 1. 4(x + 3)3
67. (a) 1 > 6/10 3. lOO(x 3 + IOxr(3x 2 + 10)
(b) -13/2 5. (x 2 + 8X)2(7x 2 + 32x)
(c) 1 = 1/6 7. (x 9 + 8)2(29x 10 + 54x 8 + 16x)
69. a = 0 9. (y + 1)2(y + 2)(6y2 + 26y + 26)
71. (a) Accelerating when 1 > 0; decelerating when 11. (x + Ii; x 2 + I
1 < O. 13. (x 3 - 2)3; (x - 2)9
(b) no
73. (a) V = 4000 - 3501 15. ~ -/3 /(1 - x); 2/(1 + 2/3 x)
(b) - 350
A.14 Chapter 2 Answers

17. h(x) == j(g(x» where j(u) = IU, g(x) = 4x 3 + 59. (a) Use the product rule
5x +3. (b) Use the quotient rule
19. h(u) = j(g(u» where j(v)'" v 3, (c) Use the power of a function rule
g(u) == (I - u)/(I + u) jr(x) j2(X) ... +n jfc(x)
21. 4x(x 2 - I) (d) nl Nx) + n2 h(x) + k A(x)
23. 1 (x + 3 ) (x + 4)8
2 (x + 7 )9
25. 6(x 2 - 6x + 1)2(x - 3) (e) 17 s X
27. -195x 4 /(3 + 5x si (x 4 + 3) (x 4 + 2x + I)
29. 8x(x 2 + 2)(x 2 + 2)2 + I) 2x 8 9 68x 3 5(4x 3 + 2) ]
- 2x(x 2 + 3)4(3x2 + 4 (x 2 + 4)9 [
31. x2+ 3 + x +4 + x +7 - X4 + 3 - X4 + 2x + I
33. 5x(2x 3 + 1)/ 4x + 5x
35. 3x1'(2x 2) + 4x~'(2x2) 2.3 Fractional Powers and
37. (a) j(g(h(x»)
(b) j'(g(h(x») . g'(h(x» . h'(x) Implicit Dlffentlatlon
39. 0.2; ~0.18; as the circle grows larger, a given 1. 5/(4x 7 / 8 )
increase in diameter produces more area 3. 2/ X 3 / 4 + 2/(3x S / 3 )
41. 1500 gm cm 2/sec 3
5. 2/XI/3 - 5/(2.[5x)
43. 5¢/mile
7. (7/3)x 4 / 3 + (1O/3)x 7 / 3
45. -6250
9. 35x 4/(9(x 5 + If/9]
47. 156(x + 1)11
11. -1/(2x 3/ 2)
49. 392(x 4 + IOx 2 + 1)96(39Ix 6 + 3915x 4 + 53x 2 +
13. -2x/(x 2 + 1)1/2(x 2 - 1)3/2]
9700x + 5)
51. (a) (d/ dx)j(cx) = cf'(cx) 15. (x + 3)/ V(x + 3)2 - 4
(b) If the x-axis is compressed bV a factor 4, the
17. (3 - x - 5x 3 )/(2y'X (3 + x + X3)2)
slopes are multiplied by 4.
y 19. 1/(2y'X(I +y'X)2]
y = I +x 2 21. (2 - 5x 2)/(3x 2/ 3(X 2 + 2)2)
23. (I8x2+2x-24x9/2_16x7/2_12x5/2_1)/
(4y'X (y'X + 2x3)3/2~6x2 + 2x + I )
25. 7x/(4(x 2 + 5)1/8)
27. 3,fi /3
29. (3/II)x- 8 / 11 - (I/5)X- 4 / 5
31. -(7y + 2)/(8y 7/8(y - 2f)
33. -I /(2y'X(y'X - 1)3/2(y'X + 1)1/2]
35.0
37. (a) -4x 3 /(2y + I) 39. (a) II /4
(b) -4/3 (b) -II /4
(c) -4x 3 /(2y + I) 41. Y = - x + 2
y = 1+ (4x)2 43. (- 1/4)x -3/2 + (2/9)x -4/3
45. Y == -.;3 x + 2 49. 1.9990625
47. x 3 /(I - x 4 )3/4 51. 8.9955
53. (32(2 + x 1/3)3/ x 2 / 3 ] kg/unit distance.
55. 2.4
57. - 21I /27 seconds/pound.
59. (a) y = 50x/(x - 50)
(b) -25OO/(x - 5W
(c) (0,0) or (100, 100)
x
2.4 Related Rates and
53. if...2 (un) = nu n- 2[ u d2u + (n _ 1)( dxdu )2] Parametric Curves
dx dx 2
1. dy/dt = (x/y)(dx/dt)
55. j'(x) = 1/ g'(j(x» 3. dy / dt = (dx/ dt)/(2y + 3y2)
5. dy / dt = (dx/ dt)/(I - 2y)
57. (j 0 g)"(x) = j"(g(x))(g'(X))2 + f'(g(x»g"(x)
7. dy / dt = b / x (dx/ dt)
 Chapter 2 Answers A.1S

9. y 39. 2X 5 / 2/5 + 6/X + C

41. (1/4)x 4 + (3/2)x 2 + C
43. -1/(1+ 1)+ C
3
45. (8x + 3)3/2/12 + C
47. -4(S - 3x)5/2/3 + C
49. x + 6jX=T + C
x 51. x 3/3 + 3x 2/2 + 9x + C
53. 4.6 seconds
-2 55. ~ 3195
57. 4 seconds
11. Y = x 3 for x ;;. 0 59. (a) -6x 2/(x 3 _ 1)2
13. Y = (15x - 125)/2 (b) (x 3 + 1)/(x 3 - I) + C
61. (a) 80(x 4 + 1)19x 3
\0 y'i59 (13 - 6v'3)
15. Y = - - + (x -y'i59) (b) (x 4 + lio /80 + 9X 5 / 3 /5 + C
v'3 - I 76( -6 + 4v'3) 63. -(3/4)x- 4 +(2/3)x- 3 +X- I +C
17. dy/dt = -(dx/dt)/16 65. (1/4)x 4 + x 3 + 2x + I
19. -41/8 67. (a) J[f(xWf'(x)dx = [f(x)r+I/(n + I) +C
21. -125/8'77 cm/sec. (b) -1/6(x 3 + 4)2 + C
23. 2.55 inches/minute.
25. (a) By the distance formula,
Review Exercises for Chapter 2
';X2 + y2 = 2Vx2 + (y _ 1)2 1. 18(6x + 1)2
which yields 3x 2 + 3(y - (4/3»2 = 4/3, a circle. 3. IO(x 3 + x 2 - 1)(3x 2 + 2x)
(b) 0 5. -6/x 2
7. - 2/(x - 1)2
(c) (If /3, (-If + 4)/3), (-If /3, (If + 4)/3)
9. (- 2x 3 - 54x)(x 2 + 1)12 /(x 2 _ 1)15
27. -7/3
11. 3(x 2 + x/4 - 3/8)2(2x + 1/4)
29. -I
13. (x 3 + 12x 2 - 6x - S)/(x + 4)3
31. (a) For a horizontal line, dy / dt = 0, dx/ dl *- O.
15. 24x2 - 8x - 4
For a vertical line, dx / dl = 0, dy / dl *- O.
17. y= -1- Vi(x-I)/6
(b) Horizontal tangents at 1= ± 1173. Vertical
19. Y = -5184 - 3240x
tangent at I = O. 21. (5/3)x 2/ 3
33. Use dh / dV = dh 23. (3/X + x 5/ 2)/[2(1 + x 2)3/2]
dl dl dV
25. 3/X /(1 - x 3/ 2)2
27. 4//X(1 +/X)2+3(I-x+/X)/(I-/X)2
2.5 Antlderlvatlves 29. f'(x) = ( - x 2 + 2ax + c + 2ab)/(x 2 + 2bx + cf
j"(x) = [2x 3 - 6ax 2 - (6c + 12ab)x +
1. x 2/2 + 2x + C 2ac - 8ab 2 - 4bcl/(x 2 + 2bx + C)3
3. 4 + s3 + S2 + C
S4 /
31. X'(I) = A /(1 - 1)2 + 2BI/(1 - (2)2 + 3Ct 2/(1 - (3)2
5. -1/21 2 + C
x"(I) = 2A/(\ - 1)3 + (2B + 6B( 2)/(1 - ( 2)3 +
7. 2x 5 / 2/5 - 2x 3/ 2/3 + C
(6Ct + 12Ct4 )/(1 - ( 3 )3
9.6
33. h'(r)= 13r I2 -4/2 r 3 _(_r 2 +3)/(r 2 +3)2
11. (\ + 41f)/24
13: (3/2)x 2 + C h"(r) = 156r ll - 121f r2 - (2r 3 - 18r)/(r 2 + W
15. - x-I - (I /2)x - 2 + C 35. f'(x) = 3(x - 1)2g (x) + (x - 1)3g'(x)
17. 2(x + 1)3/2/3 + C j"(x) = 6(x - I)g(x) + 6(x - 1)2g ,(x) +
19. 2(1 + 1)5/2/5 + C (x - 1)3g ,,(x)
21. v = 9.81 + I; x = 4.912 + I + 2 37. h'(x) = 2(x - 2)3(3x 2 - 2x + 4)
23. v = 9.S1 - 2; x = 4.912 - 21 h"(x) = 2(x - 2)2(\5x 2 - 20x + 16)
25. No. 39. g'(I) = (2t 7 - 31 6 - 51 4 + 12( 3)/(/ 3 _ 1)2
27. Use the sum rule for derivatives. g"(I) = (21 9 - 41 6 - 181 5 + 20/ 3 _ 36/2)/(13 _ 1)3
29. x 3 /3 + 3x 2/2 + 2x + C 41. If V = i3 '77r 3, dV = 4'77r2 dr. You are given
31. 13 + 12 + I + C dl dl
33. -1/[8(St + I)] + C dV = k . 4 '77r 2
dl .
35. - 1/[6(3b + 2)8] + C
37. -1/3x 3 + x 5 /5 + C
A.16 Chapter 2 Answers

43. (a) 3/4 millibars per degree. 87. 2X9/2/9+2xI3/2/13+21X +C

(b) -12°C 89. 2(x - 1)3/2/3 + C
45.0 91. -I/(x - I) + C
47. 32.01 miles per hour. 93. 2(x - 1)3 / 2/3 - 2(x - 2)7/2/7 + C
49. dA/dx = 44x; d 2A/dx 2 = 44.
51. dA / dy = [120 - (25/2)77)Y; ~;~ = 120 - ei )77
95. j'(x) =

J
4x 1/2 + X - 2x 5/6
12x7/6(X1/2 _ Xl/3
j'(x)dx = xI/3/(xI/2 -
;
+ 1)312
xl/3 + 1)112 + C
53. dA / dP = 44P /(25 + /IT)2; dP / dx = 25 + /IT
55. dA/dP = [120 - (25/2)77)P/[577/2 + 32)2; 97. j'(x) = 1/21X - I/(x + l)3/ 2,;x=T;
dP/dy = (577/2) + 32
57. (a) [5 - (0.02)x) dollars per case.
J j'(x)dx = IX - ~(x - I)/(x + I) + C
(b) $3.32 99. j'(x) = 1/2x 3/\41X + 1)2;
(c) Marginal cost is a decreasing function of x.
(d) x:;;. 504
J j'(x)dx = (4,fx - 1 )/(41X + I) + C
101. j'(x) = -2x/(x 2 - l)3 / 2R+f;
J
59. Y = 0
61. y=,'. +~(x-2) j'(x)dx = [(x 2 + 1)/(x 2 - 1»)1/2 + C
63. -1/2 103. (a) Replacing x by - x does not change the equa-
(I + 3 W)4v'2 tion, so the graph is symmetric to the y-axis.
65. y=(3+ V'2)+ (x-;-v'2) Similar argument for x-axis.
( 15 v'2 + 2)3 W (b) -2/11
67. (a) 3.00407407 (c) y = -2x/11 + 15/11
(b) -3.979375 105. 84 pounds per second.
69. (a) 20~x 107. (a) j"(x) = n(n - l)x n - 2 ;
(b) 0.42 !"'(x) = n(n - I)(n - 2)x n - 3
71. j"(x)g(x) + 2j'(x)g'(x) + j(x)g"(x) (b) -d'x n
d = n(n - l)(n - 2) ... (n - r + I)x n - ,
73. Each side gives mn !(x)mn-Ij'(x). x'
75. lOx + C (c) [j(x)g(x)h(x»)' = j'(x)g(x)h(x) +
77. X4 + x 3 + x 2 + X + C j(x)g'(x)h(x) + j(x)g(x)h'(x)
79. IOx 7 / 5 /21 + C dk - I
109. By Exercise 108, - - rex) = C I . Conclude
81. l/x + 1/x2 + 1/x 3 + 1/x4 + C dX k - 1

83. x 3 /3 + 2x 3/ 2 /3 + C dk - 2
dX k - 2 rex) = Clx + C2 and repeat.
85. 2x 5 / 2/5 + 21X + C
 Chapter 3 Answers A.17

Chapter 3 Answers
3.1 Continuity and the 37. j(x) is not continuous on [0,2].
39. 2.22
Intermediate Value Theorem 41. -1.194
1. (a) (- 00, - 1), (- 1, 1), (1,00); (b) all x; 43. To increase accuracy by one decimal place, accu-
(c) (-00, -1),(-1,00) racy must increase ten times.
3. Use the rational function rule. 45. IIOj(b)/[J(b) - j(a)]1 computed to the nearest in-
5. Use the rational function rule. teger marks the new division point if [a, b] is
7. (-00,00) divided into ten equal parts. (Other answers are
9. Since j(x) is defined everywhere but at Xo = ± I, possible.)
j(x) is continuous by the rational function rule. 47. If j is continuous at Xo and j(xo) > 0 then j(x) > 0
for x in some interval about Xo.
11. limj(x) does not exist.
x-->o 49. In step 2, write j(x)/ xn = I + an_IX - I + ...
13. (j + g)(xo) = j(xo) + g(xo) = + aox - n and Ian _ I X - I + ... + aox - n I
lim j(x) + lim g(x) = lim [J(x) + g(x)]. ,,;; Ian_Ix-II + ... + laox-nl ,,;; lan-Ii lX-II +
X~Xo X--+Xo X--+Xo
... + laollx-II = (Ian-Ii + ... + laol)lx-11
15. x< -2/f,x>2/f < 1/2, soj(x)/x n > 1/2.
17. Let j(s) = - S5 + s2 - 2s + 6. Note that j(2) =
- 26, j( - 2) = 46 and use the intermediate value 3.2 Increasing and Decreasing
theorem.
19. Consider j( - I) = 3, j(O) = - I, j(l) = 3 and use Functions
the intermediate value theorem. 1. Use the interval (2,4) and the definition of in-
21. Negative on (- 00, -/f) and (1,/f), positive on creasing.
( -/f, I) and (/f, + 00 ) 3. Verify the definition of increasing function.
23. :::::; 1.34 5. j changes from positive to negative at Xo = 1/2.
25. Use the second version of the intermediate value 7. j changes from negative to positive at Xo = O.
theorem. 9. Increasing
27. No, lim j(x) does not exist. 11. Neither
X--+Xo
13. Right
15. January, February, March; t = 3 is a minimum
y
point; inflation got worse after April I.
1 17. Increasing on (0,00); decreasing on (- 00,0)
19. Increasing on (- 00, I), (2,00); decreasing on
(1,2) .
.r
21. (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) I (d) 2
(e) 5
23.
29. j(2) = 4
31. One possibility is j(x) = -5x/2 + 9/2. Question
Function
(a) (b) (e) (d) (e) (f)

(-00.0) (-00. -I)

y (J) increasing nowhere (0.00) (0.00) (-00.00)
(0.00) (0.1)
(-1.0)
(2) decreasing nowhere nowhere (-00.0) (-00.0) nowhere
(1.00)
(3) local min·max. none O(min) O(min)
points ::!: I (max)
(4) sign changes nowhere ±2

x 25. XI' X3, X5 are minima; X2, X4 are maxima; X6 is

neither.
27. x = 0, a local minimum.
29. x = 0, a local minimum; x = - 2/3, a local maxi-
mum.
33. j(1) = 2 31. y = - 1, a local minimum; y = I, a local maxi-
35. mum.
y
33. r = - 1,0, 1 are local minima; r = ± 1/ /f are lo-
cal maxima.
35. Increasing at -3, -36; decreasing at 1,3/4,25.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
A.18 Chapter 3 Answers

37. m = -2, positive to negative; m = 0, no sign on ( - 2, 2/3), concave up on (- 2/3, 00), concave
change; m = 2, negative to positive. down on (- 00, -2/3).
39. Xo = -2, positive to negative; Xo = -I, negative 31. Inflection point at x = 0 for odd n, n > 2.
to positive. 33. f(x) = kx4/12 - kx J /2 + kx 2 + dx + e where
41. f does not change sign. k*" 0, d and e arbitrary.
43. Positive to negative. 35. (a) j"(xo) < 0 (j"(xo) > 0) makes the linear ap-
45. Increasing on (- 00, - -/5/6), (-/5/6,00); de- proximation greater (less).
(b) the approximation is less for x > O.
creasing on (- -/5/6, -/5/6). 37. (a) 2(x + 1), - x, 2(x - I)
47. Increasing on (-oo,3-/iO), (3+/iO,oo); de- (b)
creasing on (3 -/iO, 3 + /iO).
49. f(x) is of the form a(x 2 - 4x + 3) where a > O. ~~
~x -I 0 I
51. (a) limf(x) = 3/2, lim f(x) does not exist. I 0.2 O. -I. 6.2
X--i'l X--i'-l

(b) Show j'(x) = x(x J - 3x + 2)/(x 2 - 1)2> 0 -I - 6. -2 O. I O. -2

on (-00, -2). 0.17 0.171.0.2 - 0.099. - O. I 0.231.0.2

(c)f(a)<f(-2)ifa< -20r -2<a<-\. -0.1 - 0.231. -0.2 0.099.0.1 - 0.171. -0.2
(d) If a> -I, then (a J - 1)/(a 2 - I);;. I. 0.01 0.01970 I. 0.02 - 0.009999. - 0.01 0.02030 I. 0.02
53. For x < Xo < y, f(x) < f(xo) < fey) and - 0.01 - 0.02030 I. - 0.D2 0.009999.0.01 - 0.019701. -0.02
g(x) < g(xo) < g(y) implies f(x) + g(x) <
This table shows f(xo + ax), followed by its linear
f(xo) + g(xo) < fey) + g(y).
approximation. e(x) < 0 when j"(xo) < 0, e(x) > 0
55. If a, > O. If a, = 0 = a2 and a3 > O. Etc.
when j"(xo) > O. e(x) is the same sign as ax when
57. (a) g(x)h(x) is increasing when g'/g+h'/h>O.
j"(xo) = O.
g(x)h(x) is decreasing when g'/g+ h'/h < O.
(b) g(x)/ hex) is increasing when
39. (a) 1= E/2R
g' / g - h' / h > O. g(x)/ hex) is decreasing
(b) P = E2/4R
when g'/g - h'/h < O.
41. 28 feet.
59. f(x) = k(x 3/3 - x), k < 0
43. y
61. 2a 2 = b 2

3.3 The Second Derivative

and Concavity
I. x = 0 is a local minimum.
3. x = - VI/30 is a local maximum; x = 'VI/30 is
a local minimum. (a)

5. x = 0 is a local minimum. y
7. s = - I is a local minimum; s = I is a local maxi-
mum.
9. Concave up everywhere.
11. Concave up everywhere.
13. Concave up on (I, 00). concave down on (- 00, I).
15. Concave up on (-4/3,00), concave down on
(- 00, -4/3).
17. x = 0 19. x = 0
21. None 23. x= ±1/13
(b)
25. (a) Maximum (b) Inflection point y
(c) None (d) Maximum
(e) Maximum (f) Inflection point
(g) Inflection point (h) Minimum
27. x = 0 is a local minimum, increasing on (0, 00),
decreasing on (- 00,0), concave up on (- 00,00).
29. x = - 2 is a local maximum, x = 2/3 is a local
minimum, x = -2/3 is an inflection point, in- x
creasing on (- 00, - 2), and (2/3,00), decreasing
(e)
 Chapter 3 Answers A.19

y 13. y

(d)
!.
45. Not necessarily. 2
47. If h" = r changes sign from negative to positive -0.105
at xo, then h'(x) is decreasing to the left of Xo and
increasing to the right. Since h'(xo) = 0, h' changes
sign from negative to positive. Repeat to conclude 15. y
the result.

3.4 Drawing Graphs x

1. Odd
3. Neither
5. Near - I: x < -I, j(x) is large and positive; 17.
x > - I, f(x) is large and negative.
7. Near I: x < I, f(x) is large and negative; x> I,
f(x) is large and positive. (x = - I is not a vertical
asymptote).
9. y

----1 Ii -\1

1
-+-------
\\ ' 19. y

11.
y
~
,

-4
,
A.20 Chapter 3 Answers

21. y 29. y

j
r'
x

23. 31. (a) B

y
(b) A
(c) D
(d) C
33. (a) Increasing on (- v'3, 0) and (v'3, 00); decreas-
x
--8 -6 -4 2 4 6 8 ing on (- 00, - v'3) and (O,v'3).
2
(b)
-4
-6 Y

/\
-8
-10
-12

25. y

-3 -I 3

35.
y
x

6
27.
y
4

-4 2 4
 Chapter 3 Answers A.21

37. y 53. Velocity is 0, acceleration is infinite.

-2- I

39. y

8 55. No critical points if ap > 0, I critical point if

p = 0, 2 critical points if ap < O.
57. Substitute
59. y y y

4 x

41. I(x) is even if and only if I(x) - I( - x) = O.

When expanded, this shows that I(x) is even if the x x x
even powers of x have nonzero coefficients. Use a
similar argument for odd functions. Type II, (d> 0) Type 112 (d =0) Type n3 (d < 0)
43. (a)
N 61. Eliminate x from the equations j'(x) = 0,
250
rex) = O.
63. III,
200 .I'

150 8

100

50
4
x
345678

(b) t = 4
(c) The growth rate is zero.
x
45. e(x) = H/(x) + I( - x»), o(x) = H/(x) - I( - x»)
47. No; for example I(x) = I.
49. Locate the inflection point of g at x = 0 or just
substitute.
51. x 3 + (8j3)x, type I
A.22 Chapter 3 Answers

61. One possibility is y = -lxI-

3.5 Maximum-Minimum 63. One possibility is f(x) = x on( -2, 2),
Problems f(2) = f( - 2) = O.
1. (1, -1) is the minimum; no maximum. 65. M( < M2 since MI is a value and M2 is the
3. (/2,2/2) is the minimum; no maximum. maximum value.
5. No minimum. Maximum at x = -l. 67. For p > 0, q > 0, Nq/p ,2Jp/q) is a minimum;
7. - J5/3 is a minimum, J5/3 is a maximum. p < 0, q < 0, (Jq/p ,2Jp/q) is a maximum. Oth-
9. (1971.4,16%) is a minimum; (1980,34%) is a maxi- erwise, no solution.
mum. 69. There are none.
71. x ~ 0.497 or 1.503.
73. (a) A quart
Critical points Endpoints Maxima Minima (b) If q;;. gl2, G < Q + g/2; if q < g/2,
II. 1/2 0 (0.0) (1/2, -1/4)
G < Q + q.
o.ff. -ff (-4.199) (ff .3),(-ff .3)
75. f and g must have a maximum at the same point.
13. - 4.2
15. 1/2. - 1/2 - 10.20 (1/2.0.000005) (20.0.00000119)
(- 1/2.0.000005) 77. Use the closed interval test and the definition of
17(0)
(b) 1/2 (1/2. -1/4)
concavity.
(c) 3/2 2 (3/2. -5/4)
(d)
(e)
3/2
3/2
2 (3/2.
(3/2.
-5/4)
-5/4) 3.6 The Mean Value Theorem
(f) 3/2 (3/2. -5/4)
(g) -1.1 (-1.5) (I. -I) 1. Use the mean value theorem.
(h) 3/2 - 8.8 (-8.89) (3/2. -5/4) 3. f(x) = 2g(x) + C
19(0) - 1/7 -1.1 (I. 13) (-1/7.27/7)
(b)
5. Use the mean value theorem.
(c) - 1/7 -4 (-4.108) (-1/7.27/7) 7. Use the mean value theorem.
21. I 9. It is between 72 and 76 .
23. .fI73 . - .fI73 - 2.3 (3.24) (-2. -6)
11. Xo = 1/2.
25. O. -0.6 - 10.10 (10.999/101) (- 10. - 1001/101)
27. I - 1.6 (-1.1/2)
29. 0 y

31. Minimize f(l) = 2(1 + 1//)

D· -I 2 x
33. Maximize f(x) = x(M - x)
35. / = I is a minimum; the rectangle is a square of
side length 1.
37. x = M /2; the two masses should be equal. 13. F(x) = (1/ x) + C I for x < 0; F(x) = (1/ x) + C 2
39. IO cm on each side. for'x > 0; C I doesn't necessarily equal C2
41. (a) r = 3,/500/77 cm, h = 2 3,/500/77 cm. 15. No, f'(x) doesn't exist at x = O.
17. x 2 /4 - 4x 3 /3 + 21x + C.
(b) r = 3,/v/277 cm, h = 2 ~V/277 cm. 19. -1/x+x 2 + C.
(c)r=JA/677 cm,h=J2A/377 cm. 21. 2x 5 /5 + 8/5
43. 749 units. 23. x 5 /5 + x 4 /4 + x 3 /3 + 13/60
45. Height and width are 12 inches, length 24 inches. 25. Use the mean value theorem twice.
47. 32,4 27. Use the horserace theorem.
49. (a) Circle of radius 500/77 feet. 29. Show that dN / dl ;;. 0 cannot hold on (11,1 2) by
(b) Circle has radius 500/(77 + 4) feet, square using the fact that N is nonconstant.
has side 1000/(77 + 4).
51. (a) y = V;;bf + a Review Exercises for Chapter 3
(b) (a2/3 + b 2/3 )3/ 2 1. (-oo,-I)and(l,oo)
53. / = (3 - /6)c/3 3. (- 00, I), (1,2) and (2,00)
55. The square of side 1. 5. Use the definition of continuous functions. Yes,
57. The semicircle with radius 500/77 meters. polynomials are continuous and h(x) is continu-
59. The right triangle with legs of length 12. ous at x = 2.
 Chapter 3 Answers A.23

7. y 15. Increasing on (- if ,if); decreasing on

(- 00, - J2") and (J2", 00).
17. Increasing for t < - 5/3 and t> 5, decreasing for
- 5/3 < t < 5 for t in [ - 3,7]. Political reaction to
x minimum: fulfilled promises; maximum: things
are turning around now; inflection point: the rate
at which things are getting worse has just turned
around for the better.
9. Use the intermediate value theorem. 19. Speeding up on (50, 100); slowing down on (0,50).
11. The root is approximately 0.83. 21. Xo = 2/3 is a local maximum; Xo = 1 is a local
13. Increasing on (- 00,0) and (1/4,00); decreasing minimum.
on (0, 1/4). 23. Xo = - 3 and Xo = 1 are local minima; Xo = - I is
a local maximum.

Concavity Local
Continuous Differentiable Increasing Decreasing Up Down Endpoints Maximum Minimum Inriection Points
25. (-00.00) (-00.00) (0.4/21) (-00.0) (- 00.2/21) (2/21.00) Xo = 4/21 Xo= 0 xo=2/21
(4/21. 00)

27. [-1.2] [ -1.2] [-I.-v'2/3) (- v'2/3 .v'2/3 ) (0.2) [-1.0) - 1.2 Xo = v'2/3 Xo = v'2/3 Xo= 0
(v'2/3 . 2) xo:Z: 2 x =-1

29. (- 00. 2/5) (- 00.2/5) (- 00.2/5) (- 00.2/5) (2/5.00)

(2/5.00) (2/5.00) (2/5.00)

y
25. 27. y
29. ,.

0.4 I 2 x

II
-------0.6 -t------

x
2
2i
4
2I
6
2i -A3 -0.1
-2

31. False. 43.

y
33. False.
35. False.
37. True.
39. True.
41.

\!
x

x
A.24 Chapter 3 Answers

45. y 59. y
I
X = .::.L I
-¥21
I

\i
._----

-1 ~

(b)
47. y

61. y

x
-2 -1 2

49. y

6 63. (512 + 2) inches by (1012 + 4) inches.

65. Height is h /3, radius is 2,/3.
4 67.1= ~5V/2, h=(2V5V/2)/5; the ratio I/h IS
independent of V.
69. V = 27T,3 + 40p7T,2 yields radius, h = V / 7T,2.
71. x = VI /4 + (7T /10)2 , P = 180/(5 + V7T 2 + 25 )
1 ~ 3
x 73. (a) I
(b) y
51. Maximum value is 31; minimum value is -13.
53. Maximum value is 3; minimum value is 3

2[30 - 10.
55. There are none.
57.

x
4 8 4
3" 3"

75. (a) Show that the minimum occurs at (a + b)/2

and use the fact [(a + b)/2f ;;. ab for positive a
and b.
77. (a) R = price per item X number of items. C
= initial cost + (cost per item) X (number of
items). P = cash received - cost.
(b) x = 2000 units.
(c) x = 3000 units.
(d) x = 5,625,000 units.
(a)
79. 1 = 16[5 feet, w = 10[5 feet.
 Chapter 3 Answers A.2S

81. (a) x = 40/(3,,13 + I) (b) Use the definitions.

(b) 16.4 miles (c) Use properties of exponentiation.
83. If 1'''(x) = 0, then j"(x) = 2A, a constant. Then (d) Use properties of exponentiation.
1'(x) - 2Ax is a constant too. (e) Consider the cases Ix - al < I or Ix - al ;;. I
85. (a) 119.164Ibs. and when m,n are < I or ;;. I.
(b) Gain is 7.204 Ibs. (f) y
87. (a) Set the first derivative equal to O.
(b) fg has a critical point if l' / f = - g' / g.
89. (a)
y

,
y = J8(x - 2)4
20 I

,
x
15
I
I
10
,
I
5
93. Assume that there is no maximum or minimum
x
and show that this contradicts f(O) = f(1).
2 95. The maximum and minimum points of f on [a, b1
cannot both be endpoints.
(b) y 97. Use the mean value theorem on [f(x)l/ x.
y
I
Iy = 240(x - 3)2

x
4

X
,\
-20
x

-40"t" \
, \ y = -90x 99. Consider the second derivative of h(x) = x'2j'(x).

91. (a) y

x
A.28 Chapter 4 Answers

Chapter 4 Answers
4.1 Summation
1. 20.4 meters. y
3.

-
4
3. 91.0 meters.
5.34 3
7.40 2
9. 325 ....a
11. \035
13. 3003
15. 9999
17. 0
19. 5865 5. 0 2 3 o 2 I 3
21. [n(n + I) - (m - l)ml/2 7. 0 2 3 o 1 2 3
23. Notice that 1/(1 + k 2) .;; I for k ;;. I.
2S. 100,000,000 9. L = 5, U= 13
27. 10,400
y
29.
y
8

20.4
6

15.9 4

9.6

6 x
1 2 3

11. 91.5 meters .;; d .;; 117 meters.

x 13. 0.01 meters';; d .;; 0.026 meters.
3 5 89.5
15. 3/2
17. 5(b 2 - a 2)/2
31. 14,948 19. 1/2
33. (n + 1)4 - I 21. 11/6
35. 30,600 23. 1/6
37. 122
39. 124 4.3 The Definition of the Integral
41. (a) Apply the telescoping sum formula.
(b) [n(n + IX2n + 1)1/6 - [(m - IX2m - l)ml/6 1. -2 y
(c) [n(n + 1)/2)2 3
2
4.2 Sums and Areas
1. y 1 2 3 4 x
-I
4

-
-2
3
-3 ()00004
2 0-0
 Chapter 4 Answers A.27

3.0 y (b) 0, IS, -2, S

3 (c) (n - l)n/2
(d) F(x)

.-01 7
6
-3 -2. -I 1 x

-2 4
-3 3

5. -2
7.0
o x
9. f2-I x 2dx 1 2 3 4

{i
O<x<1
11. flXdx l<x<2
F'(x) - 2<x<3
13. 7/10
15. 0.509 3<x<4
n
17. (a) fS(t2 - SI + 6)dl 29. (a) 2: AiLhj
i-I

(b) fS(/2 - SI + 6)dl - fS(t2 - SI + 6)dl (b) foLf(x)dx

n
31. (a) Choose a partition and consider kf(x) on each
19. lim (1/ n 6 )
n-->oo
2: j5
interval.
i= I

21. lim
n-->oo
(± Sn
i- I 2
2n
+ Sin + 4i 2
) (b) kff(x)dx

33. (a) 19/2

23. Choose step functions with two steps.
{ 2x if 0.;; x < I y
25. (a)
x
In
f(/)dt = 2 if I.;; x < 3
o _x +S if 3.;; x .;; 4 I>

-
(b) y
4
4
3
3

x
1 234 o 1 2 3 x

(c) F is differentiable on (0.4] except at I, 3

and 4. (b) 1/2
(c) They are both 19.
if O<x<1
F'(x) = { ~ if l<x<3 (d) Calculate each explicitly.
(e) No.
- I if 3<x<4
35. 1/6
27. (a) f(t)
4 4.4 The Fundamental Theorem
2
......0
......0
of Calculus
-....0 1. 20 3.30
5. SI/4 7.24
-4 -2 2 4 x 9. (3/7)(b 7 / 3 - a 7 / 3 ) 11. (l2'11/S)(\132 - I)
-2 13. -400/3 15. 78/S
17. 11/1800 19. 29/6
21. 367/24 23. S9/6
25. 7/3 27. 3/4
A.28 Chapter 4 Answers

19.2 39. 82/9 y

41. 604,989/5 units.

31. 4 43. -29/3 units, 56/3 units.
45. 1600 feet.
47. (a) v~/g
(b) 5v5;8g
49. On an interval (Xi,Xj+l) on which h(t) == Ii'
f(t) "Ii' so F(Xi+ I) - F(Xi) ,,(/hi)/i by the
mean value theorem. Now use a telescoping sum.

4.5 Definite and Indefinite

Integrals
33. 25/3 y 1. (d/ dx)(x s) = 5X 4
3. (d/dx)(t IO/2 + (5) = 5t 9 + 5t 4
5. (a) (d/ dx)[t 3 /(1 + t 3») = 3t 2/(I + t 3f
(b) 1/2
7. (a) (3x2 + x 4)/(X 2 + If
(b) 1/2
9. 370/3
11. 16512/7
x 13. II /6
15. 1/6
17. 3724/3
35. 22/5 19. (a) For any c, the area under c times f(x) is c
times the area under f(x).
y

37. 93/5
(b) If you go c times as fast, you go c times as far.
21. 7
23. -8
25. -5/2
27. -199/16200
29. :x (~4 - X - ~4 + a) = X3 - 1

31. 1/512
 Chapter 4 Answers A.29

33. 3/(/ 4 + 1 3 + 1)6 4.6 Applications of the Integral

35. - 12(1 + 1)5
37. Differentiating the distance function with respect 1. 160/3 3. $18,856
to time gives the velocity function. 5. 16/3 7. 31/5
39. (a) 9. 1/6 11. 3/10
f(t) 13. 141/80 15. 8
17. 207/4 19. 1/4, 1/4
21. 32/3 23. 1/8
25. 12,500 liters. 27. 7200
o 5 6
x
29. (a) bh/2
(b) bh/2
(b) 14/3 31. Speedometer.
(c) 14/3 {/3/3 33. 15 minutes, 43 seconds.
(d) F(/) = 1- 2/3 35. (a) Integrate both sides of
(I - 6)3/3 + 14/3 W'(/) = 4(//100) - 3(1/IOOf
F(t) (b) 12/50- 13/10,000
(c) 100 words
14/3
13/3 37. y = (II - 4/6)/8

Review Exercises for Chapter 4

1. 30 3. 21/5
5. 379,250 7. 14,641
5 6 t
9. 223/60

/2
11. If x is time in seconds, fo11f(X)ldx is the distance
(e) F'(t) = { I travelled where f(x) is the velocity.
(I - 6)2 13. -718/3 15. - 23/36
17. 7/12 19. (3/7)(5 7 / 3 - 37 / 3)
21. (a) 3.2399, 3.0399.
41. (a) ~ [FI{I) - F 2(/») = f{l) - f(/) = 0
(b) 3.1399. [The exact integral is '1T.)
23. (a) -2x/(\ + x 2 )2
(b) i~'f(S)dS (b) 1/4
25. (a2 - al)(mal + b + ma2 + b)/2
43. (a) Let u = g(t) and G(u) = iUf(S)ds. Then y

i g(t)f(s)ds = G(g{l». Now use the chain

y=mx+b
rule.
(b) The rate of change of area = height times the
speed of the screen.
45. 2/x
47. f(g(t»· g'(t) - f(h(/»' h'(/). The rate of change
of area as both endpoints move is the sum of the
rates due to the motion of each endpoint.
49. The general fact about inequalities is: if c < a + b
then C = CI + c2 where CI < a and C2 < b. (Let 27.6
y
CI ... a - Ha + b - c) and C2 = C - CI') 6
51. f+hf(S)ds - ff(s)ds = f+hf(S)ds
53. f(c)--+ f(/) as h --+0 by continuity of f.
A.30 Chapter 4 Answers

29. (a) Differentiate the right-hand side. 43. (a) fol32xdx = 16t 2 feet; flO80dx = 1080t feet.
(b) 2/63
(b) 5.2 seconds.
31. 64/21
(c) 432.56 feet.
33. 125/6
(d) 0.4 seconds.
35. The plane was at least 1700 feet above ground.
45. (a) The fifth day.
37. (a) 22 liters.
(b) -4000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
(b) 16 liters.
47.4
(c) (256/27) liters.
49. x 2 /(1 + x 3 )
39. (a) foQ[D(X) - b]dx is the area between the 51. 15/2
curves p = D(x) and p = b, from x =0 to 53. 3t 2 /[(t 3 + 2f + I]
x = a.
55. (a) Since f is unbounded at 0, it has no upper sum
and is not integrable.
(b) foQ[b - S(x)]dx is the area between the
(b) J.lt-1/2dt + {) is a lower sum for I: > 0 and
curves p = band p = S(x) from x = 0 to
x = a. {) > O.
(c) Interpret the integral in (a) in terms of sums. (c) I:f(l:) + ff(t)dt = 2 -,[e is a lower sum for
(d) Consumer's surplus = !, Producer's sur-
plus = j. I: >0.
(d) 2
41. 110/3
 Chap'er 5 Answers A.31

Chapter 5 Answers
5.1 Polar Coordinates and 21. (a) (0,6) (b) (612, -612)
(c) (-4,0) (d) (0,2)
Trigonometry (e) (-4, -4/3) (f) (0.42, -0.91)
1. 3.84 m, 19.19 m 2 23. tan II = IBCI/IACI = cot(.,,/2 -II)
3.5/18 rad, 45 m 2
5. 0.5061,0.9425,4.4506, 2.2689, 5.5851.
7. (a) .,,/3, 6.,,/5, .".
(b) 160°,305°,25°
9. y A B

25. In the Figure, cos II = x/I = cos( - 8).

•
(5, -;)
27. 84.5
29. 8.[2
11. 31. 10,723 feet.
33. 917.19 meters.
35. 1.313
37.. 3 radians
39. Write cos II = cos( ~+~) and expand.
41. Use the addition formulas on the right-hand side.
43. cos II
45. - sin II
47. secll
49. - sin II cos 4>
51. (2 + ~Z+ /3 )1/2/2
13.
53. 2/ ~2 + /3
55. Use cos[2(11 /2») = I - 2 sin2( ~ ).
57. Take the reciprocal of both sides and use
cos 2(11/2) = (I + cos 11)/2.
59. Take the reciprocal of both sides and use the
product formula for sin II sin 4>.
61. y = 2 cos 38

15. (5.3852, -0.3805)

17. (a) (1,0) (b) (5,0.927)
(c) (2,.,,/6) (d) (2, -.,,/6) 8
(e) (2,5.,,/6)
19. (a) (.[2, -.,,/4) (b) (2,." /2)
(c) (.[Wf /2,1.5) (d) (13, -2.75)
(e) (m, 1.93) (f) (3.[2/4,.,,/4)
A.32 Chapter 5 Answers

63. y = tan~ 81. (b) sinO = nAja.

2
83. (a) Use sin 2(2wt /2) = [I - cos(2wt)J/2
(b) p

-n n
3"" 1" 2" n
w -2n
w
-3n
w
65.
y =2 sin 4x =4 sin 2x cos 2x
5.2 Differentiation of the
Trigonometric Functions
- L ____~---+----~--_,,-x

1. -sinO + cosO
3. -15sin30+20cos29
5. cos20 - OsinO + cos 9
7. - 9 cos 239 sin 39
67. 9. sin9 /(cos9 - 1)2
y
11. (cos 9 - sinO - 1)/(sin9 + 1)2
y = sin 38 + I 13. - 3 cos 2x sin x
15. 4(1X + cosx)3[(l/21X) - sinx)
17. (l + I /21X)cos(x + IX)
cosx + sin(x2) + xsinx - 2x 2cos(X 2)
19. 2

8
[cosx + sin(x2)]
n n Sn 7n
6" 2" 6" ""6 21. sec 2x - 2 sin x
23. 3 tan 3x sec 3x
69. (2n + 1)'17/2 where n is an integer.
*
71. sed) is differentiable for all 0 (2n + 1)'17/2, cotO
25. 1/21X - 3 sin 3x
*
is differentiable for all 0 nw, n an integer.
27. -sinx/2Jcosx
29. 12t 2sin{t + [(4t 3 + 1)/2{t)cos{t
73. (a) /3 x 1010 meters per second.
(b) The angle of incidence equals the angle of 31.
refraction.
(c) 20.7° or 0.36 radians. -3x 2(cosF?) (-3x 4 + I)· sec 2[x/(x4 + I)]
75. Consider this figure:
------------- + 2
2F? (x4+ I)
B 33.

-3
csc( 9 ) + I cot( 0 )csc( 9 )
[82+T [82+T [82+T
35.
77. Consider this figure:
A
sec--.:...2~v__
v sec( _1_ ) [ __ 1 _ 2 tan {tl+T tan( _1_ )
2 +__ 1
v2 +1 {tl+T (v 2 +1)2 v2 +1
37. x 4 /4 - cos x + C
B
39. x 5 /5 + (sec2x)/2 + C
41. - 2 cos(u/2) + C
43. [sin(02)J/2 + C
D 45. [-cos(20)J/4 + C
47.9+ C
49. 4 - 4cos(w /8)
51. 0
79. Expand the right-hand side using the addition 53.0
formula. 55. '17/2
 Chapter 5 Answers A.33

· sin 4>
57. (a) Prove sID24>/(1 + cos 24» T . cos4> 4> 11.

I\:
= y

(b) Manipulate cos 4> < (sin 4> )/4> < 1/4>.
59. a 3
61. Differentiate twice and substitute.
63. Differentiate once and substitute.
-------3/2· -4-------
I
65. Differentiate [-f(cos 9)] using the chain rule.
x
69. (a) -sin x '4>(3x) + [3cosx/cos(3x)] -4 3
(b) 4>(1) - 4>(0)
(c) 4 - 44>(2x)sin(2x) + 4/cos 2(2x)
71. (a) ..j(dx)2 + (dy)2 = dt since speed = I -4
(b) Differentiate

I\::
(c) Multiply the equation in (b) by x
sin 9 sin' 9 - cos 9 cos' 9 and manipulate.
(d) If cos 8 and sin 8 are positive, cos' 8 is negative 3
and sin'8 is positive.
-------- 1 -4------
5.3 Inverse Functions I
y
-4 -2 3
1. (x - 5)/2 on [-3,13]
3. Vi on (- 00, 00) -~

5, (3t + 10)/(\ - t) on [-11/2, -9/4]

-4
7. (- dx + b)/(ex - a), domain x*-- a/ e. The
condition is be - ad *- O.
9.
13. Largest interval i~ ( - 00, - I) or (I, 00).
(a) y

-1
x
x

(b) y

x
-1 x

(c) y

15. (a) [0,8/3]

(b) 2, -1/4
x (c) [- 229/27, I]
(d) 1.572. -0.194
17. Show that I is a local minimum point for f.
A.34 Chapter 5 Answers

19. Show that f is increasing everywhere. The domain 43. 4sin- I(2x)/v'1=4? + 2x
is (- 00,00). 45.0
11. Show that f is decreasing on [- 1,2]. The domain 47. Minimum at x = -I, maximum at X"" I, point of
is [-11,4]. inflection at x == O.
13. Differentiate XI/ 3 49. Use (d/ dy)[J-I(y)] == I/[(d/ dx)f(x)].
15. Show that f is increasing on (0,2). (f-l )'(4) = !.
51. (a)[.;2, 2], j'(x) == -2xN- X4 + 6x 2 - 8
17. 1/3
19. 1/3, 1/3 (b) Y
31. -I, -4/3
33. Different calculators may respond differently.
35. The inverse function gives the cost of y pounds of
beans.
37. (a) ( - 00, - 5/2], ( -7/3, + 00)
(b) (5 - 7y 2)/(3/ - 2)
-2 2
(c) -1/[2(3x + 7)3/2.j2x + 5]
x
39. Use the definitions. -v'2
41. (a) ~y / ~x is close to j'(xo) if ~x is small.
(b) Manipulate the inequality in (a). 53. (a) (11 - xy2 - y)/(x - 11 - xy2 )
(c) Use the definitions.
[cos(x + y) - y][l + /2]
(b) 2
5.4 The Inverse Trigonometric [x - cos(x + y)][1 - /2]

Functions (c) [x - cos(x + y)lI[cos(x + y) - y]~

(d) [cos(x + y) - y](3/ + 2)/[x - cos(x + y)]
1. 0.615
55. tan- I(2) - .,,/4
3. -0.903
5.0 57. (3 -.;2)/2 + .,,/12 + sin(.;2 /2) - sin(\/2)
7. .,,/3 59. -I//I - y2
9. .,,/6
11. 8 /V·'-I---::647"x.......2
13. 2xsin- lx + x2/~ 5.5 Graphing and Word Problems
15. 2(sin- lx)/F='7" 1. - 0.088 radians/second.
(I - x 2)( IOx 4 + I) + 2x2(2x4 + I) 3. (2.5)." meters/second.
1~ 2 2 5. 2.2 meters/second.
(I - x 2) + x 2(2x 4 + 1) 7. 59.2 meters before the sign.
9.6
19. [1 + (2/y3)11 ~[y - (1/y)f[ (y - (\/y2»)2 - 1) 11. (a) r = 1.5, w = 2.,,/3.1
(b) 3.,,/3.1
13. 3 sin (I == sin cp
15. Maxima at x = (2n + 1).,,/4 for n an even integer.
Minima at x = (2n + 1).,,/4 for n an odd integer.
.F97] Points of inflection are at x = nw /2, n an integer.
2/11 - /8 + 12/7 + /4 - 2 Concave up on (n." /2, (n + 1).,,/2), n an odd inte-
13.
ger. Concave down on (n.,,/2,(n + 1).,,/2), n an
(t5 + 2t)J(t5 + 2t)2 - (/7 + t 4 + 1)2 even integer.
15. (sin-Ix + COS-IX - 1)/(1 - sin- lxiF='7" 17. f(x) concave down in (2nw, (2n + I).,,) for x > 0
and in (-(2n + I).", -2nw) for x < 0, n an inte-
17. !(X 2COS-IX + tanx)I/2
ger. f(x) is concave up everywhere else.
x2 19.
X [2xcos-lx - + sec 2x]
Y
~
19. 3 tan - IX + /2 + C x2
31. 4sin- lx + C y=cos 2 x
33. 3tan- I(2x)/2+ C
35. 2sec-y + C
37. Draw a right triangle with sides I,x, F='7".
39. No.
41. - (1/(1 - (12)3/2
 Chapter 5 Answers A.35

21. y y=X+COSX 5.6 Graphing in Polar

Coordinates
1. (x - ti + y2 = t
y
x

23. y

y=2cosx+cos2x

y
x
x

25.
y
y =x 2/3
4

y = X 2 / 3 cos X
y
x 3

~4
~3 3 x

27. The sum of the distances from (0, I) to (x,O) and

(p, - q) to (x,O) is minimized when these points ~3

lie on a straight line.

29. y= -3x+?T,y=x/3+?T
31. 7.x=-I,y=0
y
y
0.5
4.30

0.80 1r 2.". X

~0.5
(~1. 0)
x

33. The local maxima and minima are about ?T units

apart as x --+ 00.
A.36 Chapter 5 Answers

37. max = 3, min = - I

y
y

x
-1
3 x
-3

-1 -3

11. A circle of radius r centered at the origin.

13. The graph is symmetric with respect to the line
0= w/4. 39. max = I, min = -I
15. r == I 17. r2(l + cosOsinO) = I y
19. r sin 0(1 - r 2cos2tJ) = I 21. r(sinO - cosO) = I 1
23. -5/3 25. 0
27. 13/3 /9 29. 1/3
31. -0.08
33. max = I, min = -I
y
1

-1/2 1/2 x

-1 x
Supplement to Chapter 5
1. 8:05:30 on July 13 and 8:05 on July 14.
-I 3• -d2S -48w /.
2 = - - 2 tan sma cos 365 x (2wT)
dT (365)
= 00, =-

)n
35. max min 00
(I - acos2x)(I- bcos2x) - bsin 2x(1 - acos2x) - 2asin2x(1 - bcos2x)
y
[ I - sin2a cos 2 ( ;~r I - sin 2a sec2/ cos2 ( ;~r-) ( 2

5. T= ~~ cos- 1

-2 2 x
T
80

40

-40

-80
 Chapter 5 Answers A.37

7. 5:07:47 P.M. 63. (a) 0,'11"

9. (a) 0.24 rad/hr. (b) 0
(b) 21 minutes, 49 seconds. (c) 2.2 meters/second.
65. Row to a point 1/ If5 km downstream.
Review Exercises for Chapter 5 67. 9.798 feet from the sign, d(J / dt = O.
69. Inflection points at n'1l" /2, n an integer. Concave
1. 1.152 radians. down on [n'1l", (2n + 1)'11"/2], n an integer. Concave
3. (0,4) up elsewhere.
5. tan (J sec(J = r y
sin«(J + Ij?)
7. tan«(J + Ij?) = «(J ); expand and manipu-
cos + Ij?
late.
1.392
9.
2.250
11.
13.
0.38 radians. x
15.
-6cos2x
1+ sin3x + 3xcos3x
17. 71. Show that f'(x) is always positive. Deduce that
19. 2(J + csc (J - (J cot (J csc (J
x + 1 ;;. cosx for x;;. O.
21. 3y2 + 2 tan(y3) + 6y 3sec2(y3)
73. y
23. [-sin(x 8 - 7x 4 - 1O)](8x 7 - 28x 3 )
1
25. 2(1 + cosx)/(x + sinx)~(x + sinx)4 - I
27. - 36(J COS 2«(J2 + l)sin«(J2 + I)
29.1/2F?
31. cos/X sec 2(sin/X)/2/X -I x
33. (I/2/X - 3 sin 3x) / -/""'1---(-/X-+-c-o-s3-X-)-2

35. 2x + 2 cos(2x + I), 6t 5 + 6t 2 + 6t 2cos(2t l + 3)

37. sin-I(x + I) + x
-I
~I - (x + 1)2
75.
Sin-I(y - y3 + I) + (y - y3) ](1 _ 3y2) y
[
~I _ (y _ y3 + 1)2
39. 6x 2 /(1 + ~x6), 6b(a + btf /[1 + 4(a + bt)6]
41. (-cos3x)/3+ C
43. sin4x + cos4x + C x
45. -cosx 3 + x 2 + C
47. -cos(u + I) + C
49. (1/2)tan- l (y/2) + C
51. 2
53. '11"/3
55. (a) Differentiate the right side.
(b) '11"/2 77. Y = -x-II
(c) xcos-1x -~ +C 79. (a) On an HP-15c, tan- I[tan('1I" - 10- 20)] and
tan- I[tan'1l"] both give 4.1 X 10- 10
(d) xsin- 13x +~ /3 + C (b) _10- 20 is not in the interval.
57. (a) [- I, I]
81. g'(x) = 1/2f'(r l (/X»/X
(b) [5,9]
(c) -1/3 83. g"(y) = - /,,(x)/[j'(x)]3
59. Use the inverse function rule. 85. To show /,,(0) exists, compute [f'(~x) - f'(0)]/ ~x
61. 150/121 meters/second. and let ~x ~ O.
A.38 Chapter 6 Answers

Chapter 6 Answers
6.1 Exponential Functions
1. 9, 27, 27{S, 3x / 2 25. Reflect y = eXP3x across the y-axis to get
3. 1.1664, 2.16, (l.Osy y = eXPI/3x .
5.4 27. Reflect y = exp3( - x) across the y-axis to get
7. 1 + 35 y = eXP3x .
9. 55,,/2'6" 29. (A)(b), (B)(d), (C)(c), (D)(a)
31. (A)(c), (B)(b), (C)(d), (D)(a)
11. 3"/2 5 - 2 5 /3" 33. y
13. 3 12
15. 312
17. y

35. y
-4 -2 2 4 x

19. 8
y

-8 x

-4

21. y

16
37. The shifting and stretching have the same result
since y+k = 3k 3x •
y

-~ -I I ~
x 8 I
(a) I
23. (, I
y
I y = 3"
5 4 I
4 I
3 I
I
~

x
-4 2
I 2 3 4 5 x

(b)
 Chapter 6 Answers A.39

39. 39. 3 41. 9

)'
43. 135 45. (/5 - 1)/2
8
47. Table entries 3.243, 3.486, 3.972; (a) ~ 16,410;
(b) b = 1.75, M = 1000
6
49. 0.301,0.602,0.903, I, 2, 3
51. (a) 8.25, 6.7
4 (b) Use laws of logarithms.
53. 27
55. (a) x > - 5, x oF ± I
(b) (-I, I)
(c) x > - 5, x oF ± I
-4 -2 4 x (a) and (c) are the same
57. y = 2 x + 1; domain (- 00, 00), range (1,00)
41. 1/9
43. -3 6.3 Differentiation of the
45. No solution
Exponential and Logarithmic
6.2 Logarithms Functions
1. 2 3. -2 1. 8 times. 3. 0.707 times.
5. -3 7. I 5. x + 3 7. Xl
9. -I 9. e 4X (4x - 2) 11. 2xe x '+1
11. )'
13. -2xe l - x'+3x 2 15. (In 2)2X + I
4
17.3xln3-r-lln2 19. I/x
21. (I -lnx)/x 2 23. eotx
25. 2/(2x + I)
27. cos x In x + (sin x)/ x
3x(1 + Inx 2 )see 2 (3x) - 2(tan3x)ln(tan3x)
29. 2
468
X tan3x(1 + Inx 2 )
31. 1/(ln5)x
33. (sinxr[ln(sinx) + xeotx]
-4
35. (sin x)"os x [eos 2x - sin 2x In(sin x)l/sin x
37. (x - 2)2/3(4x + 3)S/7[2/(3x - 6) + 32/(28x + 21»)
39. x(x')[xX(1 + Inx)lnx + xX-I)
13. 41. (sin x + xeosx)e xsinx
)'
43. (x 6 - 5)/(x + x 7)
4
45. (2x - 8eosx)ln 14· 14x'-Ssinx
47. (\ + I/x)/(x + Inx)
49. -sin(x sinx ). x sin x [(cos x)lnx + (sinx)/x]
51. (2xlnx + x)x(X')
x 53. - x - tan X'[ 1. tan x 2 + 2x(ln x)see 2x 2]
x
55. 4x 3eos(x 4 + 1)'logs(14x-sinx)+
[(14 - eosx)/(ln8)(14x - sinx)]sin(x 4 + I)
-4 57. 3(1nx/2JX + I//X)x(rx)
59. eosx X . (Inx + l)xX
15. (A)(b), (8)(e), (C)(a), (D)(d) 61. (sinx)[(COSX)'J(eosx)'[(lneosx - x tanx)lnsinx +
17. 2 19. 4 eotx]
21. b 23. (2x - I) -logb2 63. e 2x /2 + C
25. 1.036 27. 0.618 65. sin x + e 4x /4 + C
29. 2.51 67. s3/3 + 21nlsl + C
31. bY IOSh X = (bloShXY = x Y 69. x 2 /4 + (\/2)lnlxl + C
33. a> 0, 1*' 71. x + Inlx - II + C
35. 210gbA + logbB -logbC 73. 3x /In 3 + C
37. 310g bA - 210gbB + (\/3)log bC 75. x 2 /2 + lOx + 821nlx - 81 + C
77. 3e - (8/3)
A.40 Chapter 6 Answers

79.65/4+ e4(e 2 -1)/2 5.

81. I/In 2 4
83. In(3/2)
85. (a) Inx + I, (b) xlnx - x + C
87. (a) Differentiate the right side.
(b) eOX(b sin bx + acosbx)/(a 2 + b 2 ) + C
89. Differentiate the right sides. 4 6 8 x
91. (a) j'(x)e X + f(x)e X + g'(x)
2
(b) (j'(x) + 2x)eJlX) +x'
(c) j'(x)eg(x) + f(x)g'(x)eg(x)
-4
(d)j'(e X + g(x»(e X + g'(x»
(e) f(x)g(x) ( g'(x)ln f(x) + g(x)j'(x)/ f(x»
93. e"" 2.72 7. y
95. (a) Differentiate using the sum and chain rules.
(b) Use the definitions. 80
(c) Differentiate e X + xo • 70
97. (a) 0.38629, - 0.28345, - 0.55765 60
(b) 2 In 2 - 2 - lim e1n E; lim E In E = 0 50
t-+O 1:-+0
40
(c) In x has no lower sums on [0,2).
99. Differentiate In y = In f(x) + In g(x). 30
20
dy k [nJ;'(x) ]
101. dx = Yi~1 j;(x) . 10

12345 x

6.4 Graphing and

9. 29.6%
Word Problems 11.0.233%
13. lim (I + ,12 In 3/ nt
n-+co
1.
15. Iim[3(b h -I)/h)
h--+O
17. Use formula (8).
19. $119.72
21. Y = 3e 2x - 2e 2
23. y = -,12 7Tx/8 +,12 /2
25. Y = x + In 2 - I
27. (a) Compute directly using
f(x) ~ f(O) + j'(O)(x - 0).
(b) 2°.QI = 1.00695555
I + om In 2 = 1.00693147
2°·0001 = 1.000069317
1.0001 In 2 = 1.000069315
3.
y (c) e~( 1+
29. e-I/e
*t
31. (a) Minimum perceivable sensation.
-4 4 x (b) JO/ln JO
33. dp/dt = -0.631.
35. Differentiate the expression.
-4
37. (a) Show that g"(x) .;; 0 and that lim g'(x) = O.
x-+co

-6 37a. (a) g'(x)=f(1+~)-f'(1+~)'~

= f (1+ ~) - f(1) - f'( 1 + ~) . ~
Apply the mean value theorem to f(1 + 1/x) -
f(1).
 Chapter 6 Answers A.41

39.4 y y = 2" 51.

6
[
(x + 3)7/2(x + 8)5/3] [ 7 5 12x ]

------*----I~
(x2 + 1)6/11 2(x + 3) + 3(x + 8) II(x 2 + I)

y=x 3 -4x+t
~. I
-4 4 x
-2 -1 0 1 2

55. y

-4
10

y y =x 3 - 4x +t
800
-10 -d 10 20 x

600
(-'-'~ -10
400

200

x
8 9 10 57. (ye XY - 1)/(1 - xe xy )
59. - eY - X
61. y = 5x + I
Review Exercises for Chapter 6 63. xsin6x;
3. 9 f x sin(6x)dx = sin(6x)/36 - x cos(6x)/6 +C
7. -36 65. xe XI(x + 1)2;
f[xe XI(x + 1)2)dx = eX I(x + I) + C
11. eX(cosx-sinx)
13. e=·2x( - 2 sin2x) 67. e 8
15. 2xe 1ox (I + 5x) 69. e 10
17. 6e 6x 71. (a) 40% per hour, (b) 40% per hour
73. 7.70%
e Cosx [( -sinx)(cos(sinx» + (cos x)(sin(sin x»)
19. 75. (a) 442 meters.
cos 2(sin x) (b) In the first \0 seconds, the term contributes 72
[«eX)cos(eX»(e X + x 2) - (sin(eX»(e X + 2x)] meters, in the second, 35 meters.
21. 77. (b) $11,804.41
(eX + x 2) 2 79. $19,876
23. (- e x sin [f"'+'"?" )I 2 [f"'+'"?" 81. (b) lim p(t) = alb
25. e(COSX)+X(_sinx + I) t~O

27. -2xe- x '(x 2 + 2)/(1 + x 2)2 83. Use the mean value theorem on (0, x).
29. In(x + 3) + xl(x + 3) 85. (a) (l + (b - l)r = I + n(b - I) +
31. -tanx _n_(n_2-_I) (b - 1)2 + ... ;;. I + n(b - I)
33. I/xln3
35. (_I/~~I-_-(x-+-e---x"'7)2)(1 - e- X ) 87. Use Exercise 86.
89. (a) In is an increasing function.
37. (- 21n 1)1 I [(In 1)2 + 3)2 (b) Use (a) to deduce
39. e3x 13 + C
41. sinx + (1/3)lnlxl + C 0<: lim (In xix) <: lim (lin) =
x-'oo n-+oo
o.
43. x + Inlxl + C 91. Let z = Ilx.
45. In2 - 2/'17 + 1/2
47.3/2+sinl-sin2+e-e 2 93. Let f(x) = x - ( 1;3 )In x and note /'(x) > 0 if
49. (In xY(ln(ln x) + I/lnx)
x;;. ~3 "" 1.82. It is actually valid if x;;'
5.8452 ....
 Index

Abel, Nils Hendrik 172 astronomy 9

absolute value 22 asymptote 165
properties of 23 horizontal 165
absolute value function 42, 72 vertical 164
accelerating 160 asymptotic 164
acceleration 102, 131 average 3
addition formulas 259 rate of change 100
air resistance 136 velocity 50
algebraic rules 16 axes 29
antiderivative 128
of Ir 323
of constant mUltiple 130 Bascom, Willard 306(fn)
of IIx 323 base of logarithm 313
of polynomial 130 Beckman, P., 251(fn)
of sum 130 Berkeley, Bishop George 6(fn)
of power 130 Bernoulli, Jacques 252(fn)
of trigonometric functions 269 bisection, method of 142, 145
applications of integral 240 Boyer, C. 7(fn), 252(fn)
approaches 58 Burton, Robert 8
approximation bus, motion of 49, 202, 207, 225
first-order (see linear approximation)
linear (see linear approximation)
Archimedes 3, 5, 6 calculator discussion 49, 112, 166, 255,
area 4, 251 257,265,277,309,327,330
between graphs 211, 241 calculator symbol 29
between intersecting graphs 242 calculus
of a sector 252 differential I
signed 215 fundamental theorem of 4, 225, 237
under a graph 208, 212, 229 integral I, 3
under graph of step function 210 Calculus Unlimited iii, 7(fn)
argument 40 Cardano, Girolamo 172
arithmetic mean 188 cardioid 198
astroid 198 cartesian coordinates 255
1.2 Index

catastrophe cotangent 256

cusp 176 inverse 285
theory 176 critical points 151
Cauchy, Augustin-Louis 6 cubic function 168
Cavalieri, Bonaventura 8 general, roots of 172
chain rule 112 graphing 172
physical model 116 curve 31(fn)
change parametric 124, 298
average rate of 100 cusp 170
instantaneous rate of 10 catastrophe 176
linear or proportional 100
of sign 146
proportional 95 days
rate of 2, 100, 101, 247 length of 30, 302
total 244 shortening of 303
circle 34, 44, 120, 251 decelerating 160
equation of 37 decrease, rate of 101
circumference 251 decreasing function 146
City definite integral 232
Fat 116 properties of 234
Thin 115 degree
climate 180 as angular measure 252
closed interval 21 of polynominal and rational functions 97
test 181 delta 50(fn)
common sense 61, 193 demand curve 248
completing the square 16, 17 depreciation 109
composition of functions 112, 113 derivative 3, 53, 70
derivative of 113 as a limit 69
compound interest 331 formal definition 70
concave Leibniz notation 73
downward 158 logarithmic 117, 322, 329
upward 158 of lr 318
concavity, second derivative test for 159 of composition 113
constant function 41, 192 of constant multiple 77
derivative of 54 of cosine 266
rule, for limits 62 of implicitly defined function 122
constant multiple rule of integer power 87
for antiderivatives 130 of integral with respect to endpoint 236
for derivatives 77 of integral, endpoint a given
for limits 62 function 236
consumer's surplus 248 of inverse function 278
continuity 63, 72 of inverse trigonometric functions 285
of rational functions 140 of linear function 54
continuous 139 of logarithmic function 321
continuous function 63 of lIx 71
integrability of 219 of polynomial 75,79
continuously compounded interest 331 of power 75, 119
convex function 199 of power of a function 110, 119
coordinates 29 of product 82
cartesian 255 of quadratic function 54
polar 253, 255 of quotient 85
cosecant 256 of rational power 119
inverse 285 of rational power of a function 119
cosine 254 of reciprocal 85
derivative of 266 of sum 78
inverse 283 of Yx 71
law of 258 second 99, 104, 157
cost, marginal 106 summary of rules 88
 Index 1.3

Dido 182 sum rule for limits 62, 69

difference quotient 53 extreme value theorem 180
limit of 70
diffi,:rentiable 70
differential calculus factoring 16
diferentiation 3, 53, 122, 201 Fermat, Pierre de 8
implicit 120 first derivative test 153
logaritbmic 117, 322, 329 first-order approximation (see linear
diminishing returns, law of 106 approximation)
discriminant 17 focusing property of parabolas 36
displacement 230 fractional exponents (see rational
distance formula exponents)
in the plane 30 powers (see rational powers)
on the line 23 frequency 259
domain 41 function 1, 39
double-angle formulas 259 absolute value 42, 72, 73
drag 136 composition 112, 113
dummy index 203 constant 41, 192
continuous 63
convex 199
e 319, 325 cubic 168
as a limit 330 definition of 41
ear popping 116 differentiation of 268
Earth's axis, inclination of 301 even 164, 175
economics 105 exponential 307
element 21 graph of 41, 44
endpoints 181 greatest integer 224
of integration 217 identity 40, 277
energy 201 inverse 272, 274
equations inverse trigonometric 281, 285
of circles and parabolas 37 linear 192
of straight lines 32 odd 164, 175
of tangent lines 90 power 307
parametric 124, 298 rational 63
simultaneous 37 squaring 41
Eudoxus 4 step 140, 209, 210
Euler, Leonhard 251(fn), 252(fn) trigonometric, antiderivatives 269
evaluating 40 trigonometric, graphs of 260
even function 164, 175 zero 41
exhaustion, method of 5, 7 fundamental integration method 226
existence theorem 180, 219 fundamental theorem of calculus 4, 225,
exponent, zero 23 237
exponential and logaritbmic functions, fundamental theorem of calculus: alterna-
graphing problems 236 tive version 236
exponential functions 307
derivative of 320
limiting behavior 328 Galileo 8
exponential growth 332 Gauss, Carl Friedrich 205
exponential spiral 310, 333 geometric mean 188
exponentiation 23 global 141,177
exponents Goldstein, Larry 172
integer 23 Gould, S. H. 6(fn)
laws of 25 graphing problems
negative 26 exponential and logarithmic
rational 27, 118 functions 236
real 308 trigonometric functions 292
extended graphing in polar coordinates 296
product rule for limits, 62 procedure 163
1.4 Index

graphs 41, 163 Riemann 220

area between 241 sign 129, 132, 217
area under 212, 229 wrong-way 235
of functions 41, 44 integrand 129
greatest integer function 224 integration 33, 129, 201
growth, exponential 332 endpoint of 217
limit of 217
method, fundamental 226
herring 156 interest, compound 244, 331
Hipparchus 256(fn) intermediate value theorem 141, 142
Hooke's Law 99, 295 intersecting graphs, area between 242
horizontal asymptote 165 intersection points 39
tangent 193 interval 21
horserace theorem 193 closed 21
open 19
inverse
identity function 40, 277 cosine 283
identity function rule, for limits 60 cotangent 285
identity, trigonometric 257 function rule 278
illumination 183 function test 276
imaginary numbers 18 functions 272, 274
implicit differentiation 120, 122 secant 285
inclination of the earth's axis 301 sine 281
increase, rate of 101 tangent 283
increasing function 146 trigonometric function 281, 285
function theorem 195 invertibility, test for 275, 276
on an interval 149 irrational numbers 16
increasing-decreasing test 148
indefinite integral (see antiderivative)
test 233 Keisler, H.J. 7(fn),73(fn)
independent variable 40 Kendrew, W.G. 180
index Kepler, Johannes 8
dummy 203 Kline, Morris 182
substitution of 205
induction, principle of 69
inequalities 18 labor 106
properties of 19 ladder 190
inequality, arithmetic-geometric mean 188 Lambert, Johann Heinrich 251 (fn)
infinite limit 66 latitude 300
infinitesimal 73 law of reflection 290
infinitesimals, method of 6, 8 Legendre, Adrien Marie 251(fn)
infinity 21 Leibniz, Gottfried 3, 73, 193(fn)
inflection point 159 Leibniz notation 73, 104, 132,217
test for 160 for derivative 73
instantaneous velocity 50, 51 for integral 132
integer power rule for derivatives 87 lemniscate 136
integers 15 length of days 300, 302
sum of the first n 204 lima,<on 298
integrability of continuous function 219 limit 6, 57, 59
integrable 217 at infinity 65
integral 217 derivative as a 69
calculus 1 derived properties of 62
calculated "by hand," 212 infinite 66
definite 232 method 6
definition of 217 of (cos x-l)/x 265
indefinite 129, (see also antiderivative) of (sin x)/x 265
Leibniz notation 132 of integration 217
mean value theorem 239 one-sided 65
 Index 1.5

properties 60 natural numbers 15

line 31(fn) Newton, Isaac 3(fn) , 8(fn) , 193(fn),
equation of 32 253(fn)
perpendicular 33 noon 301(fn)
point-point fonn 32 northern hemisphere 301
point-slope fonn 32 notation
real-number 18 Leibniz 73, 104, 132,217
secant 51, 191 summation 203, 204
slope of 52 number
slope-intercept fonn 32 imaginary 18
straight 31(fn), 125 irrational 16
tangent 2, 191 natural 15
linear approximation 90,91,92, 158, 159 rational 15
linear function 192 real 15, 16
derivative of 54
linear or proportional change 100
local 141,151,177
odd function 164, 175
maximum point 151, 157
one-sided limit 65
minimum point 151,157
open interval 21
logarithm 313
optical focusing property of parabolas 95
and exponential functions, word
order 18
problems 326
orientation quizzes 13
base of 313
origin 29
defined as integral 326
oscillations 294
function, derivative of 321
laws of 314
limiting behavior 328
natural 319 pH 317
properties of 314 parabola 34
logarithmic differentiation 117, 322, 329 equations of 37
logistic model for population 335 focusing property of 36
lower sum 210 optical focusing property 97
Lucan 8(fn) vertex of 55
parametric curve 124, 287
partition 209
majorize 199
period 259
marginal
periodic 259
cost 106
perpendicular lines 33
productivity 106
plotting 29, 43, 163
profit 106
point
revenue 106
critical 151
maxima and minima, tests for 153,157,
inflection 159
181
intersection 39
maximum
local maximum 151,157
global 177
local minimum 151, 157
point 151
point-point fonn 32
value 177
polar coordinates 253, 255
maximum-minimum problems 177
graphing in 296
mean value theorem 191
tangents in 299
consequences 192
Polya, George 182
for integrals 239
polynomial
Meech, L. W. 9
derivative of 75, 79
midnight sun 301(fn)
antiderivative of 130
minimum
pond 74
points 177
population 117, 175, 189, 195,335
value 177
position 131
positive velocity 149
natural logarithms 319 Poston, Tim 176
1.6 Index

power region between graphs 240

function 307 related rates 124
integ~ 23 word problems 125
negative 26 relative rate of change 329
of a function, rule for derivatives 110 relativity 80(fn)
rational 18,27,169 replacement rule, for limits 60
real 308 revenue, marginal 106
rule for derivatives 76, 119 Richter scale 317
rule for limits 62 Riemann, Bernhard 220(fn)
rule for anti derivatives 130 Riemann integral 220
producer's surplus 248 Riemann sums 220, 221
product rule, for derivatives 82 Rivlin's equation 199
for limits 60 Robinson, Abraham 7, 73(fn)
productivity Rolle, Michel 193(fn)
oflabor 106 Rolle's Theorem 193
marginal 106 rose 297
profit 329 Ruffini, Paolo 172
marginal 106
program 40
projectile 295 Schelin, C.W. 257(fn)
proportional change 95 school year 303
Ptolemy 256(fn) secant 256
Pythagoras, theorem of 30 inverse 285
secant line 52, 191
second derivative 99, 104, 157
quadratic formula 16, 17 test
quadratic function, derivative of 54 for maxima and minima 157
quartic function, general, graphing 176 for concavity 159
quizzes, orientation 13 sector, area of 252
quotient rule, for limits 62 set 21
quotient shifting rule, for derivatives 115
derivative of 85 sigma 203
difference 53 sign, change of 146
signed area 215
similar triangles 254
radian 252 simultaneous equations 37
radius 34 sine 254
rate of change 2, 101, 247 derivative of 266
relative 329 inverse 281
rate of decrease 10 1 sines, law of 263
rate of increase 10 1 slope 2, 31
rates, related 124 of tangent line 52
rational slope-intercept form 32
exponents 118 Smith, D.E. 193(fn)
functions, continuity of 63, 140 Snell's law 305
numbers 15 solar energy 8, 107, 179, 180,221
power rule, for derivatives of a speed 103
function 119 speedometer 95
powers 118, 169 spiral, exponential 310, 333
rationalizing 28 Spivak, Mike 251(fn)
real number line 18 square root function, continuity of 64
exponents 308 square, completing the 16, 17
numbers 15, 16 squaring function 41
powers 308 step function 5, 140, 209, 210
reciprocal rule area under graph, 210
for limits 60 straight line, 31(fn), 125 (see also line)
for derivatives 86 stretching rule, for derivatives 117
reflection, law of 290 strict local minimum 151
 Index 1.7

Stuart, Ian 176 trisecting angles I 72

substitution of index 205
sum 203
collapsing 206 upper sum 210
lower 210
of the first n integers 204
Riemann 220,221 value
telescoping 206 absolute (see absolute value)
upper 210 maximum 177
sum rule minimum 177
for antiderivatives 130 variable, independent 40
for derivatives 78 velocity 102, l31, 230
for limits 60 average 50
physical model 80 instantaneous 50, 51
summation notation 201, 203, 204 positive 149
summation, properties of 204, 208 vertex 55
sun 300 vertical asymptote 164
supply curve 248 vertical tangent 169
symmetry 163, 296 Viete, Francrois 251(fn)

tangent function 256

inverse 284 water 178,247
tangent line 2, 191 flowing l31, 144
horizontal 193 in tank 126
in polar coordinates 299 wavelength 263
slope of 52 waves, water 306
vertical 169 VVeber-Fechner law 333
Tartaglia, Niccolo 172 VVeierstrass, Karl 6
telescoping sum 206 window seat 291
third derivative test 160 word problems
time of day 301 integration 247
time of year 30 I logarithmic and exponential
total change 244 functions 326
train 55, 80, 291 maximum-minimum 177
triangles, similar 254 related rates 125
trigonometric functions trigonometric functions 289
antiderivatives of 269 wrong-way integrals 235
derivatives of 268
differentiation of 264
graphing problems 282 yogurt 279
graphs of 260
inverse 281, 285
word problems 289 zero exponent 23
trigonometric identity 257 zero function 41
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
(continued from page ii)
James: Topological and Unifonn
Spaces.
Jinich: Linear Algebra.
Jinich: Topology.
KemenyJSnell: Finite Markov Chains.
Kinsey: Topology of Surfaces.
Klambauer: Aspects of Calculus.
Lang: A First Course in Calculus. Fifth
edition.
Lang: Calculus of Several Variables.
Third edition.
Lang: Introduction to Linear Algebra.
Second edition.
Lang: Linear Algebra. Third edition.
Lang: Undergraduate Algebra. Second
edition.
Lang: Undergraduate Analysis.
Lax/Burstein/Lax: Calculus with
Applications and Computing.
Volume 1.
LeCuyer: College Mathematics with
APL.
LidllPilz: Applied Abstract Algebra.
Second edition.
Macki-Strauss: Introduction to Optimal
Control Theory.
MaUtz: Introduction to Mathematical
Logic.
MarsdenIWeinstein: Calculus I, II, III.
Second edition.
Martin: The Foundations of Geometry
and the Non-Euclidean Plane.
Martin: Geometric Constructions.
Martin: Transfonnation Geometry: An
Introduction to Symmetry.
MillmanlParker: Geometry: A Metric
Approach with Models. Second
edition.
Moschovakis: Notes on Set Theory.
Owen: A First Course in the
Mathematical Foundations of
Thennodynamics.
Palka: An Introduction to Complex
Function Theory.
Pedrick: A First Course in Analysis.
PeressinilSullivanlUhl: The Mathematics
of Nonlinear Programming.
PrenowitzfJantosciak: Join Geometries.
Priestley: Calculus: An Historical
Approach.
ProtterlMorrey: A First Course in Real
Analysis. Second edition.
ProtterlMorrey: Intennediate Calculus.
Second edition.
Roman: An Introduction to Coding and
Infonnation Theory.
Ross: Elementary Analysis: The Theory
of Calculus.
Samuel: Projective Geometry.
Readings in Mathematics.
ScharlaulOpolka: From Fennat to
Minkowski.
Sethuraman: Rings, Fields, and Vector
Spaces: An Approach to Geometric
Constructability.
Sigler: Algebra.
SilvermanITate: Rational Points on
Elliptic Curves.
Simmonds: A Brief on Tensor Analysis.
Second edition.
Singer: Geometry: Plane and Fancy.
Singertrhorpe: Lecture Notes on
Elementary Topology and
Geometry.
Smith: Linear Algebra. Second edition.
Smith: Primer of Modem Analysis.
Second edition.
StantonIWhite: Constructive
Combinatorics.
Stillwell: Elements of Algebra:
Geometry, Numbers, Equations.
Stillwell: Mathematics and Its History.
Stillwell: Numbers and Geometry.
Readings in Mathematics.
Strayer: Linear Programming and Its
Applications.
Thorpe: Elementary Topics in
Differential Geometry.
Toth: Glimpses of Algebra and
Geometry.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics

Troutman: Variational Calculus and Wbyburn/Duda: Dynamic Topology.

Optimal Control. Second edition. Wilson: Much Ado About Calculus.
Valenza: Linear Algebra: An
Introduction to Abstract Mathematics.
A Brief Table of Integrals, continued.

29. JcsCh x dx = Inltanh ~ 1 = - .! In cosh x + I

2 2 coshx-I
30. J sinh 2x dx = ~ sinh 2x - ~ x

31. J cosh 2x dx = ~ sinh 2x + ~ x

32. J sech 2x dx = tanh x
33. JSinh - 1 ~ dx = x sinh - 1 ~ - ~ (a >0)
a a

34. Jcosh- I ~ dx = {XCOSh-l~a -~ [ cosh -I( ~ ) > 0, a > 0]

a XCOSh-'~ +~ [ cosh -I( ~ ) < 0, a > 0]

35. Jtanh-I ~ dx = x tanh-I ~ + ~ Inla 2 - x 2 1

36.J I dx=ln(x+~)=sinh-l~ (a>O)

~ a
37. f -2--2dx+-tan-l-
1
a +x
1
a
x
a
(a>O)
2
38. J ~ dX=I~ + ~ sin-I~ (a>O)

39. J(a 2 - X 2)3/2dx = ~(5a2 - 2x2)~ + 3t sin-I ~ (a> 0)

40. J ~
I dx = sin -I ~
a
(a > 0)

41. J - _ I - dx= ~Inl a+ x 1

a2 _ x 2 2a a- x
42. J I
(a 2 _x 2)
3/2 dx =
a2~
x

43. J Jx 2 ::t a 2 dx == I Jx 2 ::t a 2 ::t ~2 Inlx + Jx 2 ::t a 2 I

44. J I dx = Inlx + ~ I
~
= cosh -I ~
a
(a >0)

45. J I dx .! Inl-x-I =
x(a + bx) a a + bx
r::-7""""C 2(3bx - 2a)(a + bx)3 / 2
46. J xva + bx dx = 2
15b

47. J f(i+7iX dx = 2Ja + bx + aJ I dx

x xJa + bx
x 2(bx - 2a)Ja + bx
48. J dx == - - - - : : - - - -
Ja + bx 3b 2

49. JxJa +I bx ra
dx = -I Inl f(i+7iX -
Ja + bx +
rara I (a> 0)

= _2_ tan - 1 ~ a + bx (a < 0)

-Fa -a

50.J7 dx=~-alnla+~1
51. J x~ dx = - i (a 2 - x 2)3/2

(a> 0)
Continued on overleaf.
A Brief Table of Integrals, continued.

53. Jx~
I dx = - ~ Inl a + ~ I
54.J x dx=-~
~
55. J x2 dx= _ ~~ + a2 sin-l~ (a> 0)
~ 2 2 a

56 . J,p+ar
x
~
dx =yx + a -a I I a +,p+arl
x
n --'----

57. J~
x cr-:2
dx =yx- a
- a- -acos- 1 TXT

=~ -asec- 1( ~) (a> 0)

58. J xJx2 ± a 2 dx = j (x 2 ± a 2)3/2

59. J I dx = .! Inl x I
x,p+ar a a + ,p+ar
60. Jx~ I dx = .!cos- 1 ~
a Ixl
(a> 0)

61. J I dx = =+= I7±?

x 2JX 2 ± a2 2 ax

62.J x dx=Jx2±a 2
Jx 2 ± a 2

63. J I dx = Inl2ax
I + b - Jb 2 - 4ac I (b 2 > 4ac)
ax 2 + bx +c Jb 2 - 4ac 2ax + b + Jb 2 - 4ac
2 tan-1 2ax + b (b 2 < 4ac)
J4ac - b 2 J4ac - b 2
64. J x dx = -21 Inlax 2 + bx + cl- 2b J I dx
ax 2 + bx +c a a ax 2 + bx +c
65. J I dx = -1-lnI2ax + b + 21(i vax 1 + bx + c I (a > 0)
Jax 2 + bx +c ra
= _1_sin- 1 -2ax - b (a < 0)
~ Jb 2 -4ac
66. JJax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a~ + b Jax 2 + bx + c + 4ac - b 2 J I dx
a 8a Jax 2 + b + c

67. J x dx = Jax 2 + bx + c -.!!.... J I dx

Jax 2 + bx + c a 2a Jax 2 + bx +c
68. J
xJax 2 + bx
I
+c
dx = -=llnI
2 /C Jax 2 + bx + c
/C x
+ bx + 2c I (c > 0)

= _I_ sin - 1 bx + 2c (c < 0)

Fc IxlJb 2 - 4ac
69. J x 3,p+ar dx = ( ~ x 2 - -15 a2)~(a2 + X2 )3
_I
J JX2 ± a
2 2 3
2 =+= y(x ± a )
70. dx = --'----,---,---
X4 3a 2x 3

.. sin(a - b)x sin(a + b)x

71. J sm ax sm bx dx = - -----,---,----------,-,--
2(a - b) 2(a + b)
Continued on inside back cover.
A Brief Table of Integrals, continued.

r.
72 .. smaxcosbxdx= -
cos(a - b)x
2(a-b)
cos(a + b)x
2(a+b)

73. f cosaxcosbxdx= sin(a - b)x

2(a - b
) +
sin(a + b)x
2(a + b)
--::-;---:-c--

74. f sec x tanx dx = sec x

75. fcscxcotxdx = -cscx
.
76. f cosmxsmnxdx = cosm-'xsinn+'x + - If
m - - cosm- 2xsinnxdx
m+n m+n
= -
.
sm n-' x cosm+'x
m+n
+-
n --
m+n
I f cos xsm
m
x dx
. n-2

77. f xnsinax dx = - ~ xncosax + ~ f xn-'cosax dx

78. f xncosaxdx = *
xnsinax - ~ f xn-'sinaxdx

79. f xne ux dx = x n: ux - ~f xn-'e ux dx

80. fxnlnaxdx = x n+'[ Inax - I ]

n+1 (n+l)2

81. f xn(lnax)mdx = ~~+: (Inax)m - n: If xn(Jnax)m-'dx

eaX(a sin bx - b cos bx)
82. f euxsin bx dx = -----:;---:;,----
a2 + b2
eax(bsinbx + acosbx)
83. f eOxcos bx dx = -----::----::----
a 2 + b2
84. f sech x tanh x dx' = - sech x

85. f csch x coth x dx = - csch x

Greek Alphabet

a alpha iota p rho

f3 beta K kappa (J sigma
y gamma A lambda T tau
8 delta p. mu II upsilon
£ epsilon p nu cf> phi
~ zeta ~ xi X chi
11 eta 0 omicron l/I psi
(J theta 7r pi w omega