SKR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

571104 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

PREPARED BY

K P SAJANA

LECTURER

1
BA9204 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR 3003
UNIT I FOCUS AND PURPOSE
5
Definition, need and importance of organizational behaviour – Nature and
scope – Frame work – Organizational behaviour models.
UNIT II INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR 12
Personality – types – Factors influencing personality – Theories – Learning –
Types of learners – The learning process – Learning theories – Organizational
behaviour modification. Misbehaviour – Types – Management Intervention.
Emotions - Emotional Labour – Emotional Intelligence – Theories. Attitudes –
Characteristics – Components – Formation – Measurement- Values. Perceptions
– Importance – Factors influencing perception – Interpersonal perception-
Impression Management. Motivation – importance – Types – Effects on work
behavior.
UNIT III GROUP BEHAVIOUR 10
Organization structure – Formation – Groups in organizations – Influence –
Group dynamics – Emergence of informal leaders and working norms – Group
decision making techniques – Team building - Interpersonal relations –
Communication – Control.
UNIT IV LEADERSHIP AND POWER 8
Meaning – Importance – Leadership styles – Theories – Leaders Vs Managers –
Sources of power – Power centers – Power and Politics.
UNIT V DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
10
Organizational culture and climate – Factors affecting organizational climate –
Importance. Job satisfaction – Determinants – Measurements – Influence on
behavior. Organizational change – Importance – Stability Vs Change – Proactive
Vs Reaction change – the change process – Resistance to change – Managing
change. Stress – Work Stressors – Prevention and Management of stress –
Balancing work and Life. Organizational development – Characteristics –
objectives –. Organizational effectiveness
TEXT BOOKS TOTAL: 45
PERIODS
1. Stephen P. Robins, Organizational Behavior, PHI Learning / Pearson
Education, 11th edition, 2008.
2. Fred Luthans, Organizational Behavior, McGraw Hill, 11th Edition, 2001.
REFERENCES
1. Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, Organizational behavior, John Wiley, 9 th
Edition, 2008.
2
2. Udai Pareek, Understanding Organizational Behaviour, 2 nd Edition, Oxford
Higher Education, 2004.
3. Mc Shane & Von Glinov, Organizational Behaviour, 4 th Edition, Tata Mc
Graw Hill, 2007.
4. Hellrigal, Slocum and Woodman, Organizational Behavior, Cengage
Learning, 11th Edition 2007.
5. Ivancevich, Konopaske & Maheson, Organizational Behaviour &
Management, 7 edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.
th

UNIT I
1. Define organization
A group of people working together to attain common goals.
2. What is MBO?
A program that encompasses specific goals, participative set, far an
explicit time period, with feedback on goal program
3. What do you mean by attribution theory?
Suggests that we attribute causes to behavior based on observations of
certain characteristics of that behavior. Employees observe their own
behavior, determine whether it is a response to external or internal factors,
and shape their future motivated behavior accordingly.
4. What do you mean by behavioral approach?
Approach to leadership that tries to identify behaviors that differentiated
effective leaders from nonleaders. It uses rules of thumb, sub optimizing,
and satisfying in making decisions.
5. What do you mean by classical organization theory?
An early approach to management that focused on how organizations can
be structured most effectively to meet their goals.
6. What do you mean by dysfunctional behaviors?
Those that detract from organizational performance.
7. Define extinction
Decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable
consequence that follows that behavior.
8. Define extraversion
The quality of being comfortable with relationships; the opposite extreme,
introversion, is characterized by more social discomfort.
9. Define goal
A desirable objective.
10. Define goal acceptance
The extent to which a person accepts a goal as his or her own.
11. Define goal commitment
The extent to which a person is personally interested in reaching a goal.
12. Define goal compatibility

3
The extent to which the goals of more than one person or group can be
achieved at the same time.
13. Define goal difficulty
The extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort.
14. Define goal specificity
The clarity and precision of a goal.

15. Briefly tell about Hawthorne studies.

Conducted between 1927 and 1932, these studies led to some of the first
discoveries of the importance of human behavior in organizations.
16. What do you mean by human relations approach?
Suggested that favorable employee attitudes result in motivation to work
hard.
17. What do you mean by interpersonal roles?
There are three important interpersonal roles: the figurehead, the leader,
and the liaison.
18. What do you mean by interpersonal skills?
Used to communicate with, understand, and motivate individuals and
groups.
19. Define norm
A standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged.
20. Define organization chart
A diagram showing all people, positions, reporting relationships, and lines
of formal communication in the organization.
21. Define organization structure
The system of task, reporting, and authority relationships within which the
organization does its work.
22. Define organizational behavior
The study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface
between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself.
23. Define organizational commitment
A person's identification with and attachment to an organization.
24. Define organizational environment
Everything outside an organization. It includes all elements, people, other
organizations, economic factors, objects, and events that lie outside the
boundaries of the organization.
25. Define organizational goals
Objectives that management seeks to achieve in pursuing the firm's
purpose.
26. Define organizing

4
The process of designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing
patterns of authority between jobs and units.
27. Define virtual organization
A temporary alliance between two or more organizations that band
together to undertake a specific venture.
28. Define workforce diversity
The similarities and differences in such characteristics as age, gender,
ethnic heritage, physical abilities and disabilities, race, and sexual
orientation among the employees of organizations.
29. What do you mean by work-life relationships?
The interrelationships between a person's work life and personal life.

30. What do you mean by workplace behavior?

The pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or
indirectly influences organizational effectiveness.
UNIT II
1) Define attitude
Attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness organized through
experiences, existing a directive or dynamic influence upon the
individuals response to all objects and situation with which it is related –
All Port
2) Define value
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-sate of existence
is personally or sociality preferable to an opposite or converse mode of
conduct or end-state of existence- Rokeach
3) What is motivation?
The processes that account far an individual’s intensity, direction and
persistence of effort toward attainting a goal

4) What is equity theory?

An individual compare their job inputs and out comes with those of others
and then respond to eliminate any inequities
5) What is expectancy theory?
The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the
strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given out
comes and an the attractiveness of that out come to the individual
6) What is employee involvement?
A participate process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is
designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization’s
success.
7) What is participative management?

5
The participative management is a process in which subordinates share a
significant degree of decision- making power with their immediate
superiors.
8) What is quality circle?
A Work groups of employee who meet regularly to discuss their quality
problems, investigate causes, recommend solutions and take corrective
actions.
9) What is job rotation?
The job rotation means a periodic shifting of an employee from one task
to another.
10) What is job enlargement?
Increasing the number and variety of tasks that an individual performs
results in jobs with more diversity
11) What is job enrichment?
Job enrichment is the vertical expansion of jobs, increasing the degree to
which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of his
or her work.

12) What is culture shock?

An employee’s feeling of confusion, insecurity, anxiety caused in a
strange new work environment.
13) What is cognitive Dissonance?
The anxiety a person experiences when two sets of knowledge a
perception are contradictory or incongruent. It also occurs when a person
behaves a responds in a way inconsistent with his as her attitude.
14) What is stereotyping?
Judging someone on the basic of one’s perception of the group to which
that person belongs.
15) What is profiling?
A from of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled out-
typically on the basic of race or ethnicity- far intensive inquiry scrutinizing
a investigation.
16) What is halo effect?
The halo effect refers to a cognitive bias whereby the perception of a
particular trait is influenced by the perception of the former traits in a
sequence of interpretations.
17) What is Delphi technique?
The Delphi technique is a method far obtaining forecasts from a panel of
independent experts over two or more rounds. Delphi method uses a
panel of carefully selected experts who answer a series of questionnaires.
18) Define absenteeism
Failure to show up for work.

6
19) What do you mean by "big five" personality traits?
A set of fundamental traits that is especially relevant to organizations.
20) What do you mean by classical conditioning?
A simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an
unconditioned stimulus.
21) Define dual-structure theory
Identifies motivation factors, which affect satisfaction, and hygiene
factors, which affect dissatisfaction.
22) What do you mean by hygiene factors?
These factors are extrinsic to the work itself. They include factors such as
pay and job security.
23) Define impression management
A direct and intentional effort by someone to enhance his or her own
image in the eyes of others.
24) What do you mean by individual differences?
Personal attributes that vary from one person to another.
25) Define individualism
The extent to which people place primary value on themselves.

26) Define job analysis

The process of systematically gathering information about specific jobs to
use in developing a performance measurement system, to write job or
position descriptions, and to develop equitable pay systems.
27) Define job design
How organizations define and structure jobs.
28) Define job enlargement
Involves giving workers more tasks to perform.
29) Define job enrichment
Entails giving workers more tasks to perform and more control over how
to perform them.
30) Define job hopping
Occurs when an individual makes fewer adjustments within the
organization and moves to different organizations to advance his or her
career.
31) Define job rotation
Systematically moving workers from one job to another in an attempt to
minimize monotony and boredom.
32) Define job satisfaction
The extent to which a person is gratified or fulfilled by his or her work.
33) Define job sharing
A situation in which two or more part-time employees share one full-time
job.

7
34) Define job specialization
Advocated by scientific management. It can help improve efficiency, but it
can also promote monotony and boredom.
35) What do you mean by motivation and productivity?
The stages of group development in which members cooperate, help each
other, and work toward accomplishing tasks.
36) What do you mean by motivation factors?
These factors are intrinsic to the work itself. They include factors such as
achievement and recognition.
37) Define motive
A factor that determines a person's choice of one course of behavior from
among several possibilities.
38) What do you mean by organizational behavior modification
(OB mod)?
The application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational
settings.
39) What do you mean by participation?
The process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about their
own work.
40) Define perception
The set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and
interprets information about the environment.

41) What do you mean by selective perception?

The process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with
or that contradicts our beliefs.
42) Define self-efficacy
The extent to which we believe we can accomplish our goals even if we
failed to do so in the past.
43) Define stereotyping
The process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single
attribute.
44) Define strategic values
The basic beliefs about an organization's environment that shape its
strategy.
45) What do you mean by 360-degree feedback?
Performance management system in which people receive performance
feedback from those on all sides of them in the organization: their boss,
their colleagues and peers, and their own subordinates.
46) Who are all called as type A behavior people?
People, who are extremely competitive, highly committed to work, and
have a strong sense of time urgency.

8
47) Who are all called as type B behavior people?
People, who are less competitive, less committed to work, and have a
weaker sense of time urgency.
48) What do you mean by Type Z firm?
This type of firm is committed to retaining employees; evaluates workers'
performance based on both qualitative and quantitative information;
emphasizes broad career paths; exercises control through informal,
implicit mechanisms; requires that decision making occur in groups and
be based on full information sharing and consensus; expects individuals
to take responsibility for decisions; and emphasizes concern for people.
49) Define valence
The degree of attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has
for a person.

UNIT III
1) What is cognitive evaluation theory?
Allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been precious by
intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation
2) What is a group?
Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent together have
come together to achieve particular objective.
3) What is a formal group?
A formal group is which designated work group defined by the
organization’s structure.

4) What is an informal group?

A group that is neither formally structures non-organizationally
determined, appears in response to the need for social contract.
5) What is a command group?
A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given
manager.
6) What is task group?
The task group are those working together to complete a job task.
7) What is an Interest group?
The Interest group those working together to attain a specific objective
with which each is concerned.
8) What is friendship group?
Those brought together because they share one or more common
characteristic
9) What is Cohesiveness?

9
Degree to which group members are attracted to each others and are
motivated to stay in the group.
10) What is groupthink?
Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic
appraisal of alternative courses of action is known as groupthink.
11) What is group shift?
A change in decision risk between the group’s decision and the individual
decision the members within the group would make, can be either toward
conservation or greater risk.
12) What is an interacting group?
Typical groups, in which members interact with each other face to face.
13) What is brain storming?
An idea- generation process that specifically encourages any and all
alternatives, while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.
14) What is nominal group technique?
A group decision- making method in which individual members meet face
to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.
15) What is communication process?
The communication process that steps between a source and a receiver
that result is the transference and understanding of meaning.
16) Define communication
Communication means transference of message or exchange of ideas,
facts, opinion or feeling by two or more persons.
17) What is Grapevine?
The organization’s inflamed communication network is known as
grapevine.
18) What is Group Dynamics?
The social process by which people interact face to face in small group is
called group dynamic.

19) What is team work?

A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are
committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for
which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
20) Define controlling
The process of monitoring actual organizational activities so as to keep
them headed toward the set goal a correcting flows a deviation, if any.
21) Define affinity group
Collections of employees from the same level in the organization who
meet on a regular basis to share information, capture emerging
opportunities, and solve problems.
22) Define locus of control

10
The extent to which people believe their circumstances are a function of
their own actions versus external factors beyond their control.
23) What do you mean by nominal group technique?
Technique in which group members follow a generate-discussion-vote
cycle until they reach an appropriate decision.
24) Define organic structure
This structure is set up like a network. Within it, interactions and
communications are horizontal, knowledge resides wherever it is most
useful to the organization, and membership requires a commitment to the
organization's tasks.
25) Define refreezing
The process of making new behaviors relatively permanent and resistant
to further change.
26) Define reinforcement
The consequences of behavior.
27) Define reinforcement discrimination
The process of recognizing differences between behavior and
reinforcement in different settings.
28) What do you mean by reinforcement generalization?
The process through which a person extends recognition of similar or
identical behavior-reinforcement relationships to different settings.
29) What do you mean by reinforcement theory?
This theory is based on the idea that behavior is a function of its
consequences.
30) What do you mean by task demands?
Stressors associated with the specific job a person performs.
31) What do you mean by task environment?
This environment includes specific organizations, groups, and individuals
that influence the organization.
32) What do you mean by task group?
A relatively temporary, formal group established to do a specific task.

33) Define team

A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed
to a common purpose, common performance goals, and approach for
which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
34) What do you mean by technical (task) subsystem?
The means by which inputs are transformed into outputs.
UNIT IV
1. What is Autonomy?

11
The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom and discretion
to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the
procedures to be used in carrying it out
2. What is Opportunity to perform?
High levels of performance are partially a function of an absence of
obstacles that COM train the employee
3. What do you mean by acceptance theory of authority?
The theory that the manager's authority depends on the subordinate's
acceptance of the manager's right to give directives and to expect
compliance with them.
4. Define authoritarianism
The belief that power and status differences are appropriate within
hierarchical social systems such as organizations.
5. Define authority
Power that has been legitimized within a particular social context.
6. Define coercive power
The extent to which a person has the ability to punish or physically or
psychologically harm someone else.
7. Define cognition
The knowledge a person presumes to have about something.
8. Define cognitive dissonance
The anxiety a person experiences when he or she simultaneously
possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or
incongruent.
9. Define empowerment
The process of enabling workers to set their own work goals, makes
decisions, and solves problems within their sphere of responsibility and
authority
10. Define expert power
The extent to which a person controls information that is valuable to
someone else.
11. What do you mean by leader-member exchange (LMX)?
This model of leadership stresses the fact that leaders develop unique
working relationships with each of their subordinates.
12. Define leadership
Both a process and a property. As a process, leadership involves the use
of noncoercive influence. As a property, leadership is the set of
characteristics attributed to someone who is perceived to use influence
successfully.
13. Define Leadership Grid

12
Evaluates leadership behavior along two dimensions, concern for
production and concern for people, and suggests that effective leadership
styles include high levels of both behaviors.
14. What do you mean by leadership substitutes?
Individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh
the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance.
15. Define leading
The process of getting the organization's members to work together
toward the organization's goals.
16. Define legitimate power
Power that is granted by virtue of one's position in the organization.
17. Define liaison
An individual who serves as a bridge between groups, tying groups
together and facilitating the communication flow needed to integrate
group activities.
18. What do you mean by LPC theory of leadership?
Suggests that a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation
19. What do you mean by Michigan leadership studies?
These studies defined job-centered and employee-centered leadership as
opposite ends of a single leadership continuum.
20. What do you mean by Ohio State leadership studies?
These studies defined leader consideration and initiating-structure
behaviors as independent dimensions of leadership.
21. Define organizational politics
Activities carried out by people to acquire, enhance, and use power and
other resources to obtain their desired outcomes.
22. Define organizational socialization
The process through which employees learn about the firm's culture and
pass their knowledge and understanding on to others.
23. What do you mean by path-goal theory of leadership?
Suggests that effective leaders clarify the paths (behaviors) that will lead
to desired rewards (goals).
24. Define positive reinforcement
A reward or other desirable consequence that a person receives after
exhibiting behavior.
25. Define power
The potential ability of a person or group to exercise control over another
person or group.
26. Define radical innovation
A major breakthrough that changes or creates whole industries.
27. What do you mean by rational decision-making approach?
A systematic, step-by-step process for making decisions.

13
28. Define referent power
Exists when one person wants to be like or imitates someone else.
29. Define reward power
The extent to which a person controls rewards that another person
values.
30. Define reward system
The system that consists of all organizational components, including
people, processes, rules and procedures, and decision-making activities,
involved in allocating compensation and benefits to employees in
exchange for their contributions to the organization.
UNIT V
1. What is Action Research?
A change process based on systematic collection of data and then
selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate.
2. What is Sensitivity Training?
Training groups that seek to change behaviour through unstructured
group interaction.
3. What is Inter-group Development?
OD efforts to change the attitudes, stereotypes and perception that
groups have of each other.
4. What is Appreciative Inquiry?
Appreciative inquiry seeks to identify the unique qualities and special
strengths of an organization, which can then be built on to improve
performance.
5. What is Innovation?
A new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.
6. What is Stress?
A dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an
opportunity, constraint, or demand related to what he or she desires and
for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.
7. What is a Wellness Program?
Wellness program organizationally supported programs that focus on the
employee’s total physical and mental condition.
8. What is Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB)?
OCB a discretionary behaviour that is not part of an employee’s formal job
requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of
the organization.
9. What is organizational commitment?
Organizational commitment the degree to which an employee identifies
with a particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain
membership in the organization.
10. Define distress

14
The unpleasant stress that accompanies negative events.
11. Define multicultural organization
The multicultural organization has six characteristics: pluralism, full
structural integration, full integration of informal networks, an absence of
prejudice and discrimination, equal identification among employees with
organizational goals for majority and minority groups, and low levels of
intergroup conflict.
12. Define organization climate
Current situations in an organization and the linkages among work
groups, employees, and work performance.
13. Define organization culture
The set of values that helps the organization's employees understand
which actions are considered acceptable and which unacceptable.
14. Define organization development
The process of planned change and improvement of the organization
through application of knowledge of the behavioral sciences.
15. Define organizational stressors
Factors in the workplace that can cause stress.
16. Define role
A set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a
group or organization.
17. Define role ambiguity
Arises when a role is unclear.
18. Define role conflict
Occurs when the messages and cues constituting a role are clear but
contradictory or mutually exclusive.
19. Define role demands
Stressors associated with the role a person is expected to play.
20. Define role overload
Occurs when expectations for the role exceed the individual's capabilities.
21. Define socialization
The process through which individuals become social beings.

15