03 Matter

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Solids, Liquids
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“Mind-Map” Outline of Topic

This topic belongs to the branch of Science called “Chemistry”.
Chemistry is the study of matter and materials. Chemistry looks at the properties
of substances, and how substances can change into new forms.
Properties of
Matter Changes of
State The
Moving Particle
Model
The States
of Matter
Effects of
Heat
Solids, Liquids
&
Change
Gases of State
Explained
Heat Expansion
Density Gas
Pressure
Calculations Density & Air

Heat Pressure
Expansion
Density
& the
Particle Model Density
&
Flotation
Year 7-8 Topic 3 Solids, Liquids & Gases 3 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
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Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your
workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.
Effects of Properties of
Solids, Liquids Heat Matter
& Change Air

Density of State
Gases Explained
Pressure
Gas Heat Expansion

The States Pressure
Changes of
of Matter State
Particle Model
Calculations
Density
The
& the
Density &
Density
Heat
Moving Particle &
Expansion
Flotation
Model
Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your
workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.
Effects of Properties of
Solids, Liquids Heat Matter
& Change Air

Density of State
Gases Explained
Pressure
Gas Heat Expansion

The States Pressure
Changes of
of Matter State
Particle Model
Calculations
Density
The
& the
Density &
Density
Heat
Moving Particle &
Expansion
Flotation
Model
®
Solid, Liquid, Gas

The Earth is mostly solid rock. The oceans are liquid water. The air we breathe is a gas.
All around us are many different substances, but when we come to study the science of
matter, one simple starting point is that all substances are either solid, liquid or gas.
The States of Matter
Solids Liquids Gases

Generally, Generally, Generally,
• have a definite shape. • have no definite shape. • have no definite shape.

They take the shape of whatever They completely fill whatever
container they are in. container they are in.
• are hard.
• can flow, and be poured. • can easily flow and move.
• cannot be compressed. (e.g. when the wind blows)
(squashed into a smaller space)
• cannot be compressed.
A solid made of grains, like dry
• are easily compressed.
sand, has no definite shape and
can flow like a liquid. However, Liquids & Gases are both “fluids”; substances
each grain is hard, has a definite
shape and cannot be compressed.
which can flow and change shape.
Testing Compressibility
One of the big differences between the If you try again with the syringe filled
states of matter is whether or not a with air, you’ll find it very easy to
substance can be squashed into a compress the gas.
smaller space.
This property can be studied using a Air

syringe, or even a bike pump.
Push on the
A gas can be easily
Outlet blocked
plunger with a finger compressed
Simplest definitions of the States of Matter

Water
Solid = incompressible non-fluid
You will find it impossible Liquid = incompressible fluid
to compress water Gas = compressible fluid
®
Changes of State
Most pure substances can change their state from solid to liquid to gas, and back
again. When this happens, it is still the same substance, but in a different state.
LEARN THE NAMES FOR EACH CHANGE.
melting
po risation (or boilin
va g)
Solid Liquid Gas

fre )
ezin ati on c ondensation
g (or solidific
Sometimes it is possible for a
substance to change from
sublimation solid to gas, or from gas to
solid. In either direction this
change is called sublimation
Examples of Changes of State
Liquid water boils
and vaporises
to “water vapour”.
As the vapour
cools, it
condenses
back to liquid.
Solid water is ice.
Ice melts to liquid water. Note that water
vapour is an
invisible gas. If you
can see a cloud of
“steam”, it is
actually a cloud of
tiny little liquid
droplets. Clouds in
the sky are also
made of tiny liquid
droplets which
have condensed
Liquid water can
from water vapour.
freeze
to ice.
Ice is solid water, but it is still the substance water.
Water vapour is a gas, but it is still water.
When a substance changes its state, it remains the same substance.

It can change its state over and over again, but it is still the same stuff.
®
The Moving-Particle Model

How can the properties of solids, liquids and gases be explained?
We believe that all substances are made of tiny lumps of matter we call particles.
Each particle can be imagined to be like a tiny solid ball, too small to see.
Solid Liquid Gas
The particles are tightly The particles are tightly The particles are far
packed together. packed together. apart.
This explains why solids This explains why liquids This explains why gases
are incompressible. are incompressible. are easily compressible.
It is easy to push the
They are held firmly in The particles are able to particles closer together.
place by forces of move around, bumping
attraction. and jostling each other. The particles are flying
in all directions at high
This is why solids are This explains why liquids speed, colliding and
hard with a fixed shape. have no fixed shape, and bouncing away again.
take the shape of their
Although the particles are This explains why they
container.
fixed in place, they have no fixed shape, and
vibrate and jiggle around This also explains how totally fill their container.
a bit. they can flow as a “fluid”.
Notice that in every case the particles are moving.
In solids, they only vibrate in one place. In liquids they move around
among each other. In gases they fly freely at high speed.
Scientific Models
Is this description of solids, liquids and So overall, the description above is
gases real? Well, yes, and no. partly true, but is not the full story.
We have many good reasons to believe Scientists often develop “models” of

that all matter is made of small particles things that cannot easily be seen. This
called atoms. Often they join together in helps in understanding and explaining
the observed facts.
larger lumps called “molecules”.
So long as the model explains things,
However, we also know that atoms are and always remains totally in agreement
not solid ball-like particles, but are with what we can see and measure, then
made of many smaller pieces. it is useful, even if it is a simplification or
not quite the full story.
There are forces of attraction between For now, ball-like “particles”
atoms and molecules. will be our model of matter.
®
Worksheet 1
States of Matter, Particle Theory Student Name.............................................
Fill in the blank spaces The reverse change (gas to liquid) is called
The 3 “states of matter” are a)...................., l)..........................................
.......................... and .........................
It is also possible for a solid to turn to gas
Generally, solids are hard, with a definite directly, without going through the
b)............................. and c)....................... m)............................. stage. This change is
called n)..........................................
(can/cannot) be compressed.
The “Moving o).......................... Model”
Liquids have no definite shape, but take the
states that all substances are made of tiny
shape of their d)............................... Liquids can
particles.
e)............................ and be poured. Like solids,
they cannot be f)........................
In a solid, the particles are
p)................................................................ and
Gases have no shape, and completely
held firmly in q)....................... The particles
g).................. their container. They can flow and
cannot move around, but can
are easily h)..............................
r)........................................ back-and-forth.
When a solid turns to a liquid the change is
In a liquid, the particles are also very
called i)............................... The reverse change
s)......................................................, but can
(liquid to solid) is called
t).........................................
j)..........................................
In a gas, the particles are u).......................
When a liquid turns to a gas the change is
and are v)........................ at high speed.
called k)...............................
Worksheet 2
States of Matter, Particle Theory
Student Name.............................................
Briefly answer each question
1. Which feature of a gas: 4. Which feature of a liquid:
a) allows it to be easily compressed? a) allows it to change its shape and flow?
b) causes it to always fill its container? b) makes it incompressible?
2. Which two states of matter are 5. Which two states of matter cannot be
considered to be “fluids”? easily compressed?
3. Which feature of a solid: 6. Name the change of state.

a) makes it incompressible? a) gas to liquid ..................................
b) liquid to solid ....................................

b) causes it to have a fixed shape?
c) liquid to gas ....................................
®
Moving Particles? What Makes Them Move?

The answer is “Heat Energy”.
When you add heat energy to any substance, the particles in it do not get hotter... they get faster.
When something cools down, the particles do not get any colder... they go slower.
Heat Energy added.
Moving particles Particles move faster.

in a substance. Temperature has increased.
The measurement we call “temperature” is actually a measure of how fast

(on average) the particles are moving.
In a solid substance the particles cannot move around, but only vibrate.
When a solid is heated, the particles vibrate faster, but still stay in their fixed place.
Note: The energy of a moving thing is called “Kinetic Energy”.

The Moving-Particle Model is sometimes called the “Kinetic Theory (Model) of Matter”.
Changes of State... Again

With a knowledge of what heat energy Evaporation
does to particles, we can explain what Particles in a liquid are
happens in a change of state. close together, but
move around among
Melting each other.
Particles in a solid are Heat

vibrating, but are held in Added
place by forces of
attraction. When heated, the
particles move faster.
Even at relatively low
Heat temperatures, a few
Adding heat makes the Added
particles vibrate faster. particles have enough
The forces between them energy to fly off into the
are still there, but the gas state. Some of the
particles have more liquid is evaporating.
energy so the forces are More Heat
almost overcome. Added
More Heat At a particular

Added temperature
At a certain temperature
(the “melting point”) the (the “boiling point”)
particles break free from many of the particles
their positions and begin reach the speed to
moving around. The evaporate. Bubbles of
forces are still there, but gas vapour form within
unable to hold them. The the liquid... the liquid is
particles are still close boiling.
together, but moving
The solid has melted!
among each other.
®
Heat Expansion
It is an observed fact that substances expand (get bigger)
as they get hotter, and contract (shrink) as they get cooler.
How does our Moving-Particle Model explain this?
In a Solid... In a Liquid...
Particles in a solid are Particles in a liquid are
vibrating, but are held in close together, but
place by forces of move around among
attraction. each other.
Heat
Added Heat
Added
Adding heat makes the
particles vibrate faster. As When heated, the
they jiggle and push particles move faster.
against each other, they They collide faster and
are forced a little further harder and push each
apart. This makes the other away. This
solid substance get bigger causes the volume of
and occupy more space. the liquid to get bigger.
The liquid expands and
occupies more space.
Very Important: Notice that the particles DO NOT expand.

The particles force each other a bit further apart so the substance
expands, but the particles stay the same size.
Investigating Heat Expansion Heat Expansion in Structures

You may do some experiments, or see Heat expansion is a factor that must be
demonstrations, of heat expansion. allowed for when designing and building
roads, railways, bridges and buildings.
When both are
cold, the ball fits On a hot day metal and concrete will
through the ring. expand, and will shrink again during a cold
night. If this was not allowed for, the
When the ball is structure could warp or crack, and be
heated, it
damaged.
expands and
won’t fit through.
These structures
When warmed up,
are built with gaps,
the liquid expands,
or flexible joints, to
so it rises up in the
narrow glass tube. allow heat
expansion to occur
without damage.
This is the same
principle as a The Sydney Harbour Bridge has a huge
hinge at the base of the steel arch so the
thermometer whole structure can flex and move.
®
Heat Expansion in a Gas Gas Pressure

You might also investigate heat expansion Remember that in a
in a gas, as suggested by these diagrams. gas the particles
are constantly
Flask full of air,
with balloon flying everywhere
fitted over it. at high speed.
Air expands
and inflates They frequently collide with each other,
balloon Air contracts and with the walls of their container.
and balloon
collapses
Each collision pushes on the inside of
the container, or on each other. This
means there is a constant push, or
force, acting within the gas.
Heated in a Cooled
bowl of in
hot water fridge
Pressure is measured as the amount of
force pushing per unit of area.
The unit of pressure The “pascal” unit is named
used most often in in honour of the great
Expansion of a gas can be explained the science is the French scientist and
mathematician
same as before... particles move faster kilopascal (kPa) Blaise Pascal (1623-662).
and push each other further apart.
1 kPa = 1,000 N force per square metre.
However, what if the gas is inside a strong
container that cannot expand the way a Some examples of pressure values
balloon can? Normal air pressure (sea level) ≅ 100 kPa
Inflated car tyre ≅ 200 kPa
Now you must know about Pressure. Inside a scuba airtank ≅ 800kPa
Changes in Gas Pressure due to Heating

What might happen if you heated a gas inside a strong container
which cannot change its shape?
Pressure
Gauge
measures gas
When heated, the particles move faster and pressure
push harder against each other and the

container... so the pressure goes up.
OK, so it’s a strong container, but there is a

limit to how strong it is. If the pressure rises
Gas in a rigid container, After heating,
too high, the pressure can cause it to burst. before heating. particles move faster,
pressure rises
This why you should never dispose of an aeorsol spray can in a
fireplace or incinerator. As it gets hot the pressure will rise and it may explode.
Even more dangerous are pressure cylinders of fuel gas. If there is a fire in a house or factory,
not only might the cylinder explode from rising pressure, but the escaping fuel will then burn.
This is why large gas cylinders are always stored outside buildings.
®
Worksheet 3
Particles & Heat. Expansion & Pressure Student Name.............................................
Fill in the blank spaces
When heat is added to any substance, the At the “boiling point”, so many particles
particles move a).................................... form vapour that i)...................... of gas form
When the substance is cooled, the within the liquid. We say that the liquid is
particles move b)................................... “j)...............................”
“Temperature” is really a measure of the Heat also causes most substances to

average c).................................. of the k)................................... because the faster
particles. moving particles push each other apart
when they l)........................... with each
The melting of a solid occurs when heat other.
causes the particles to d)............. fast
enough to e).......................................... the If a gas is inside a container that cannot
forces holding them in place. They then expand, then heating will cause the
begin to move around, so the substance is m).............................. to rise. Pressure is
now a f)............................ caused by particles exerting a n).................
when they collide. Pressure is the amount
In a liquid, adding heat causes the particles of o)............................. pushing per unit of
to move around g)....................... Some may p)............................ The unit of pressure
have enough energy to fly off as particles often used in Science is the q).....................
of h).........................
Worksheet 4
Particles & Heat. Expansion & Pressure Student Name.............................................
Match the Lists
Write the letter (A,B,C, etc) of the list Description matches with List Item
item which matches each description. 6.
Not all the list items will be used, and Pressure is “force per unit of..”? .............
some may be used more than once. 7.
Temperature at which bubbles .............
Description matches with List Item of vapour form inside a liquid.
1. 8.
When a substance gets bigger ............. Measurement of the average .............
due to being heated. speed of particles in a substance.
2.
What happens to the actual ............. List Items
particles when they are heated. A. area
3. B. volume
Why liquid rises in a ............. C. contraction
thermometer. D. melting point
4. E. heat expansion
What is inside the bubbles when ............. F. boiling point
a liquid is boiling. G. temperature
5. H. move faster
Why leave a gap in a rail track? ............. I. vapour (gas)
®
Air Pressure
Air Pressure and Your Body Air Pressure and Weather
Normal air pressure at sea Most of our winds, storms and weather
level is about 100 kPa. patterns are due to air pressure effects in the
Over the area of your whole body atmosphere.
this means a total
force equivalent to about In some places, a huge “bubble” of the air
1 tonne is pressing on you.
(maybe 1,000 km across) can warm up. This
How come you don’t feel “bubble” expands so that the air particles
squashed? become further apart and the air pressure
becomes lower than the surrounding air.
Simply because your body This is a “low pressure cell”.
has the same amount of pressure
inside, pushing outwards. Meanwhile, in another place the air is cooling
and contracting. The air particles are forced
If you go up in an aircraft, or closer together, so the pressure rises... a
drive up a high mountain, the outside air “high pressure cell”.
pressure gets less. You will feel the pressure
difference in your ears, until it equalises Both pressure systems begin to rotate
again. because of the spin of the Earth, so circular
winds blow around each “cell”.
Astronauts in space or on the Moon (no
air) need pressure suits not just to
breathe, but to protect them from the Low pressure cells often bring storms
zero pressure around them. Their own and rain (and cyclones) while “highs”
“body pressure” pushing outwards tend to bring fine, dry weather. Both
would cause fatal damage without the create the winds that blow around them,
suit. and from one to the other.
Tricks with Air Pressure

Totally fill a glass with Shelled, hard-b boiled
water. Slide a piece of egg, will NOT fit into
cardboard over it so there this flask Now boil the
are no air bubbles inside. water in the
Place a small flask. The flask
Support the cardboard with amount of water in fills with water
your hand while carefully the flask vapour which
turning the glass upside- pushes some
down. Let go of the of the air out.
cardboard.
The water defies gravity and Turn off the heat, and
stays in the glass! immediately place the egg on
the neck of the flask. Air Pressure
Explanation: the air pressure
force on the cardboard is As the gas inside cools, and
stronger than the downward some water vapour condenses,
weight of the water. the inside pressure drops.
(But let air bubbles in, and Outside air pressure now pushes Less
the egg into the flask. pressure
see what happens!) inside
Air Pressure Fascinating to watch!
®
Density
Which is heavier? In the laboratory, we would
1 kg of lead or 1kg of cotton wool? normally measure mass
in grams (g).
1 kg cotton
1 kg Lead Volume means the amount of space
wool
something occupies. Small solid
objects would normally be measured
in cubic centimetres (cm3).
Well, of course, they are the same mass; volume
1 cm
1 kg each. However, the lead has all its 1 cm3
mass packed in a very small space or
cm
1 cm
1
“volume”, while the cotton wool occupies
a large volume for the same mass.
Liquid volumes are
measured in millilitres (mL).
The real difference here is “Density”.
These 2 different units of
Density means the amount of
volume are actually the
mass per unit of volume.
same amount.
3
1 cm = 1 mL
How to Calculate Density Example Calculations

1.
Once the mass and volume of anything A piece of lead has a volume of 2.5 cm3
is measured, its density can be and a mass of 27.5 g.
calculated as follows: What is its density?
Solution: D=m/V
Density = Mass = 27.5 / 2.5
= 11.0
Volume
∴ density is 11.0 g/cm3
D= m 2.
V A pack of cotton wool has a mass of 20g
and it occupies a volume of 500 cm3.
If mass is in grams,
What is its density?
and volume in cm3, then
Solution: D=m/V
density will be in grams per cm3 (g/cm3)
= 20 / 500
Other possible units include = 0.04
g/mL and kg/m3 ∴ density is 0.04 g/cm3
®
Worksheet 5
Skills Exercise Student Name.............................................
Calculating Density 4.
(calculator needed) The density of a piece of steel = 8.0 g/cm3.
For each question show full working. If the piece has a mass of 32g, what is its
Write your answer rounded to 1 decimal volume?
place. Every answer must have units.
1.
A block of wood has a mass of 82g and
a volume of 105 cm3.
D=m/V
= ................... / ......................... 5.
Aluminium has a density of 2.7 cm3.
= ............................. What mass is contained in a volume of
10 cm3?
∴ density is ......................... ................
(answer) (units)
2.
A gold nugget (worth about $8,000) has a
mass of 300g and a volume of 15.5 cm3.
6.
Polystyrene foam plastic has a density
of 0.2 g/cm3. What volume of it do you
need to have a mass of 1kg (1,000g)?
3.
A bottle of motor oil is labelled “500 mL”.
The oil in it has a mass of 400g.
®
Worksheet 6
Skills Exercise (2 pages) Student Name.............................................
Calculating Volume & Density 3.
(calculator needed) This empty box is 50cm high, 30cm
Part A wide and 75cm long.
The volume of a rectangular prism or What is its volume?
cube can be found by multiplying
length x breadth x height. (V = L x B x H) What would be the mass of
a block of concrete exactly
For each of the following the same size as the box?
a) calculate the volume (in cm3) (density of concrete = 3.5 g/cm3)
b) calculate the density
1.
This cube of copper is 2.0 cm
on each side.
Its mass is 72g.

What is its volume, and its density?
a) V = LxBxH b) D = m / V
4.
= ........x.........x.......... = ........../ ....... A 750g box of breakfast cereal
measures 21 x 13 x 9 cm.
= ..................... = ................... Find its volume and density.
Vol is .............. .... density is ..................

(answer, units) (answer,units)
2.
This brick
measures 22.5cm x
11.0cm x 7.5cm.
Its mass is 5 kg (5,000g). 5.

Find its volume and density. This a cube of brass.
Its density is 6.5 g/cm3 and
its mass is 175.5g.
Find its volume. How long is each
side?
®
Worksheet 6 (cont) 3.
Yet another lump of this same metal was
Part B lowered into a cylinder containing 30mL
Another way to measure volume is to of water. The metal had a mass of 252g.
lower a solid into water in a measuring
cylinder. The water level rises. a) What is the volume of this lump?
The change in the cylinder reading is

equal to the volume of the solid.
1.
A lump of metal with
mass 198g was
lowered into a 68mL b) What would be the final reading of the
measuring cylinder. measuring cylinder?
The cylinder had 35 mL
of water in it. The metal 35mL 4.
caused the water Find the density of this piece
level to rise to 68 mL. of solid rock. Its mass = 120g.
a) What is the volume of the metal?
80mL
b) What is its density?
33mL
2. Questions for Discussion

Another lump of the same metal (same Some Limitations of this Method
density!) caused the cylinder reading to a) Would this method of measuring
go from 42 mL up to 55 mL. volume work for an object which floats in
a) Volume of the metal? water?
b) What is the mass of this lump?
b) Would this method work for a solid like

a sugar cube which will dissolve in the
water?
®
Density and the Moving-Particle Model

How does the Moving-Particle Model of matter explain density differences?
Solids, Liquids & Gases Comparing Different Solids
Remember how the particles are arranged in How does our model explain the different
the different states of matter. densities of different substances?
In solids the particles Particles Have Different Mass

are packed close Compare the metal aluminium with the metal
together, and fixed in lead: Density (g/cm3)
place. Aluminium 3 (approx)
Lead 11 (approx)
In liquids, the Why such a difference?
particles are also
close together, but
able to move around.
Aluminium Lead
In gases, the particles
are far apart and
moving at high speed. Both types of particles pack together tightly.
They are a bit different in size, but more
importantly, each lead particle is much
We could predict from the model that solids heavier than each aluminium particle. Lead is
and liquids should have similar densities. denser because its particles are heavier.
Both solids and liquids should be far denser
than a gas, assuming the particles are all the Particles Pack Differently
same weight. Compare aluminium with silicon:
Density (g/cm3)
Sure enough, if the density of any pure Aluminium 3 (approx)
substance is measured the results are similar Silicon 2 (approx)
to the following. In this case the particles of these 2
substances are almost exactly the same size
Example Density (g/cm3) and weight.
Solid ice 0.92 So why are their densities different?
Liquid water 1.0 It’s because of the way their
Water vapour 0.0007 particles pack together.
Note that the solid and liquid densities are

similar, and both much higher than the gas.
Aluminium Silicon
Water is unusual because the solid is less
dense than the liquid.
The particles of silicon do not pack as tightly
In most substances the solid is slightly more
together as those of aluminium, so the
dense because the particles just move a bit
further apart in the liquid, as shown in the density is lower.
diagrams above.
The density of every substance
The slightly weird behaviour of ice and depends on the mass of its particles,
water will be explained later. and how they pack together.
®
Density and Heat Expansion

You’ve already learnt about heat expansion. What does that do to density?
Generally, as a substance gets hotter its particles move faster.
They collide harder and more often, and push each other apart slightly
Heat
Added
More Heat
Substance
Melts
Adding heat makes the particles vibrate faster. As they jiggle and
push against each other, they are forced a little further apart. Particles in a liquid are still close
This makes the solid substance get bigger and occupy more space. together, but usually a bit further
apart than in the solid.
When heat expansion happens, the substance (solid or liquid)

gets bigger and has slightly more volume.
Since D = m/V, if the volume increases,
but mass is still the same, then density must get less.
(However, these changes in density are only slight compared to

the huge difference from liquid to gas.)
Water the Weirdo!

Most of the time, water acts just like all Why Water Expands on Freezing
other substances. This is tricky to explain. You need to know
that the “particles” in water are not actually
For example here are its density values ball-like, but shaped like this:
over a range of cooling temperatures.
Temperature (oC) Density (g/cm3)
In liquid water,
99 0.96
75 0.98 these particles can
50 0.99 wriggle in very
25 0.997 close to each other
5 1.00 for maximum
Like other substances, as you cool water density.
down it shrinks slightly and its density rises a However, as water
little. freezes to ice the
particles are forced
However, when you cool other substances to line up in
further until they freeze (solidify) they keep organized “ranks”,
shrinking and density continues to rise. But so they are actually
look at what happens to water: slightly further apart.
Temperature (oC) Density (g/cm3)
5 1.00
0 (still liquid) 0.99 This is why
0 (ice) 0.92 water expands as it freezes, and
(that’s why a can of drink will split open if frozen)
As water freezes, it expands, ice floats in water
and the density gets lower! (it has a lower density)
Why?
®
Density and Flotation

Why do some things float and others sink?
It’s all a matter of density. Study these diagrams to spot the rule.
Wood Wood
d = 0.9 g/cm3 d = 0.9 g/cm3
Floats! Steel
Petrol d = 8 g/cm3
Wood d = 0.7 Both float!
Water d = 0.9 g/cm3
g/cm3
Steel d = 1.0 g/cm3 Steel Mercury
d = 8 g/cm3 d = 8 g/cm3 d = 13 g/cm3
Sinks! Both sink!
Can you see the pattern? Things will float if their density is less than the liquid.
They will sink if their density is more than the liquid.
How Can a Steel Ship Float? A submarine has
Because of its shape, the ship contains special ballast
a lot of air within its total volume. This tanks. When these
means its overall density is only about tanks are filled with air, the sub’s density is
0.7 g/cm3. less than water, so it floats.
Since fresh water If the tanks are filled with water
has d = 1.0 g/cm3, the sub’s density is
the ship floats.
higher than water, so it can
It floats even better in dive.
sea water which has a higher density.
(salt water, d = 1.3 g/cm3) Cruising underwater, the tanks are adjusted
so that the sub has the same density as the
If the ship gets a hole in it and enough sea... “neutral buoyancy”. In this state it
air spaces fill with water, the density neither sinks nor floats, but hangs in the
rises and it may sink. water, and it can manoeuvre easily.
Diffusion
You might do one of these activities yourself, or see it demonstrated.
one drop of Gas Jar
food colour
of air
dye The food colour When the
spreads out through glass separator is
the water by itself. separator removed, the
two gases mix
Water
Without any stirring, themselves
it auto-m
mixes Gas Jar together.
through the water. of
brown
Fluids (liquids and gases) seem to be able gas
to mix themselves together automatically. The explanation is in the Moving-Particle
Model of matter. In liquids and gases, the
This process is called “Diffusion”. particles are moving around. If 2 different
gases or liquids are side-by-side, then the
The coloured solution can mix itself moving particles will automatically mix.
through the beaker of water. The brown
gas can mix with the air without any help. Is diffusion faster in liquid or gas?
What effect would temperature have?
®
Worksheet 7
Student Name.............................................
Density & The Particle Model
Fill in the blank spaces Water is an unusual substance because it
In both a)......................... and ..................... j)............................. as it freezes. The result is
the particles are very close together, that ice is k)......................... (more/less) dense
compared to particles in a b)....................... than water, so ice will l)........................... in
This means that the density of solids and water.
liquids is much c)..............................
(higher/lower) than a gas. Whether something floats or sinks depends
on density. If an object is more dense than the
For most pure substances the density of liquid, it will m)....................... If it is less dense
the solid is slightly d).................................. than the liquid it will n)......................
(higher/lower) than the liquid because as
the substance melts, the particles get a bit A ship is built from high-density steel floats
e)................................................. (further because its overall density is o)................. than
apart/closer together). water due to its shape and the many
p)................. spaces it contains. By adjusting
Different substances have different the amount of water or air in its
densities because their particles may have “q)............................ tanks”, a submarine can
different f)...................... , or because their dive, surface, or “hang” in the water with
particles may g)........................................... in “r)........................... buoyancy”.
a different way.
Diffusion is when s)....................... or
When heat expansion occurs in a solid or ....................... can mix themselves together. It
liquid, the substance gets bigger so it happens because the particles are
occupies a larger h).............................. This t).................................. so they automatically
means its density i)................................. mingle with each other.
(increases/decreases)
Worksheet 8
Student Name.............................................
Sink or Float?
Here are the densities of 3 different Next, small
liquids, and 4 different solids. cubes of
(all in g/cm3) the 4 solids
were
Liquids Solids dropped in.
water 1.0 lead 11
mercury 13.5 plastic 0.75 b) Sketch
olive oil 0.8 uranium 19 on the
wood 0.9 diagram to
show
The 3 liquids were poured into a container where each
together. They did NOT mix, but formed one ended
layers as shown in the diagram. up.
(label them)
a) label the layers to show where each
liquid ended up.
®
Topic Test Student Name.............................................
Solids, Liquids & Gases Score = ................. / 40

Answer all questions 2. (6 marks)
in the spaces provided In the boxes below, use simple sketches to
1. (10 marks) represent a model of the particles in solids,
Match each description to an item from liquids and gases.
the list. To answer, write the letter
(A,B,C, etc) of the list item beside the In each sketch you must make it clear:
description. • if particles are close, or far apart.
• if particles are able to move around
Description matches with List Item
i) The lowest density state Solid

of matter. .............
ii) Easily compressed fluid. .............
iii) Change of state from gas Liquid

to liquid. .............
iv) Change of state from liquid

to solid. .............
Gas
v) The state in which particles
are held in one place. .............
vi) Energy which causes particles 3. (6 marks)

to move faster. ............. Briefly explain:
a) what happens to the particles in a solid
vii) Force per unit of area. ............. when the substance melts to become liquid.
viii) Mass per unit of volume. .............
ix) Process of fluids mixing

themselves together. .............
b) why a substance expands when heated.
x) Incompressible fluid. .............
List Items Not all will be used. Some may be

used more than once.
A. solid G. condensation
c) why the gas pressure increases in a sealed
B. liquid H. pressure
container when it is heated.
C. gas I. freezing
D. evaporation J. heat
E. diffusion
F. density
®
4. (4 marks) 6. (3 marks)
a) This is a glass of water Carbon exists in several different forms.
with a piece of cardboard Diamond has a density = 3.5 g/cm3.
on top, which has Graphite has a density = 2.3 g/cm3.
been turned upside-down. Both forms are made up of exactly the same
particles (same atoms).
Explain why the water
does not fall out of the glass. a) Suggest a reason why they might have
different densities.
b) When the temperature increases, b) If you heated a diamond up, what would
the liquid in this thermomter rises up you expect to happen to its density as it got
inside the glass tube. hotter?
Explain why the liquid rises.
7. (5 marks)
Fill in the blank spaces.
An object will float in a liquid if the object’s

5. (6 marks) density is a)........................................... the
For each of the following, calculate the density of the liquid.
density of the object shown or described.
Marks will be awarded for
showing your working.
If you cool a liquid until it turns solid, usually
a) mass = 240 g
its density will b)................................... as it
3 cm
cm solidifies. Water is unusual because ice is

10
4 cm
c).............................. dense than liquid water.
This is because, as it freezes, the particles in
water re-arrange so they are
d)............................................, and the volume of
the water e)................................ as it freezes.
b) A lump of metal with mass 150g was
dropped into a measuring cylinder of water.
The water level rose from 40 mL to 55 mL.
®
Answer Section Worksheet 3

a) faster b) slower
Worksheet 1 c) speed d) vibrate
a) solid, liquid & gas e) overcome (break free of)
b) shape c) cannot f) liquid g) faster
d) container e) flow h) gas i) bubbles
f) compressed g) fill j) boiling k) expand
h) compressed i) melting l) collide m) pressure
j) freezing k) evaporation n) force o) force
l) condensation m) liquid p) area q) kilopascal (kPa)
n) sublimation o) Particle
p) close together q) place Worksheet 4
r) vibrate s) close together
1. E 5. E
t) move around u) far apart
2. H 6. A
v) moving
3. E 7. F
Worksheet 2 4. I 8. G
1.
a) Particles are far apart, with a lot of Worksheet 5
empty space between them. 1.
b) Particles are flying at high speed in D=m/V
every direction. = 82 / 105 2.
= 0.7809... D=m/V
2. density is 0.8 g/cm3. = 300 / 15.5
Liquids and gases = 19.354...
3. density is
3. D=m/V 19.4 g/cm3.
a) Particles are very close together and = 400 / 500
cannot easily be pushed any closer. = 0.8
b) Particles are fixed in place and held density is 0.8 g/mL.
by forces of attraction. 4.
D=m/V
4. 8.0 = 32 / V
a) Particles are not fixed in place and so V = 32 / 8
can move around. = 4.0
b) Particles are very close together and volume is 4.0 cm3.
cannot easily be pushed any closer. 5.
D=m/V
5. 2.7 = m / 10
Solids and liquids so m = 2.7 x 10
= 27.0
6. mass is 37.0 g.
a) Condensation 6.
b) Freezing D=m/V
c) Evaporation 0.2 = 1,000 / V
so V = 1,000 / 0.2
= 5,000
volume is 5,000 cm3.
®
Worksheet 6 3.
a) D = m / V
Part A
6 = 252 / V
1.
So, V= 252/6
a) V=LxBxH b) D = m / V
= 42
=2x2x2 =72 / 8
Volume is 42 mL.
=8 =9
3
b) Reading would rise to 72 mL. (30 +42)
Vol is 8.0 cm . Density is 9.0 g/cm3. 4.
2. a) V = 80-33 = 47 mL
a) V=LxBxH b) D = m / V b) D = m / V
=22.5x11.0x7.5 = 5,000/1856.25 = 120 / 47
= 1856.25 = 2.693... = 2.553...
Vol is 1,856.3 cm . Density is 2.7 g/cm3.
3
density is 2.6 g/mL.
3.
a) V=LxBxH b) D = m / V Questions
=50x30x75 3.5 = m / 112,500 a) No, because if it is floating it hasn’t
= 112,500 so m =3.5x112,500 “pushed aside” its own full volume of water. It
Vol is 112,500 cm . 3 = 393,750 must be completely under to do so.
Mass is 393,750 g b) No, it will not “push aside” the water.
(about 394 kg) Its particles will mingle in with the water
4. and not displace it.
a) V=LxBxH b) D = m / V
=21x13x9 =750 / 2457 Worksheet 7
= 2457 = 0.305...
a) solids & liquids b) gas
Vol is 2,457 cm . Density is 0.3 g/cm3.
3
c) higher d) higher
5.
e) further apart f) masses (weight)
D=m/V
g) pack together h) volume
6.5 = 175.5 / V
i) decreases j) expands
So, V = 175.5 / 6.5
k) less l) float
= 27
m) sink n) float
Volume is 27 cm3 o) less p) air
Since it is a cube, each side must be q) ballast r) neutral
3cm (3x3x3 = 27) s) liquids or gases t) moving around
Part B
1. Worksheet 8
a) V = 68-35 = 33 mL
b) D = m / V
= 198 / 33 plasic floats
=6 on oil.
density is 6.0 g/mL.
olive oil wood floats
2.
a) V = 55-42 = 13 mL on water.
b) D = m / V
water lead floats on
6 = m / 13
So, m= 6x13 mercury.
= 78 uranium sinks
mercury in mercury.
Mass is 78.0 g
®
Topic Test 5.
1. V = LxBxH
i) C ii) C iii) G iv) I v) A = 10x4x3
vi) J vii) H viii) F ix) E x) B V = 120 cm3.
2. D=m/V
Solids = 240 /120
close together =2
fixed in place Density is 2.0 g/cm3.
b) Vol = 55-40 = 15 mL.

Liquids D=m/V
close together = 150 / 15
moving around =10
Density is 10.0 g/mL.
Gas 6.
far apart a) The particles (atoms) pack together
flying everywhere differently. (In diamond they pack closer
together)
3.
a) Particles begin vibrating more and b) Density will get lower. This is because
more until the forces cannot hold them heat expansion will make the volume
in place. They start moving around. increase, so density must decrease.
b) Particles begin moving faster. They 7.

collide harder and push each other a bit a) less than
further apart, so the substance gets b) increase
bigger. c) less
d) further apart
c) Particles move faster and collide e) increases
more often and with more force. This
force (per unit of area) is the pressure,
so it goes up.
4.
a) the weight of the water is help up by

the air pressure pushing on the
cardboard.
b) Liquid rises because of heat

expansion as the liquid gets hotter.

03 Matter

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Year 11-12 Science Courses

All Topics Available as PHOTOCOPY MASTERS and/or KCiC

“Mind-Map” Outline of Topic

Calculations Density & Air

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

& Change Air

Gas Heat Expansion

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

& Change Air

Gas Heat Expansion

Solid, Liquid, Gas

The States of Matter

Solids Liquids Gases

• have a definite shape. • have no definite shape. • have no definite shape.

This property can be studied using a Air

Simplest definitions of the States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Ice is solid water, but it is still the substance water.

Water vapour is a gas, but it is still water.

When a substance changes its state, it remains the same substance.

The Moving-Particle Model

Solid Liquid Gas

We have many good reasons to believe Scientists often develop “models” of

b) causes it to always fill its container? b) makes it incompressible?

3. Which feature of a solid: 6. Name the change of state.

b) liquid to solid ....................................

Moving Particles? What Makes Them Move?

Heat Energy added.

Moving particles Particles move faster.

The measurement we call “temperature” is actually a measure of how fast

Note: The energy of a moving thing is called “Kinetic Energy”.

Changes of State... Again

Particles in a solid are Heat

More Heat At a particular

Very Important: Notice that the particles DO NOT expand.

Investigating Heat Expansion Heat Expansion in Structures

Heat Expansion in a Gas Gas Pressure

Changes in Gas Pressure due to Heating

push harder against each other and the

OK, so it’s a strong container, but there is a

“Temperature” is really a measure of the Heat also causes most substances to

Tricks with Air Pressure

Well, of course, they are the same mass; volume

How to Calculate Density Example Calculations

Its mass is 72g.

Vol is .............. .... density is ..................

Its mass is 5 kg (5,000g). 5.

The change in the cylinder reading is

a) What is the volume of the metal?

b) What is its density?

2. Questions for Discussion

b) What is the mass of this lump?

b) Would this method work for a solid like

Density and the Moving-Particle Model

In solids the particles Particles Have Different Mass

Note that the solid and liquid densities are

Density and Heat Expansion

When heat expansion happens, the substance (solid or liquid)