EXAMPLE 2.

4 (Power triangle and power factor correction)

A single-phase source delivers 100 kW to a load operating at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Calculate the reactive power to be delivered by a capacitor connected in parallel with the load
in order to raise the source power factor 0.95 lagging. Also draw the power triangle for the
source and load. Assume that the source voltage is constant, and neglect line impedance
between the source and load.
Solution:
For the load

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝜃𝐿 ) = cos −1 (0.8) = 36.870

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑄𝐿 ) = 𝑃 tan 𝜃𝐿 = 100 tan 36.870 = 75 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑃 100
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑆𝐿 ) = = = 125 𝑘𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜃𝐿 0.8
For the source after the parallel connection of the capacitor with the load:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝜃𝑆 ) = cos −1(0.95) = 18.190

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 (𝑄𝑆 ) = 𝑃 tan 𝜃𝑆 = 100 tan 18.190 = 32.86 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑃 100
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑆𝑆 ) = = = 105.26 𝑘𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜃𝑆 0.95

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑄𝐶 ) = 75 − 32.86 = 42.13 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟

The method of connecting a capacitor in parallel with an inductive load is known as power
factor correction. The effect of the capacitor is to increase the power factor of the source that
delivers power to the load. Also the source apparent power decreases with the connection of
the capacitor in parallel to the inductive load accompanied by decrease in the source current.
When line impedance between the source and load is included, decrease in source current
results in lower line losses and lower voltage-drops. The end result of power factor correction
is improved efficiency and improved voltage regulation.

EXAMPLE 2.5 (Power in balanced three-phase system)

Two balanced three-phase motors in parallel, an induction motor drawing 400 kW at 0.8 power
factor lagging and a synchronous motor drawing 150 kVA at 0.9 power factor leading, are
supplied by balanced, three-phase 4160-volt source. Cable impedances between the source and
load are neglected,
(a) Draw the power triangle for each motor and for the combined-motor load.
For the induction motor, 𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑊 and
𝑃 400
𝑆= = = 500 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑝. 𝑓. 0.8

𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 = √5002 − 4002 = 300 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑

For the synchronous motor, 𝑆 = 150 𝑘𝑉𝐴 and
𝑃 = 𝑆(𝑝. 𝑓. ) = 150(0.9) = 135 𝑘𝑊

𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 = √1502 − 1352 = 65.4 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

For the combined-motor load:

𝑃 = 400 + 135 = 535 𝑘𝑊

𝑄 = 300 − 65.4 = 234.6 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟

𝑆 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 = √5352 + 234.62 = 584.2 𝑘𝑉𝐴

(b) Determine the power factor of the combined –motor load.

𝑘𝑊 535
𝑃. 𝑓. = = = 0.9
𝑘𝑉𝐴 584.2
(c) Determine the magnitude of the line current delivered by the source.

𝑆 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
𝑆 584.2 × 103
𝐼𝐿 = = = 81.1 𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
√3𝑉𝐿 1.732 × 4160

(d) A delta-connected capacitor bank is now installed in parallel with the combined-motor load.
What value of capacitive reactance is required in each leg of the capacitor bank to make the
source power unity?

𝑄𝐶 = 234.6 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
3𝑉 2
𝑄𝐶 =
𝑋∆
3𝑉 2 3(41602 )
𝑋∆ = = = 221.3 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑄𝐶 234.6 × 103
(e) Determine the magnitude of the line current delivered by the source when the capacitor
bank is installed.
 𝑃 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 00 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

535 × 103
𝐼𝐿 = = 74.25 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
1.732 × 4160

In this example, the source voltage of 4160 V is not specified as a line-to-line voltage or line-
to-neutral voltage, rms, or peak. Therefore, it is assumed to be an rms line-to-line voltage,
which is the convention throughout this text and a standard practice in the electric power
industry.

2.51. A three-phase line with an impedance of (0.2 + 𝑗1.0)Ω/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 feeds three balanced
three-phase loads connected in parallel.
Load 1: Absorbs a total of 150 kW and 120 kvar; Load 2: Delta connected with an impedance of
(150 − 𝑗48)Ω/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒; Load 3: 120 kVA at 0.6 p.f. leading. If the line to neutral voltage at the
load end of the line is 2000 V (rms), determine the magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the
source end of the line.

SECTION 2.3

2.21. An industrial plant consisting primarily of induction motor loads absorbs 500 kW at 0.6
power factor lagging.
(a) Compute the required kVA rating of a shunt capacitor to improve the power factor to 0.9
lagging.
For the induction motor loads:

𝑃 = 500 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 500
𝑆= = = 833.3 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑝. 𝑓. 0.6

𝑄 = √𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 = √833.32 − 5002 = 666.6 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟

After connection of the capacitor:
 𝜃𝑠 = cos −1 0.9 = 25.840
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑃 tan 𝜃 = 500 tan 25.840 = 242.1 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑄𝑆 = 666.6 − 242.1 = 424.5 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
Therefore, the kVA rating of the shunt capacitor:
𝑄𝐶 424.5
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = = 973.94 𝑘𝑉𝐴
sin 𝜃𝑠 sin 25.840

(b) Calculate the resulting power factor if a synchronous motor rated 500 hp with 90%
efficiency operating at rated load and at unity power factor is added to the plant instead of the
capacitor. Assume constant voltage (1 hp = 0.746 kW).
500 ℎ𝑝 = 500(0.746) = 373 𝑘𝑊
373
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = 414.4 𝑘𝑊
0.9
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 + 𝑃𝑠𝑦𝑛ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 787.4

2 2
𝑆 = √𝑃𝑖𝑚+𝑠𝑚 + 𝑄𝑖𝑚 = 932.74 𝑘𝑊

𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 787.4
𝑝. 𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = = = 0.84
𝑆 932.74

2.20. A circuit consists of two impedances, 𝑍1 = 20∠300 ohms and 𝑍2 = 25∠600 ohms, in
parallel, supplied by a source voltage 𝑉 = 100∠600 volts. Determine the power triangle for
each of the impedances and for the source.
Solution:
(a) Power Triangle for 𝑍1
𝑉
𝐼1 = 𝑍
1

100∠00
= 20∠300 = 5∠ − 300

𝑆1 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 ∗
= (100∠00 )(5∠ − 300 )∗
= 500∠300 𝑉𝐴
𝑃1 = 500 cos 300 = 433.012 𝑊 & 𝑄1 = 500 sin 300 = 250 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆
 (b) Power Triangle for 𝑍2
𝑉
𝐼2 = 𝑍
2

100∠00
𝐼2 = 25∠600 = 4∠ − 600

𝑆2 = 𝑉2 𝐼2∗
𝑆2 = (100∠00 )(4∠600 ) = 400∠600 𝑉𝐴
𝑃2 = 400 cos 600 = 200 𝑊
𝑄2 = 40 sin 600 = 346.41 𝑊
(c) Power triangle for the source

(i) First method

𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 = 500∠300 + 400∠600
= 500 cos 300 + 𝑗 500sin 300 + 400 cos 600 + 𝑗400 sin 600
= 433.013 + 𝑗250 + 200 + 𝑗346.410
= 633.013 + 𝑗596.41
= 869.719∠43.290 𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 633.013 𝑊 & 𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 596.41 𝑊

(ii) Second Method

𝑍1 𝑍2
𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2

(20∠300 )(25∠600 )
=
20∠300 + 25∠600

500∠900
=
(20 cos 300 + 𝑗20 sin 300 + 25 cos 600 + 𝑗25 sin 600 )

500∠900
=
17.321 + 𝑗10 + 12.500 + 𝑗21.651

500∠900
=
29.821 + 𝑗31.651
 500∠900
=
43.487∠46.710

= 11.498∠43.290 ohms

𝑉
𝐼𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

100∠00
=
11.498∠43.290

= 8.697∠ − 43.290 𝐴
𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗
= (100∠00 )(8.697∠43.290 ) = 869.7∠43.290
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 869.7 cos 43.290 = 633.048 𝑊
𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 869.7 sin 43.290 = 596.346 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆

2.19. Consider a single-phase load with applied voltage 𝑣(𝑡) = 150 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 100 ) volts and
load current 𝑖(𝑡) = 5 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 500 ).
(a) Determine the power triangle.
150∠100
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 106.066∠100
√2
5∠ − 500
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 3.536∠ − 500
√2
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗
𝑆 = (106.066∠100 )(3.536∠ − 500 )∗
𝑆 = (106.066∠100 )(3.536∠500 )
𝑆 = 375.049∠600
𝑃 = 375.049 cos 600 = 187.525 𝑊
𝑄 = 375.049 sin 600 = 324.802 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆
(b) Find the power factor and specify whether it is lagging or leading.
𝑝. 𝑓. = cos 600 = 0.5 (𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
(c) Calculate the reactive power supplied by capacitors in parallel with the load and correct the
power factor to 0.9 lagging.

Power factor angle of the source 𝜃𝑠 = cos −1 0.9 = 25.840

Reactive power supplied by the source 𝑄𝑠 = (187.525 )(tan 25.840 ) = 90.81 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆
Reactive power supplied by capacitors 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑄𝑠 = 324.802 − 90.81 = 234 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆

2.18. Let a series R-L-C network be connected to a source voltage V, drawing a current I.
(a) In terms of the load impedance 𝑍 = 𝑍∠𝑍, find expressions for 𝑃, 𝑄𝐿 , and 𝑄𝑐 , from complex
power considerations.

(b) Express 𝑝(𝑡) in terms of 𝑃 and 𝑄, by choosing 𝑖(𝑡) = √2𝐼 cos(𝜔𝑡).

1
(c) For the case of 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 , interpret the result in part (b) in terms of 𝑃, 𝑄𝐿 , & 𝑄𝐶 . In
particular, if 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 = 1, when the inductive and capacitive reactance cancel, comment on what
happens.

2.17. Consider a load impedance of 𝑍 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 connected to a voltage 𝑉 and let the current
drawn be 𝐼.
(a) Develop an expression for the reactive power 𝑄 in terms of 𝜔, 𝐿, & 𝐼, from complex power
considerations.

(b) Let the instantaneous current be 𝑖(𝑡) = √2𝐼 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃). Obtain an expression for the
instantaneous power 𝑝(𝑡) into 𝐿, and express it in terms of Q.
(c) Comment on the average real power 𝑃 supplied to the inductor and the instantaneous
power supplied.

2.1. Given the complex numbers 𝐴1 = 5∠300 and 𝐴2 = −3 + 𝑗4, answer the following
questions:
(a) Convert 𝐴1 to rectangular form.
𝐴1 = 5∠300 (polar form)
 = 5 cos(300 ) + j5 sin(300 )
= 5(0.866) + 𝑗2.5
= 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 + 𝒋𝟐. 𝟓 (rectangular form)

(b) Calculate 𝐴3 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 ), giving your answer in polar form.

𝐴1 = 4.33 + 𝑗2.5 and 𝐴2 = −3 + 𝑗4
𝐴3 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = (4.33 + 𝑗2.5) + (−3 + 𝑗4)
6.5
= (4.33 − 3) + 𝑗(2.5 + 4) = 1.33 + 𝑗6.5 = √1.332 + 6.52 ∠ tan−1 ( )
1.33
= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟓∠𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝟎 (polar form)
(c) Covert 𝐴2 to polar and exponential form.
4
𝐴2 = −3 + 𝑗4 = √(−3)2 + 42 tan−1 ( ) = 5∠ − 53.130 = 𝟓∠𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟎 (polar form)
−3
−𝑗53.13 𝒋𝟏𝟐𝟔.𝟖𝟕𝟎 (exponential
= 5𝑒 = 𝟓𝒆 form)
𝐴
(d) Calculate 𝐴5 = 𝐴1∗ , giving your answer in exponential form.
2

4.33 + 𝑗2.5 5∠300

𝐴5 = = = 1∠156.870 = 𝒆𝒋𝟏𝟓𝟔.𝟖𝟕
(−3 + 𝑗4)∗ 5∠−126.870
(e) Calculate 𝐴4 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 , giving your answer in rectangular form.

𝐴4 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 = (5∠300 )(5∠126.870 ) = 25∠156.870 = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 + 𝒋𝟗. 𝟖𝟐𝟏

2.2. Convert the following instantaneous currents to phasors, using cos(𝜔𝑡) as the reference.
Give your answers both in the rectangular and polar form.

(a) 𝑖(𝑡) = 400√2cos(𝜔𝑡 − 300 )

𝐼 = 400∠ − 300 = 400 cos(−300 ) + 𝑗400 sin(−300 ) = 346.41 − 𝑗200

(b) 𝑖(𝑡) = 5 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 150 ) = 5cos(𝜔𝑡 + 150 − 900 )
5
𝐼= ∠−750 = 3.536∠−750 = 3.536 cos(−750 ) + 𝑗3.536 sin(−750 )
√2
= 0.915 − 𝑗3.416

(c) 𝑖(𝑡) = 4 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 300 ) + 5√2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 150 )

 𝑖(𝑡) = 4 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 300 ) + 5√2cos(𝜔𝑡 + 150 − 900 )
4
𝐼= ∠ − 300 + 5∠ − 750 = 2.828∠ − 300 + 5∠ − 750
√2
= 2.828 cos(−300 ) + 𝑗2.828 sin(−300 ) + 5 cos(−750 ) + 𝑗5 sin(−750 )
= 2.449 − 𝑗1.414 + 1.294 − 𝑗4.829
= 3.743 − 𝑗6.243 = 7.279∠ − 59.060
2.3. The instantaneous voltage across a circuit is 𝑣(𝑡) = 359.3 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 150 ) volts, and the
instantaneous current entering the positive terminal of the circuit element is 𝑖(𝑡) =
100 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50 ) A. For both the current and voltage, determine (a) the maximum value, (b)
the rms value, (c) the phasor expansion, using cos(𝜔𝑡) as the reference.
Solution:
Voltage
𝑣(𝑡) = 359.3 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 150 ) = 359.3 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 150 − 900 ) = 359.3cos(𝜔𝑡 − 750 )
359.3
(𝑎) 𝑉𝑚 = 359.3, (𝑏) 𝑉 = = 254.06 V, (𝑐)𝑉 = 254.06∠ − 750 V
√2

Current

𝑖(𝑡) = 100 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50 )

100
(𝑎) 𝐼𝑚 = 100 A , (𝑏)𝐼 = = 70.71 A, (c) = 70.71∠50 A
√2
2.4. For the single-phase circuit shown in Figure 2.22, 𝐼 = 10∠00 . (a) Compute the phasors
𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , and 𝑉. (b) Draw a phasor diagram showing 𝐼, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , and V.
Solution:

𝑍1 = (8 + 𝑗6) = 10∠36.870 ohms, 𝑍2 = −𝑗6 = 6∠ − 900 ohms

∵ 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 are in parallel
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= +
𝑍1 𝑍2
1 1
𝐼 = 𝑉( + )
𝑍1 𝑍2
 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
𝐼 = 𝑉[ ]
𝑍1 𝑍2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍𝑒𝑞

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍𝑒𝑞

(10∠36.870 )(6∠ − 900 )

𝑍𝑒𝑞 = = 7.5∠ − 53.130
8
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍𝑒𝑞 = (10∠00 )(7.5∠ − 53.130 ) = 75∠ − 53.130

𝑉 75∠ − 53.130
𝐼1 = = = 7.5∠ − 900
𝑍1 10∠36.870
𝑉 75∠ − 53.130
𝐼2 = = = 12.5∠36.870
𝑍2 6∠ − 90

2.5. A 60-Hz, single-phase source with 𝑉 = 277∠300 volts is applied to a circuit element. (a)
Determine the instantaneous source voltage. Also determine the phasor and instantaneous
currents entering the positive terminal if the circuit element is (b) a 20 ohms resistor, (c) a 10-
mH inductor, and (d) a capacitor with 25-ohms reactance.
Solution:
(a) Instantaneous voltage

𝑣(𝑡) = 277√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )

(b) 20 ohms resistor

𝑉 277∠300
𝐼𝑅 = = = 13.85∠300 = 13.85√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )
𝑅 20
(c) 10-mH inductor

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑗(2𝜋𝑓𝐿)(10−3 ) = 𝑗(1200𝜋 × 10−3 ) = 𝑗3.769 = 3.769∠900

𝑉 277∠300
𝐼𝐿 = = = 73.49∠ − 600 = 73.49√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 600 )
𝑋𝐿 3.769∠900
(d) Capacitor with 25-ohms reactance

𝑋𝐶 = 25 ohms = −𝑗25 ohms = 25∠ − 900

𝑉 277∠300
𝐼𝐶 = = = 11.08∠1200 = 11.08√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 1200 )
𝑋𝐶 25∠ − 900
2.6. (a) Transform 𝑣(𝑡) = 100 cos(377𝑡 − 300 ) to phasor form. Comment whether 𝜔 = 377
appears in your answer. (b) Transform 𝑉 = 100∠200 to an instantaneous form. Assume that
𝜔 = 377. (c) Add the two sinusoidal functions 𝑎(𝑡) and 𝑏(𝑡) of the same frequency given as
follows: 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝐴√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) and 𝑏(𝑡) = 𝐵√2cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽). Use phasor methods and
obtain the resultant 𝑐(𝑡). Does the resultant have the same frequency?
Solution:
(a) 𝑣(𝑡) = 100 cos(377𝑡 − 300 )
100
𝑉= ∠ − 300
√2
No. 𝜔 does not appear in the answer
(b) 𝑉 = 100∠200

𝑣(𝑡) = 100√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 200 ) = 100√2 cos(377𝑡 + 200 )

(c)𝑎(𝑡) = 𝐴√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) , 𝑏(𝑡) = 𝐵√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽)

𝐴 = 𝐴∠𝛼 0 , and 𝐵 = 𝐵∠𝛽 0

𝐶 =𝐴+𝐵

𝐶 = Acos𝛼 + jAsin 𝛽 + Bcos 𝛽 + jBsin 𝛽

𝐶 = Acos 𝛼 + Bcos 𝛽 + 𝑗(Asin𝛼 + Bsin 𝛽)

Asinβ + Bsinβ
𝐶 = √(Acos 𝛼 + Bcos 𝛽)2 + (Asin𝛼 + Bsin 𝛽)2 tan−1[
Acosα + Bcosβ

|𝐶| = √A2 cos 2 𝛼 + 𝐵 2 cos2 𝛽 + 2 ABcos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + Asin2 𝛼 + Bsin2 𝛽 + 2ABsin 𝛼sin 𝛽

= √𝐴2 (cos 2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛼) + 𝐵 2 (cos2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛽) + 2 ABsin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + 2ABcos 𝛼 cos 𝛽

= √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2 ABsin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + 2ABcos 𝛼cos 𝛽

= √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2𝐴𝐵(sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽)

cos(α − β) cos(α + β) cos(α − β) cos(α + β)

= √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2𝐴𝐵[ − + +( ]
2 2 2 2
 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2ABcos(𝛼 − 𝛽)

Given 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝛼 and β the resultant of 𝐶 can be obtained from the following formula:
Asinβ + Bsinβ
𝐶 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2ABcos(𝛼 − 𝛽) tan−1[ ]
Acosα + Bcosβ
Asinβ+Bsinβ
And 𝑐(𝑡) = √2 √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2ABcos(𝛼 − 𝛽)cos(𝜔𝑡 + tan−1 [Acosα+Bcosβ]

Yes, the resultant 𝑐(𝑡) has the same frequency 𝜔 as that of 𝑎(𝑡) and 𝑏(𝑡)
2.7. Let a 100-V sinusoidal source be connected to a series combination of a 3-ohms resistor, an
8-ohms inductor, and 4-ohms capacitor. (a) Draw a circuit diagram. (b) Compute the series
impedance. (c) Determine the current I delivered by the source. Is the current lagging or leading
the source voltage? What is the power factor of this circuit?
Solution:
(b) Series impedance
𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐶 ) ohms
4
= 3 + 𝑗8 − 𝑗4) ohms = (3 + j4)ohms = √32 + 42 ∠ tan−1 ( ) ohms = 5∠53.130 ohms
3
(c) Source current
100∠00
𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = = 20∠ − 53.130 A
5∠53.130
The current is lagging the source voltage.

𝑝. 𝑓. = cos(−53.130 ) = 0.6

2.8. Convert the following circuit parameters into its corresponding phasor domain:

Parameters Time domain Phasor domain

𝑣(𝑡) 120√2 cos(377𝑡 − 300 ) V 120∠ − 300 V
𝑅𝑇 5.76 × 10−3 ohms 5.76 × 10−3 ohms
𝐿𝑇 30.6 × 10−6 H 𝑗(377)(30.6 × 10−6 ) ohms
𝐶 921 × 10−6 F −𝑗(377)(921 × 10−6 ) ohms
𝑅𝐿 5 ohms 5 ohms
𝐿𝐿 5 mH 𝑗(377)(5 × 10−3 ) ohms

2.9. Given the following circuit parameters, compute the voltage across the load terminals:
 Source voltage (𝑉𝑠 ) = 120∠00 volts
Series source impedance (Zs ) = (0.1 + j0.5)ohms = 0.51∠78.690 ohms
Load current (𝐼𝐿 ) = 60∠00
Voltage across load terminal (𝑉𝐿 ) = 120∠00 − 𝐼𝐿 𝑍𝑠
𝑉𝐿 = 120∠00 − (60∠00 )(0.51∠78.690 ) = 120∠00 − 30.6∠78.690
= 120 − (30.6cos78.690 − 𝑗30.6 sin 78.690 )
= 120 − 6.001 + 𝑗30.006 = 113.999 + 𝑗30.006 = 117.88∠14.750

2.10. The instantaneous voltage across a circuit element is 𝑣(𝑡) = 359.3 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 150 ) volts,
and the instantaneous current entering the positive terminal of the circuit element is 𝑖(𝑡) =
100 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50 ) A. Calculate (a) the instantaneous power absorbed, (b) the real power (state
whether it is delivered or absorbed), (c) the reactive power (state whether delivered or
absorbed), (d) the power factor (state whether lagging or leading).
Solution:
(a) Instantaneous power 𝑝(𝑡)
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑖(𝑡)
= [359.3 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 150 )][100 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50 )]
= (359.3)(100) cos(ωt + 150 − 900 ) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50 )
= (359.3)(100)cos(𝜔𝑡 − 750 ) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50 )
(359.3)(100)
= [cos(ωt − 750 − 𝜔𝑡 − 50 ) + cos(𝜔𝑡 − 750 + 𝜔𝑡 + 50 )]
2
359.3 100
=( )( ) [cos(−800 ) + cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 700 )]
√2 √2
= (254.06)(70.71)[0.1736 + cos(2ωt − 700 )]
= 3,119.52 + 1.797 × 104 [cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 700 )]
= 3,119.52 + 1.797 × 104 [cos(2𝜔𝑡) cos(−700 ) + sin(2𝜔𝑡) sin(−700 )]
= 3,119.52 + 1.797 × 104 [0.3420 cos(2𝜔𝑡) − 0.9397 sin(2𝜔𝑡)]
= 3,119.52 + 1.797 × 103 (0.4420) cos(2𝜔𝑡) − 1.797 × 104 (0.9397)sin(2𝜔𝑡)

(b) Real power

𝑃 = VIcos(𝛿 − 𝛽) = (254.06)(70.71) cos(−750 − 50 ) = 3,119.517 watts (Absorbed)

(c) Reactive power

𝑄 = VIsin(𝛿 − 𝛽) = (254.06)(70.71) cos(−750 − 50 ) = −17,691.660 vars (Delivered)
(c) Power factor

power factor(𝑝. 𝑓. ) = cos(−800 ) = 0.1736

2.11. A 60-Hz, single phase source with 𝑉 = 277∠300 volts is applied to a circuit element.
Determine the instantaneous power, real power, and reactive power absorbed by: (a) the 20-
ohms resistor, (b) the 10-mH inductor, (c) the capacitor with 25-ohms reactance. Also
determine the source power factor and state whether lagging or leading.
Solution:
(a) 20-ohms resistor

𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑅 (𝑡)𝑖𝑅 (𝑡)

𝑣𝑅 (𝑡) = 277√2[cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )]

1
𝑖𝑅 (𝑡) = 277√2[cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )] = 13.85√2[cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )]
20
𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) = (277√2cos(ωt + 300 )(13.85√2cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )

𝑝(𝑡) = (277√2)(13.85√2) cos 2 (𝜔𝑡)

(7,672.9)
𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) = [1 + cos(2𝜔𝑡)] = 3,836.45[1 + cos(2𝜔𝑡)]𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2

Real power (𝑃) = 3,836.45 watts (absorbed)

Reacitve power (𝑄) = 0 watts

277
𝑃𝑅 = VIcos(δ − β) = (277) ( ) cos(300 − 300 ) = 3,836.45 watts
20
277
𝑄𝑅 = VIsin(𝛿 − 𝛽) = (277) ( ) sin(300 − 300 ) = 0 watts
10
Source power factor (p. f. ) = cos(𝛿 − 𝛽) = cos 00 = 1
(b) 10-mH inductor
 𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝐿 (𝑡)𝑖𝐿 (𝑡)

𝑣𝐿 (𝑡) = 277√2[cos(𝜔𝑡) + 300 ]

277√2
𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) = [cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 − 900 ]
𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 60 × 10 × 10−3 = 3.7699 ohms

𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) = 73.48√2[cos(𝜔𝑡 − 600 )]

𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = (277√2)(73.48√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 ) cos(𝜔𝑡 − 600 ))

40,707.92
𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = ( ) [cos(900 ) + cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 300 )]
2
𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = 20,353.96[cos(900 ) + cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 300 )]
𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = 20,353.96 cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 300 ) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = 20,354[cos(2𝜔𝑡) cos(−300 ) + sin(2𝜔𝑡) sin(−300 )]
𝑝𝐿 (𝑡) = 17,627 cos(2𝜔𝑡) − 10,627 sin(2𝜔𝑡) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝐿 = VIcos(900 ) = 𝑉𝐼 × 0 = 0 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
277
𝑄𝐿 = VIsin(𝛿 − 𝛽) = 277 ( ) sin(300 − (−600 )) = −20,353 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠
3.7699
𝑝. 𝑓. = cos(900 ) = 0, 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
(c) 25-ohms capacitance
𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡)𝑖𝐶 (𝑡)

𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) = 277√2cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )

277√2
𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) = [cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 + 900 )] = 11.08√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 1200 )
25
2
𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = (277)(11.08) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 ) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 1200 )
2
𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = (277)(11.08)[cos(−900 ) + cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 1500 )]
𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = 3,069.16 cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 1500 ) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑉𝐼 cos(𝛿 − 𝛽) = VIcos(−900 ) = 0 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = VIsin(𝛿 − 𝛽) = 3,069.16 sin(−900 ) = −3,069.16 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑝. 𝑓. = cos(−900 ) = 0 Leading
2.12. The voltage 𝑣(𝑡) = 359.3 cos(𝜔𝑡)volts is applied to a load consisting of a 10-ohms
resistor in parallel with a capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 = 25 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠. Calculate (a) the instantaneous
power absorbed by the resistor, (b) the instantaneous power absorbed by the capacitor, (c) the
real power absorbed by the resistor, (d) the reactive power delivered by the capacitor, (e) the
load power factor.
Solution:
(a) The instantaneous power absorbed the resistor:
𝑣𝑅 (𝑡) = 359.3 cos(𝜔𝑡)
𝑖𝑅 (𝑡) = 35.93 cos(𝜔𝑡)
𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) = (359.3)(35.93) cos 2 (𝜔𝑡)
1
𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) = ( ) (12,909.649)[1 + cos(2𝜔𝑡)] = 6,454.8245[1 + cos(2𝜔𝑡)] 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2
(b) The instantaneous power absorbed by the capacitor:
𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) = 359.3 cos(𝜔𝑡)
𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) = 14.372 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 900 )
𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = (359.3)(14.372) cos(𝜔𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 900 )
1
𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = ( ) (5,163.85)[cos(−900 ) + cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 900 )
2
= 2,581.925 cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 900 ) watts
= −2,581.925 sin(2𝜔𝑡) watts
(c) The real power absorbed by the resistor:
359.3 35.93
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿 − 𝛽) = VIcos(00 ) = ( )( ) = 6,454.8245 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2 2
𝑉 2 254.062
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝐼 = = = 6,454.8245 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑅 10
(d) The reactive power delivered by the capacitor:

𝑄𝐶 = 𝑉𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿 − 𝛽) = (254.06)(10.1625) sin(−900 ) = −2,581.885 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠

 𝑉 2 254.062
𝑄𝐶 = = = 2,581. 859 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠 (delivered)
𝑋𝐶 25
(e) The load power factor
VIsin(𝛿 − 𝛽) sin(𝛿 − 𝛽)
tan 𝜃𝐿 = tan(𝛿 − 𝛽) = =
VIcos(𝛿 − 𝛽) cos(𝛿 − 𝛽)
𝑄𝐶
∴ (𝛿 − 𝛽) = tan−1 ( ) = −21.800
𝑃𝑅
∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑝. 𝑓. ) = cos(−21.800 ) = 0.9285 (Leading)
2.13. The voltage 𝑣(𝑡) = 359.3 cos(𝜔𝑡) volts is applied to a load consisting of a 10-ohms
resistor in series with a capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 = 25 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠. Calculate (a) the instantaneous
power absorbed by the resistor, (b) the instantaneous power absorbed by the capacitor, (c) the
real power absorbed by the resistor, (d) the reactive power delivered by the capacitor, (e) the
load power factor.
Solution:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍𝐿 ) = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 = 10 − 𝑗25 = 26.93∠ − 68.200 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

359.3 ∠00
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼𝐿 ) = 0
= 13.34∠68.200
26.93 < −68.20
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝐿 (𝑡)) = 13.34 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )

(a) Instantaneous power absorbed by the resistor:

𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿2 (𝑡)𝑅 = [13.34 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )][133.4 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )]

1,779.556
= [1 + cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )]
2
= 889.778 + 889.78 cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 ) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
(b) Instantaneous power absorbed by the capacitor:

𝑝𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿2 (𝑡)𝑋𝐶 = [13.34 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )[333.5 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )]

= 4,448.89 cos2 (𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )
= 2,224.445[1 + cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 )]
= 2,224.5 + 2,224.5 cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 68.200 ) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
(c)The real power absorbed by the resistor:
2
2
13.34
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼 𝑅 = ( ) (10) = 889.78 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑)
√2
(d) The reactive power delivered by the reactor:

2
13.34 2
𝑄𝐶 = 𝐼 𝑋𝐶 = ( ) (25) = −2,224.445 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑)
√2
(e) The load power factor:
−𝑄𝐶
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝜃𝐿 ) = tan−1 ( ) = −68.19850
𝑃𝑅
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝. 𝑓. = cos(−68.19850 ) = 0.3714 (𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)

2.14. A single-phase voltage is applied to a two-terminal, passive circuit with equivalent

impedance 𝑍 = 2.0∠ − 450 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 measured from the terminals. The source current is 𝑖(𝑡) =
4√2 cos(𝜔𝑡) kA. Determine the (a) instantaneous power, (b) real power, and (c) reactive
power delivered by the source. (d) Also determine the source power factor.
Solution:
(a) Instantaneous power
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑖(𝑡)𝑍

𝑣(𝑡) = 4√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 450 ) (2) = 8√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 450 ) 𝑘𝑉

𝑖(𝑡) = 4√2 cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑘𝐴

𝑝(𝑡) = (8√2)(4√2) cos(𝜔𝑡 − 450 ) cos(𝜔𝑡)

𝑝(𝑡) = 64 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 450 ) cos(𝜔𝑡)

64
𝑝(𝑡) = [cos(−450 ) + cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 450 )
2
𝑝(𝑡) = 32[0.7071 + cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 450 )]
𝑝(𝑡) = 22.6272 + 32 cos(2𝜔𝑡 − 450 ) 𝑀𝑊

(b) Real power:

𝑃 = VIcos(𝛿 − 𝛽) = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(−450 ) = 32 cos(−450 ) = 22.627 × 106 𝑘𝑊
= 22.63 𝑀𝑊 (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑)
(c) Reactive power:

𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 sin(𝛿 − 𝛽) = 𝑉𝐼 sin(−450 ) = 32 sin(−450 ) = −22.63 × 106 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟

= −22.63 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 (𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑)
(d) Source power factor:
𝑄
cos[tan−1( )] = cos(−450 ) = 0.7071 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃
2.15. Let a voltage source 𝑣(𝑡) = 4 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 600 ) be connected to an impedance 𝑍 = 2∠300 .
(a) Given that the frequency to be 60-Hz, determine the expressions for the current and
instantaneous power delivered by the source as a function of time. Plot these functions along
with 𝑣(𝑡) on a single graph for comparison. (c) Find the frequency and average value of the
instantaneous power.
Solution:
(a) Current and instantaneous power delivered by the source as a function of time:
𝑣(𝑡) = 4 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 600 )
𝑖(𝑡) = 2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 600 − 300 ) = 2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )
𝑝(𝑡) = 8 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 600 ) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 300 )
𝑝(𝑡) = 4[cos(300 ) + cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 900 )]
𝑝(𝑡) = 3.4641 + 4 cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 900 ) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
(b) Plot of 𝑣(𝑡), 𝑖(𝑡), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝(𝑡)
(c) Frequency and average value of the instantaneous power:
Frequency
𝜔
𝑓′ =
2𝜋
2𝜔 𝜔
𝑓 ′′ = = = 2𝑓 ′ = 2(60) = 120 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝜋
𝑝(𝑡)𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3.4641 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

2.16. A single-phase, 120-V (rms), 60-Hz source supplies power to the series R-L circuit
consisting of 𝑅 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 and 𝐿 = 40 𝑚𝐻. (a) Determine the power factor of the circuit and
state whether it is lagging or leading. (b) Determine the real and reactive power absorbed by
the load. (c) Calculate the peak magnetic energy 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 stored in the inductor by using the
expression 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿(𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 and check whether the reactive power is satisfied.
Solution:
(a) Power factor of the circuit:
Load impedance = 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 10 + 𝑗(2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 40 × 10−3 ) = 10 + 𝑗15.08

𝑍𝐿 = 18.09∠56.450
𝑃. 𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 = cos(56.450 ) = 0.5527 (𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)

(b) Real and reactive power absorbed by the load:

120∠00
𝐼𝐿 =
18.09∠56.450
𝐼𝐿 = 6.633∠ − 56.450
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿 − 𝛽) = (120)(6.633) cos(−56.450 ) = 439.8988 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼 sin(𝛿 − 𝛽) = (120)(6.633) sin(−56.450 ) = −663.356 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠
(c) Peak magnetic energy stored in the inductor:

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿(𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 = 40 × 10−3 × 6.6332 = 1.75986756 𝐽

𝜔𝑊 = (2𝜋𝑓)𝑊 = 377 × 1.76 = 663.5043684 = 𝑄𝐿 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠
2.22. The real power delivered by a source to two impedances, 𝑍1 = 3 + 𝑗4 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 and 𝑍2 =
10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠, connected in parallel, is 1100 W. Determine (a) the real power absorbed by each of
the impedances and (b) source current.
Solution:
2.23. A single-phase source has a terminal voltage 𝑉 = 120∠00 volts and a current 𝐼 =
10∠300 𝐴, which leaves the positive terminal of the source. Determine the real and reactive
power, and state whether the source is delivering or absorbing each.
SECTION 2.5 AND 2.6
2.41 A three-phase 25-kVA, 480-V, 60-Hz alternator, operating under balanced steady-state
conditions, supplies a line current of 20 A per phase at a 0.8 power factor and at rated voltage.
Determine the power triangle for this operating condition.
Solution:

𝐼𝐿 = 20∠ − cos −1 (36.870 ) = 20∠ − 36.870 𝐴

𝑉𝐿 = 480∠00 𝑉

𝑃3𝜙 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿∗ 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑃3𝜙 = √3(480∠00 )(20∠36.870 ) 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑃3𝜙 = 16,627.69∠36.870 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑃3𝜙 = 13,302.13 + 𝑗9,976.64 𝑘𝑉𝐴

2.40 A balanced three-phase 240-V source supplies a balanced three-phase load. If the line
current 𝐼𝐴 is measured to be 15 A and is in phase with the line to line-to-line voltage, 𝑉𝐵𝐶 , find
the per phase load impedance if the load is (a) Y-connected , (b) Δ-connected.
Solution:

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 240∠00 𝑉
240∠−300
𝑉𝐴𝑁 = = 138.56∠−300 𝑉
√3
𝐼𝐿 = 15∠−900 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑃
138.56∠−300
𝑍𝑌 = = 9.24∠600 = 4.62 + 𝑗8.00
15∠ − 900
𝑍Δ = 3𝑍𝑌 = 𝑗27.72 Ω
2.42 A balanced Δ-connected impedance load with (12 + 𝑗9)Ω per-phase is supplied by a
balanced three-phase 60-Hz, 208-V source, (a) Calculate the line current, the total real and
reactive power absorbed by the load, the load power factor, and the apparent load power. (b)
Sketch a phasor diagram showing the line currents, the line-to-line source voltages, and the Δ-
load currents. Use 𝑉𝑎𝑏 as the reference.
Solution:

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 208∠300 𝑉
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 208∠ − 900 𝑉
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 208∠1500 𝑉
9
𝑍Δ = √122 + 92 ∠ tan−1 ( ) = 15∠36.870 Ω
12
𝑉𝑎𝑏 208∠300
𝐼𝑎𝑏 = = = 13.87∠−6.870 𝐴
𝑍Δ 15∠36.870
𝐼𝑏𝑐 = 13.87∠ − 126.870 𝐴
𝐼𝑐𝑎 = 13.87∠113.130 𝐴

𝐼𝑎 = 13.87√3∠ − 36.870 𝐴
𝐼𝑏 = 13.87∠ − 156.870 𝐴
𝐼𝑐 = 13.87∠83.130 𝐴

𝑃3−𝜙 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿∗ = √3(208∠00 )(13.87√3∠36.870 ) = 8,654.88∠36.870 𝑉𝐴

∗ ∗ ∗
𝑃3−𝜙 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝐼𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑏𝑐 𝐼𝑏𝑐 + 𝑉𝑐𝑎 𝐼𝑐𝑎

𝑃(3−𝜙) = (208∠300 × 13.87∠6.870 ) + (208∠ − 900 × 13.87∠126.870 ) + (208∠1500

× 13.87∠ − 113.130 𝑉𝐴
= 2,884.96∠6.870 + 2,884.96∠6.870 + 2,884.96∠36.870 = 8,654.88∠36.870 𝑉𝐴

Example 2.4 (Balanced-Delta and-Y Loads)

A balanced, positive-sequence, Y-connected voltage source with 𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 480∠00 volts is applied
to a balanced-Δ load with 𝑍Δ = 30∠400 Ω. The line impedance between the source and load is
𝑍𝐿 = 1∠850 Ω for each phase. Calculate the line currents, the Δ-load currents, and the voltages
at the load terminals.
Solution:
𝐸𝑎𝑏∠ − 300 480∠ − 300
𝐸𝑎𝑛 = = = 277.1∠ − 300
√3 √3
𝐸𝑎𝑛 277.1∠ − 300 277.1∠ − 300
𝐼𝐴 = = =
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍Δ 1∠850 + 30 ∠400 0.0872 + 𝑗0.9962 + 7.6604 + 𝑗6.4279
3

277.1∠ − 300 277.1∠ − 300

= = = 25.82∠ − 73.780 𝐴
7.7476 + 𝑗7.4241 10.73∠43.780
𝐼𝐵 = 25.82∠166.220 𝐴
𝐼𝐶 = 25.82∠46.220 𝐴
The Δ-load currents are
𝐼𝐴 25.83
𝐼𝐴𝐵 = ∠300 = ∠(−73.780 + 300 ) = 14.91∠ − 43.780 𝐴
√3 √3
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = 14.91∠ − 163.780 𝐴
𝐼𝐶𝐴 = 14.91∠76.220 𝐴
𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 𝑍Δ 𝐼𝐴𝐵 = (30∠400 )(14.91∠ − 43.780 ) = 447.3∠ − 3.780 𝑉
𝐸𝐵𝐶 = 447.3∠ − 123.780 𝑉
𝐸𝐶𝐴 = 447.3∠116.220 𝑉