1. Method by Comodromos, E.M., and Bareka, V.S. 2009.

Response evaluation of axially loaded fixed-head pile groups in

to be applied in the case of pile groups up to 5 x 5
Data
pile settlement normalized to the pile diameter (SmLs/D) Sns:

R = A éëS (
0.05
number of columns in a pile group nc: 3 1.5 B
number of rows in a pile group nr: 3 as ns
normalized centre to centre pile spacing (s/D) d: 3

Results
pile settlement amplification factor Ras: 4.67

2. Method by Randolph, M.F., and Clancy, P. 1993. Efficient design of piled rafts. In Proc. 2nd International Geotechnical S
to be applied in the case of large pile groups
Data
number of piles n: 42
pile spacing (m) s: 3.75 æ ns
pile length (m) L: 20
Ras = 0.29nç
7.875 èL
Results
Ras: 3.02

Emilios M. Comodromos, 2015

ed fixed-head pile groups in clayey soils. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 33(17): 1839-18

é E 0.54 NR ù 5
Ras = A ëSns (1.23 NR ) + Sns e
B C
û ln(1.25 + )
d

International Geotechnical Seminar of Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, Ghent, Belgium: 119–130.

-0.675
æ nsö
Ras = 0.29nç ÷
èLø
mechanics, 33(17): 1839-1865.
 Estimation of t-z curves for pile group form those of a single pile and pile groups in Sandy Soils
Comodromos EM, Papadopoulou MC and Laloui L. (2015) Contribution to the design methodologies of piled raft foundations under combined loadings, to appear in Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Lateral Resistance
t (kN/m)
P-y curves in clayey soils
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00

Ras: 3.02 25.00

20.00
15.00
Single Pile
10.00
Pile Group
5.00
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
shaft displacament z (m)

Single pile t-z relationship (calculated from a 3-D aalysis of a single pile
α/α P (kN/m) y (m) K (kN/m3) Comments
1 0.00 0.000
2 5.63 0.001 6,226.0 DATA
3 12.98 0.002 6,557.6
4 21.10 0.003 6,770.1
5 30.54 0.004 6,942.7
6 38.38 0.006 6,423.2
7 42.19 0.008 5,004.9
8 43.82 0.014 3,028.6
9 44.90 0.20

Pile group t-z relationship

α/α P (kN/m) y (m) K (kN/m3) Comments
1 0.00 0.00 KGi= #DIV/0!
2 5.63 0.003 2,061.6 PGult #DIV/0!
3 12.98 0.006 2,171.4
4 21.10 0.009 2,241.7
5 30.54 0.013 2,298.9
6 38.38 0.018 2,126.9
1. Method byPapadopoulou, M.C. and Comodromos, E.M. 2010. On the response prediction of horizontally loaded pile groups in sands. Computers and Geotechnics, 37(7-8): 930-41.
Data Results
Pile disposition A B C D E F
ny 3 a 2.1227 -0.0306 0.1827 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ædö m tan 30
log 1 - 2 y 
nx 3 1.9773 -0.0334 0.1794 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-b -1.0 1.9012
d
φ
6
35 a R = 1 + 2 (m - 1) ç ÷ y ns d - ln -0.0353 0.1752
-0.0368 o 0.1700
Err:502 Err:502
nsErr:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

è 20ø
1.8508
3 tan25
1.8137 d
-0.0380 0.1641
Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
0.46603839 1.7845 -0.0391 0.1573 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.7607 -0.0401 0.1498 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

m = log(nx4 + ny2 )  nx  2
0.6997461 0 0 1.7407 -0.0409 0.1414 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.7234 -0.0413 0.1377 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.4469 -0.0416 0.1340 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Single Pile Settlement Ra 1.6532 -0.0419 0.1303 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.001 1.9400 1.6167 -0.0421 0.1266 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.002 1.7979 1.5134 -0.0424 0.1229 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.003 1.7260 1.4469 -0.0427 0.1192 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.004 1.6808 1.3891 -0.0429 0.1155 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.005 1.6496
0.006 1.6272
0.007 1.6110 1.0 0.0 -1.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0
0.008 1.5993
0.009 1.5857 1.9400 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.100 1.3129 1.7979 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.015 1.5229 1.7260 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.020 1.4900 1.6808 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.050 1.3905 1.6496 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.100 1.3277 1.6272 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.200 1.2736 1.6110 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5993 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Emilios M. Comodromos, 2015 1.5857 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.3129 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5229 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.4900 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.3905 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.3277 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.2736 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

20

0.48228003

0
a= 0.1 b=0.2
0

selected Η παράμετρος β έχει τη μεγαλύτερη βαρύτητα

α: 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.3

β: 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.4
γ: 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

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 Estimation of p-y curves for single piles and pile groups in Sandy Soils
Papadopoulou, M.C. and Comodromos, E.M. 2014. Explicit extension of the p–y method to pile groups in sandy soils. Acta Geotechnica, 9(3): 485-497.

Lateral Resistance
ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ - INPUT DATA

P (kN/m)
Internal Friction φ (ο) : 35
Pile Diameter D (m): 1.00
Depth from soil surface : 4.00 P-y curves in clayey soils
900.00
initial soil modulus of elasticity, Εi (KPa): 20000
800.00
effective soil unit weight, γ'(kN/m^3): 15.00
coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K0: 0.500 700.00

active earth pressure coefficient, Ka: 0.333 600.00

pile deflection amplification factor, Rad: 1.50 500.00

400.00
ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΙ - CALCULATIONS 300.00 Column E
Ultimate laterla resistance pult (kN/m): 958.46 200.00 Column E
Ki (kPa): 2.64E+04
100.00

0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
ΕΞΙΣΩΣΕΙΣ - EQUATIONS lateral deflection y (m)
Single Pile Formulation

Single pile p-y relationship

α/α P (kN/m) y (m) K (kN/m3) Comments
1 0.00 0.000
2 115.98 0.005 23,196.7
3 206.93 0.010 20,692.7
4 340.37 0.020 17,018.5
5 433.57 0.030 14,452.3
6 555.19 0.050 11,103.7
7 703.10 0.100
8 811.16 0.200

Pile Group Formulation

Pile group p-y relationship
α/α P (kN/m) y (m) K (kN/m3) Comments
1 0.00 0.00 KGi= 21547.5
2 94.70 0.008 12,626.7 PGult 782.58
3 168.95 0.015 11,263.7
4 277.91 0.030 9,263.7
5 354.01 0.045 7,866.8
6 453.31 0.075 6,044.1
 A B C D E F
1. Method by Comodromos, E.M. and Papadopoulou, M.C. 2012. Response evaluation of horizontally loaded fixed-head pile groups in clayey soils. Géotechnique, 62(4): 329-39.
Data Results
Pile disposition
ny 3 2.2704 0.1547 0.0432 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
nx 3 1.9628 0.1444 0.0424 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
d 3 1.8186 0.1386 0.0415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
cu (kPa) 25 1.7297 0.1347 0.0406 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.6673 0.1317 0.0397 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.15 1.6204 0.1293 0.0388 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5833 0.1274 0.0379 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5530 0.1257 0.0371 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5275 0.1242 0.0362 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Single Pile Settlement Ra 1.5058 0.1229 0.0353 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.001 2.314 1.4868 0.1217 0.0344 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.002 2.005 1.4702 0.1207 0.0335 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.003 1.860 1.4554 0.1197 0.0327 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.004 1.770 1.4421 0.1188 0.0318 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.005 1.707 1.4300 0.1180 0.0309 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.006 1.659
0.007 1.621
0.008 1.590 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0
0.009 1.564
0.100 1.541 2.3136 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.015 1.521 2.0051 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.020 1.504 1.8601 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.050 1.488 1.7702 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.100 1.474 1.7071 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
0.200 1.461 1.6592 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.6213 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5900 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Emilios M. Comodromos, 2015 1.5637 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5411 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5213 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.5037 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.4880 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.4738 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
1.4609 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

0.80572936

0
0.33850376
0.44665839
0.52530556
0.58936928
0.64439401

selected Η παράμετρος β έχει τη μεγαλύτερη βαρύτητα

α: 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.3

β: 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
γ: 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 2 3 4 5 6
Ra
0.010 2.3136 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.0231364
0.020 2.0051 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.0401028
0.030 1.8601 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.0558034
0.040 1.7702 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.0708098
0.050 1.7071 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.0853529
0.060 1.6592 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.0995544
0.070 1.6213 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1134881
0.080 1.5900 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1272029
0.090 1.5637 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1407336
0.100 1.5411 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1541054
0.110 1.5213 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1673378
0.120 1.5037 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1804461
0.130 1.4880 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.1934425
0.140 1.4738 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.2063371
0.150 1.4609 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 0.2191382
 Estimation of p-y curves for single piles and pile groups in Clayey Soils
Comodromos, E.M. and Papadopoulou, M.C. 2013. Explicit extension of the p–y method to pile groups in cohesive soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 47: pp. 28–41.

Lateral Resistance
ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ - INPUT DATA

P (kN/m)
Soil shear strenth Su (kPa) : 60
Pile Diameter D (m): 1.00
Depth from soil surface : 2.00 P-y curves in clayey soils
500.00
initial soil modulus of elasticity, Εi (KPa): 6000
pile-soil adhesion factor : (0 έως 1): 1.00
400.00
pile modulus of elasticity, Εp (KPa): 32000000
Pile moment of inertia, Ip (m^4): 0.049
300.00
pile deflection amplification factor, Rad: 1.50
soil Poisson's ratio: 0.2
200.00
ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΙ - CALCULATIONS
Column E
Ultimate laterla resistance pult (kN/m): 488.81
100.00 Column E
Ki (kPa): 1.13E+04

0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
ΕΞΙΣΩΣΕΙΣ - EQUATIONS lateral deflection y (m)
Single Pile Formulation

Single pile p-y relationship

α/α P (kN/m) y (m) K (kN/m3) Comments
1 0.00 0.000
2 50.73 0.005 10,145.1
3 91.91 0.010 9,191.3
4 154.73 0.020 7,736.6
5 200.38 0.030 6,679.4
6 262.29 0.050 5,245.8
7 341.39 0.100
8 402.01 0.200

Pile Group Formulation

Pile group p-y relationship
α/α P (kN/m) y (m) K (kN/m3) Comments
1 0.00 0.00 KGi= 9242.6
2 41.42 0.008 5,522.3 PGult 399.11
3 75.05 0.015 5,003.1
4 126.34 0.030 4,211.2
5 163.61 0.045 3,635.8
6 214.16 0.075 2,855.4
 Estimation of the location weighting factor in vertical loading
Comodromos EM, Papadopoulou MC and Laloui L. (2015) Contribution to the design methodologies of piled

1. Pile Groups less than 5 x 5

Current case: 3 x 3
Number of characteristic piles
corner external internal Total number of piles
4 4 1 9
1.1 0.9375 0.85

Verification
1 < should be equal to 1

2. Pile Groups bigger than 5 x 5

Current case: 42 piles Torhaus Building, Frankfurt
Number of characteristic piles

corner external mid Internal Total number of piles

4 18 14 6 42
2.11 1.11 0.75 0.5

Verification
1 < should be equal to 1

Please notice that in the case 2 an iteration is needed.

For MAC o.s. > Go to the menu Preferences> Calculations and set iteration to 100 and maximum change to 0.0
For Windows o.s. > Go to File>options>Folmulas>enable iterative calculations
Emilios M. Comodromos, 2015
n to the design methodologies of piled raft foundations under combined loadings, to appear in Canadian Geotechnical Journal

o 100 and maximum change to 0.001

anadian Geotechnical Journal
 Estimation of the location weighting factor in horizantal loading
Comodromos EM, Papadopoulou MC and Laloui L. (2015) Contribution to the design methodologies of piled

Current case: 3 x 3 at 2D
Number of characteristic piles
FC FR PE IN Total number of piles
2 1 4 2 9
0.85 0.9 1.00 1.20

Verification
1 < should be equal to 1

Emilios M. Comodromos, 2015

to the design methodologies of piled raft foundations under combined loadings, to appear in Canadian Geotechnical Journal
nadian Geotechnical Journal